DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Drawing lines on a map: English Regionalism and Regional Identity in Post-war Yorkshire and Humberside DOHERTY, ROBERT,PATRICK How to cite: DOHERTY, ROBERT,PATRICK (2017) Drawing lines on a map: English Regionalism and Regional Identity in Post-war Yorkshire and Humberside, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12420/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 “Drawing lines on a map”: English Regionalism and Regional Identity In Post-war Yorkshire and Humberside Robert Patrick Doherty Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy History Department, Durham University, 2017 “Drawing lines on a map”: English Regionalism and Regional Identity in Post-War Yorkshire and Humberside Robert Patrick Doherty Abstract The failure of either a regional tier of government, or a strong and coherent regional political movement to emerge in England – in contrast to the Post-war devolution developments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, not to mention Europe – has led to the general dismissal of regionalism as a significant political force in England, and led to its characterization as the ‘dog that never barked’; merely the preserve of a handful of committed regionalists. This thesis builds on recent scholarship in Post-war British history, broadly categorized as the ‘new political history’, to challenge these traditional narratives. It explores how regional identities were constructed and articulated in a number of official, semi-official and unofficial spheres. It also considers how these interacted with central government and other interests. It does so through a number of case studies, or ‘core samples’, exploring various dimensions of regional action in different contexts. These include regional economic development and industrial promotion agencies; local government; airports and other transport considerations; and regional arts policy. The thesis focuses on Yorkshire and Humberside, a region that has not received much scholarly interest with regards to regionalism, but which has been considered prominently on literature exploring ‘the North’. Through this case study, this thesis highlights not only the potency of regionalism and regional identity, but also its complexities, contingencies and constraints. Through its core samples into economic planning, regional boosterism, local government reorganisation, transport and arts policy, this study adds additional perspectives to on-going historical discourses in contemporary British and European history. It also provides some insight into contemporary political concerns around the re-emergence of identity politics. It argues that complex, pluralist and distinct regionalisms – as were articulated and mobilized in Yorkshire during this period – form an important and often neglected dimension of contemporary British history that requires more concerted study. 2 Contents Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................... 11 1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.2 In search of the ‘region’, ‘Regionalism’ and ‘regional identity’ .............................. 13 1.3 The ‘English Question’: English regionalism and regional identity in contemporary and historical perspective .................................................................................................. 23 1.4 Yorkshire ................................................................................................................... 37 1.5 Hull and Humberside ................................................................................................ 50 1.6 Post-War Context ....................................................................................................... 58 1.7 Structure and Approach ............................................................................................ 62 Chapter 2: Economic Regionalism: Economic development and industrial promotion in Yorkshire and Humberside, c.1965-c.1990 ........................ 74 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 74 2.2 Context: UK regional policy, de-industrialisation, and Yorkshire and Humberside 79 2.3 From planning to publicity: the changing role of expertise ..................................... 90 2.4 Environment and Image .......................................................................................... 118 2.5 “Heartland”: North/South divide, interregional and intraregional perspectives . 138 2.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 162 Chapter 3: Political Regionalism: “Yorkshire Forever – Humberside Never”: the creation and abolition of Humberside County Council, c.1962-c.1996 .......................................................................................................... 164 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 164 3.2 The birth of ‘Humberside’ in context, 1962-1966 ................................................ 168 3.3 ‘Humber mania’ and the creation of Humberside County Council, 1966-1972 . 