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Religious Myths and Visions of America How Minority Faiths Redefined America’S World Role

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Religious Myths and Visions of America How Minority Faiths Redefined America’S World Role Religious Myths and Visions of America How Minority Faiths Redefined America’s World Role Christopher Buck Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Buck, Christopher, 1950– Religious myths and visions of America : how minority faiths redefined America’s world role / Christopher Buck p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978–0–313–35959–0 (alk. paper) 1. United States—Religion. 2. United States—History—Religious aspects. 3. Mythology—Political aspects—United States—History. I. Title. BL2525.B84 2009 200.973—dc22 2008046765 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2009 by Christopher Buck All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008046765 ISBN: 978–0–313–35959–0 First published in 2009 Praeger Publishers, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.praeger.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10987654321 Contents Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1: America: Nation and Notion 1 CIVIL MYTHS OF AMERICA AND CIVIL RELIGION 6 RELIGIOUS MYTHS AND VISIONS OF AMERICA 8 RACIAL MYTHS AND VISIONS OF AMERICA 9 Chapter 2: Native American Myths and Visions of America 11 THE TURTLE ISLAND MYTH AND THE MYTH OF “MOTHER EARTH”12 THE DEGANAWIDAH LEGEND 16 THE IROQUOIS INFLUENCE THESIS:MYTH OR HISTORY?21 Chapter 3: Protestant Myths and Visions of America 27 THE PURITAN MYTH OF AMERICA 28 THE “MANIFEST DESTINY”MYTH 32 THE “CURSE OF HAM”MYTH 37 THE AFRICAN AMERICAN EXODUS COUNTER-MYTH 40 Chapter 4: Catholic Myths and Visions of America 45 PAPAL PRAISE OF AMERICA 47 THE AMERICANIST MYTH OF AMERICA 50 vi Contents PAPAL RESPONSES TO THE AMERICANIST MYTH OF AMERICA 54 CAN THE AMERICANIST MYTH OF AMERICA BECOME A REALITY?55 Chapter 5: Jewish Myths and Visions of America 61 JEWISH VISIONS OF AMERICA AS A MIRROR OF JEWISH IDEOLOGIES 63 THE JEWISH MYTH OF AMERICA AS “THE PROMISED LAND”64 THE JEWISH “MYTH OF COLUMBUS”66 JEWISH PRAYERS FOR AMERICA:COMMUNAL VISIONS OF AMERICA 66 ORTHODOX JUDAISM’S TRADITIONAL PRAYER FOR THE GOVERNMENT 67 CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM’S VISION OF AMERICA 70 REFORM JUDAISM’S VISION OF AMERICA 72 RECONSTRUCTIONIST JUDAISM’S VISION OF AMERICA 76 JEWISH AMERICANISM:THE “CULT OF SYNTHESIS”82 Chapter 6: Mormon Myths and Visions of America 87 THE GARDEN OF EDEN MYTH 93 THE LOST TRIBES MYTH 94 THE COLUMBUS MYTH 97 THE CONSTITUTION MYTH 98 THE FOUNDING FATHERS MYTH 98 THE THEODEMOCRACY MYTH 100 THE AMERICA AS ZION MYTH 101 THE MARK OF CAIN MYTH 103 Chapter 7: Christian Identity Myths and Visions of America 107 THE TWO-SEED MYTH 110 THE MUD RACES MYTH 112 THE LOST TRIBES MYTH 113 THE WHITE HOMELAND MYTH 114 THE RACIAL HOLY WAR MYTH 115 Chapter 8: Black Muslim Myths and Visions of America 121 THE YACUB MYTH 125 THE MOTHER PLANE MYTH 127 THE DESTRUCTION OF AMERICA MYTH 129 Chapter 9: Contemporary Muslim Myths and Visions of America 135 THE “GREAT SATAN”MYTH 136 THE “AXIS OF EVIL”COUNTER-MYTH 148 EFFORTS TO DISPEL THE “GREAT SATAN”MYTH AND TO MINIMIZE THE 150 FALLOUT FROM THE “AXIS OF EVIL”MYTH Chapter 10: Buddhist Myths and Visions of America 159 SOKA GAKKAI’S MYTH OF “AMERICA’S SECOND RENAISSANCE” 160 ROBERT THURMAN’S MYTH OF AMERICA’S “SECOND RENAISSANCE” 164 Contents vii THE DALAI LAMA’S “BUDDHIST DEMOCRACY”MYTH AND VISION OF 167 AMERICA’S WORLD ROLE Chapter 11: Baha´’ı´ Myths and Visions of America 173 ABRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE BAHA´ ’I´ FAITH 175 BAHA´ ’I´ MYTHS AS A “SACRED HISTORY” OF AMERICA 180 THE BAHA´ ’I´ EMANCIPATION/CIVIL WAR MYTH 186 THE BAHA´ ’I´ WILSONIAN MYTH 189 THE BAHA´ ’I´ VISION OF THE DESTINY OF AMERICA 190 Chapter 12: Conclusion: How Minority Faiths Redefined America’s 201 World Role RELIGIOUS MYTHS AND VISIONS OF AMERICA RECAPITULATED 205 AN OVERVIEW OF AMERICA’S WORLD ROLE 219 FINAL REFLECTIONS:AWORLD CIVIL RELIGION? 219 Notes 231 References 271 Index 303 Acknowledgments n November 1, 2007, Suzanne I. Staszak-Silva (formerly Senior Edi- tor, ABC-CLIO, Praeger, Greenwood—now editor at Rowman & OLittlefield Publishers) invited me to submit a book proposal based on a course I had designed and taught at Michigan State University for the 2003–2004 academic year—Religious Myths of America (IAH 211C, Area Studies and Multicultural Civilizations). In August 2003—when I created the syllabus for Religious Myths of America—I had no inkling that, four years later, I would be asked to turn this rather novel and unique course into a book for Praeger Publishers. Praeger is an imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group (now owned by ABC-CLIO, America’s largest publisher of print and online reference resources), and publishes Greenwood’s line of scholarly and profes- sional books in