190 3.4 Regional identity and the campaign to abolish Humberside ............................... 206 3.5 ’Nowhere to Nowhere': The Humber Bridge, Hull and Humberside ..................... 218 3.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 231 Chapter 4: Transport and Regionalism: The campaign for a ‘Yorkshire Airport’, c.1945-c.1980 ...................................................................... 233 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 233 4.2 Context: Post-war civil aviation development, 1945-61 ....................................... 240 4.3 A ‘Yorkshire Airport’: The Yorkshire and Humberside Airport Development Association and regional airport proposals in the 1960s .............................................. 253 4.4 Airports in the 1970s: Regional airports and national planning to 1978 ........... 262 4.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 279 Chapter 5: Cultural Regionalism: Regional Arts Associations in Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Humberside, c.1963-c.1994 ...................................... 283 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 283 5.2 Lincolnshire Arts Association, c.1963-71 .............................................................. 287 5.3 Yorkshire Arts Association, 1966-71 ..................................................................... 312 5.4 Humberside and the Regional Arts Associations, 1972-1976 ............................ 328 5.5 Changing Regional Arts Policy, 1976-1994 ........................................................... 342 5.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 361 Chapter 6: Conclusion: Which “Yorkshire First”? Regionalism and Regional Identity in Yorkshire and Humberside in perspective ............................ 363 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 375 3 4 List of figures Figure 1.1 The Association of British Counties Map of Yorkshire 42 <http://www.yorkshireridings.org/files/ABC_Yorkshire_Map_v 1-2.png> (accessed 2 August 2017) Figure 1.2 Map of Yorkshire, in Harry J. Scott, Yorkshire Heritage (London, 43 1973), 10-11. Figure 1.3 Administrative County of Humberside, from Ivan E. Broadhead, 51 Portrait of Humberside (London, 1983), 10. Figure 2.1 Yorkshire and Humberside Economic Planning Region, taken 89 from Diana Pearce, ‘The Yorkshire and Humberside Economic Planning Council 1965-1979’, in Patricia L. Garside and Michael Hebbert (eds.), British Regionalism 1900-2000 (London, 1989). Table 1 Derelict Land in England and Wales, 31 December 1964, from 123 YHEPC, A Review of Yorkshire and Humberside (HMSO, 1966), Table F1, Appendix F (126). Figure 2.2 ‘Environmental conditions’, in Yorkshire and Humberside 128 Economic Planning Council, Yorkshire and Humberside Regional Strategy (HMSO, 1970). Figure 2.3.1 From Yorkshire and Humberside Economic Planning Council, 134 Yorkshire and Humberside Regional Strategy (HMSO, 1970). Figure 2.3.2 From Yorkshire and Humberside Economic Planning Council, 134 Yorkshire and Humberside Regional Strategy (HMSO, 1970). Figure 2.4 From YHDA, ‘Finance for Industrial Expansion’ (1979).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Members and Constituency Etiquette
    BRIEFING PAPER Number 02028, 10 July 2020 Members and By Richard Kelly constituency etiquette Inside: 1. Introduction 2. Casework 3. Raising matters relating to another constituency or Member in the Chamber 4. Visiting another constituency 5. Ministers raising constituency issues 6. Local precedence www.parliament.uk/commons-library | intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library | [email protected] | @commonslibrary Number 02028, 10 July 2020 2 Contents Summary 3 1. Introduction 4 2. Casework 5 2.1 Parliamentary conventions 5 2.2 Difficulties with the convention 6 Issue arises in a different constituency 6 Cases involving people who do not appear on an electoral register 7 Boundary changes 10 2.3 Issues outside a Member’s parliamentary responsibilities 12 Councils 12 Legal and private disputes 13 Devolved matters 13 2.4 Other issues 14 Planning 14 3. Raising matters relating to another constituency or Member in the Chamber 15 4. Visiting another constituency 16 5. Ministers raising constituency issues 19 6. Local precedence 20 Cover page image copyright: Parliament copyright/Mark Crick 3 Members and constituency etiquette Summary In the British parliamentary system one Member represents a single constituency, and conventions have developed so that one Member’s relations with his or her constituents are very much a preserve other Members should not interfere with. The conventions dealing with these matters are not the subject of formal parliamentary rules. Constituency casework The general principle in relation to constituency casework was set out by Edmund Marshall, a former MP, in his 1982 book Parliament and the Public: “any citizen in the United Kingdom should first get in touch with his own constituency representative”.
    [Show full text]
  • Hull), 81 (Patrington), 89 (Brig) and 90 (Grimsby)
    Natural Environment Research Council INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES Geological Survey of England and Wales Geological reports for DOE: Land use planning SOUTH HUMBERSIDE PROJECT Parts of TA ll,12 and 21 . included in 1:50 000 geological sheets 84) (Hull), 81 (Patrington), 89 (Brig) and 90 (Grimsby). I. T. Williamson BibliographicaZ reference Williamson, I. T. 1983. Geological reports for DOE: Land use planning. South Humberside Project. (Leeds Institute of Geological Sciences). Author I. T. Williamson Institute of Geological Sciences Ring Road Halton Leeds LS15 8TQ This report and the accompanying maps were commissioned and financed by the Department of the Environment The views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the Department of the Environment c Crown copyright 1983 LEEDS INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES 1983 Contents I Page PREFACE Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1 1 e? PhysiographyPopulation Distribution, Communications and Land Use i Chapter 2. GM)LOGY 3 2mlo SuperficialDeposits 3 Introduction 3 Made Ground or Fill 3 Tidal Flat and Saltings 4 Storm Gravel Beach Deposits 4 201 04. Peat 5 2.1.6~ Blown Sand 5 Alluvium 5 2rn1e8rn Marine or Estuarine Alluvium 6 Dry Valley Deposits 7 2.1.100 Head 7 2.1011. Till 8 2oIeI2e Sand and Gravel Deposits 9 Interglacial Deposits 11 2.1.14- The Kirmington Buried Channel 12 2.2. Bedrock ( 'Solid' Geology- 12 Structure 16 Chapter 3. GEOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTIXG THE SITISG OF LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENT 17 3.1 0 ktroduction 17 3.2. Groundwater and Geomorphology 17 3.3. GeotechnicjlConsiderations 18 3.3.L Chalk 18 3.3.2, Sands and Gravels 19 3.3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Party Registration Decisions-English Version
    2018 Party registration decisions Decisions by the Commission to approve or reject applied for party names, descriptions and emblems in date order You can find the current registration details of the applicants by clicking on their name An overview of the rules on registering a political party names, descriptions and emblems can be found here Type of Application Identity Date of The identity mark applied applies to Registration Further information/ Reason for Applicant name Mark decision for which part decision rejection applied of the UK? for 10.12.18 Both Unions Party Name Both Unions Party All of Great Approve Britain 10.12.18 Both Unions Party Description Scotland for Both Unions: All of Great Approve UK Europe Britain 10.12.18 Both Unions Party Description Together we are all All of Great Reject Does not meet the requirements of strongest Britain a description 10.12.18 Both Unions Party Emblem All of Great Reject Confusingly similar to another Britain already registered party 10.12.18 Both Unions Party Name Both Unions Party of Northern Approve Northern Ireland Ireland 10.12.18 Ein Gwlad Name Ein Gwlad Wales Reject Application incomplete 10.12.18 Future Shepton Description Future Shepton – Working England Approve together for Shepton 10.12.18 Future Shepton Description A fresh approach with Future England Approve Shepton 1 Decisions on party registration applications made in 2018 Type of Application Identity Date of The identity mark applied applies to Registration Further information/ Reason for Applicant name Mark decision for which
    [Show full text]
  • Excavations at Aylesby, South Humberside, 1994
    EXCAVATIONS AT AYLESBY, SOUTH HUMBERSIDE, 1994 Ken Steedman and Martin Foreman Re-formatted 2014 by North East Lincolnshire Council Archaeological Services This digital report has been produced from a hard/printed copy of the journal Lincolnshire History and Archaeology (Volume 30) using text recognition software, and therefore may contain incorrect words or spelling errors not present in the original. The document remains copyright of the Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology and the Humberside Archaeology Unit and their successors. This digital version is also copyright of North East Lincolnshire Council and has been provided for private research and education use only and is not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. Front Cover: Aylesby as it may have looked in the medieval period, reconstructed from aerial photographs and excavated evidence (watercolour by John Marshall). Image reproduced courtesy of the Society for Lincolnshire History & Archaeology © 1994 CONTENTS EXCAVATIONS AT AYLESBY, SOUTH HUMBERSIDE, 1994 ........................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 1 SELECT DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE FOR THE PARISH OF AYLESBY ................................. 3 PREVIOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ........................................................................................ 8 THE EXCAVATIONS ......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download Species Dossier