the social sciences and humanities. From proposal to publication, I have had the pleasure of working produc- tively with Ms. Staszak-Silva as my editor over the course of the writing, edit- ing, and production process. I am also indebted to Kathy Breit, Project Manager, BeaconPMG, Ashland, Ohio, for her professional oversight of the copyediting, typesetting, and proofreading of this book, for her assistance in the indexing, and for maintaining high production standards in the publication of this book. There are some other extraordinary people whom I would like to thank, who also helped make this book possible. First, I wish to thank the following x Acknowledgments scholars for their respective endorsements of Religious Myths and Visions of America: • Bruce E. Johansen, Frederick W. Kayser Professor, School of Communication, University of Nebraska at Omaha—author of Forgotten Founders: Benjamin Franklin, the Iroquois, and the Rationale for the American Revolution (1982) and (with Donald A. Grinde, Jr.) Exemplar of Liberty: Native America and the Evolution of Democracy (1991)—most notably for his overall commendation: “Religious Myths and Visions of America is an intellectual feast, sparkling with original interpretations of how many religions have helped shape America’s national character, from the Iroquois origin story, to Christian, Mormon, Baha´’ı´, and Black Muslim beliefs, among others. This book will provoke insights and controversy for years to come.” • Todd Lawson, Professor of Islamic Studies, Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations, University of Toronto—author of Gnostic Apocalypse in Islam: The Qur’an and the Ba´bı´ Movement (2009) and The Crucifixion and the Qur’an: A Study in the History of Muslim Thought (2009)—most significantly for his evaluation of this book’s methodological contribution: “An experiment on the ‘idea of America’ with engaging results, this book examines the role of ten religions in redefining America’s world role—a topic of importance given America’s influence in world affairs. On the premise that America is both ‘nation and notion,’ this project is a breath of methodological fresh air. Religious Myths and Visions of America is a novel, imaginative, and rigorously scholarly contribution to comparative religion, worthy of serious attention and debate. Of general contemporary and historical interest to students, scholars, and think- ing people everywhere.” • William E. Paden, Professor of Religion, University of Vermont—author of Religious Worlds: The Comparative Study of Religion (1988/1994), and Inter- preting the Sacred: Ways of Viewing Religion (1992/2003)—especially for his comment on the timely relevance of the book: “Christopher Buck’s new book is a timely and highly readable consideration of the way American religions have continued to remythologize the country. To this theme the author brings impressive research and notable facility in the comparative study of myth while at the same time presenting the material in an entirely accessible, lucid, and interesting manner. Few topics are more relevant today, in a time when the self-definition of Americans is such an influential force on the global stage.” • Jay Parini, D. E. Axinn Professor of English and Creative Writing, Middlebury College—author of Promised Land: Thirteen Books That Changed America (2008)—particularly for his insight that “America’s idea of itself” is “central to our national psyche” and is therefore a key issue in American studies: “In this remarkable book, Dr. Buck examines the key religious ideas that have shaped America’s idea of itself. It’s a broadly informed and beautifully written work that reveals the various strains in American mythology and religion. This coun- try has always had a visionary aspect, a sense of the numinous; this impulse has Acknowledgments xi taken many different forms. I can think of no subject in American studies more central to our national psyche. This is an important, interesting, thought- provoking work.” • Andrew Rippin, Professor of History (Specialist in Islamic Studies with an inter- est in the Qur’an and the history of its interpretation), Dean of the Faculty of Humanities, University of Victoria, Canada—author of Muslims: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices (2005), and editor of The Blackwell Companion to the Qur’an (2006) and The Islamic World (2008)—for his welcome assess- ment: “This is an ambitious and unique work, covering a broad range of reli- gious visions of America in their global context. Buck’s firm theoretical framework and rigorous documentation make this a significant contribution to contemporary discussions of the place, role, and future of the diversity of reli- gions that make up America today.” • Richard W. Thomas, Professor of History, Michigan State University—author of Racial Unity: An Imperative for Social Progress (1993) and Understanding Interracial Unity: A Study of U.S.
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