    Weissia rostellata (Brid) Lindb. Beaked Beardless-moss POTTIACEAE SYN.: Astomum rostellatum (Brid.) Bruch & Schimp., Hymenostomum rostellatum (Brid.) Schimp. Status Bryophyte Red Data Book - Lower Risk (Near-threatened) (2001) Status in Europe: Rare BAP Priority Species Natural England Species Recovery Lead Partner: Plantlife International UK Biodiversity Action Plan This is the current BAP target following the 2001 Targets Review: T1 - Maintain population size at all extant sites. Progress on targets as reported in the UKBAP 2002 reporting round can be viewed by selecting this species and logging in as a guest on the following web page: http://www.ukbap.org.uk/ The full Action Plan for Weissia rostellata can be viewed on the following web page: http://www.ukbap.org.uk/UKPlans.aspx?ID=631 Contents 1 Morphology, Identification, Taxonomy & Genetics................................................2 1.1 Morphology & Identification ........................................................................2 1.2 Taxonomic Considerations..........................................................................4 1.3 Genetic Implications ..................................................................................4 2 Distribution & Current Status ...........................................................................4 2.1 World ......................................................................................................4 2.2 Europe ....................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Download AAP21 Emerging Tourism Strategy 2014
    Coventry 2014 – 2024 An Emerging Vision for Tourism 1 APPENDIX A The following diagram outlines the proposed process to deliver an emerging tourism strategy for Coventry: 2 Our Vision for 2014 - 2024 “By 2024 Coventry will be internationally recognised as a compelling tourism destination of distinction; renowned for the quality and depth of its visitor experience across its diverse cultural, heritage, sports and events offer. Championing a successful and thriving tourism economy, Coventry’s approach will showcase effective and sustainable partnership working that combines to provide a rich and captivating experience, increasing visitor levels, spend and ultimately jobs.” Planned outcomes by 2024 include: 1. Change the negative perceptions of Coventry, locally, nationally and internationally to that of the city which offers a vibrant, diverse and quality experience and that is open for business. 2. Solidify a strong network of private, public and third sector bodies to enhance the visitor experience and maximise on regional overnight trips, spend levels and job creation. 3. Coventry to establish itself in the Top 20 UK Towns and Cities. 4. Increase total visitor trips to Coventry by 2024 to 9,000,000, an increase of over 30% from the 6,867,000 reported in 2012. 5. Increase total visitor related spend in Coventry by 2024 to £447,533,000, an increase of 30% from the £344,256,000 reported in 2012. 6. Increase overnight business trips in Coventry. 7. Increase number of tourism related jobs in Coventry to 8,417, an increase of over 30% from the 6,324 reported in 2012. 8. Secure 10 major 4,000+ delegate conferences or events in Coventry by 2024.
    [Show full text]
  • Focus on Cities and Metro Regions 13 Focus on Cities and Metro Regions
    Focus on cities and metro regions 13 Focus on cities and metro regions This chapter describes two linked typologies which have Step 2: the contiguous (1) high-density cells are then clus- been developed to cover, without any overlaps or omissions, tered, gaps (2) are filled and only the clusters with a popula- the whole geographical territory of the European Union tion of at least 50 000 inhabitants (image 2 of Figure 13.1) are (EU), Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Croatia at the local kept as an ‘urban centre’. and regional level. The typologies cover: Step 3: all the municipalities (local administrative units level • the definition of a city and its commuting zone, and; 2 (LAU2)) with at least half their population inside the urban • a typology of metro regions. centre are selected as candidates to become part of the city As opposed to the typologies presented in the territorial ty- (image 3 of Figure 13.1). pologies chapter of the 2012 edition of Eurostat’s regional Step 4: the city is defined ensuring that: yearbook (the degree of urbanisation and the urban–rural regional typology) which rely mainly on population density, • there is a link to the political level; the two typologies presented in this chapter add a functional • at least 50 % of the population lives in an urban centre, and; dimension. They are both forms of functional urban areas • at least 75 % of the population of the urban centre lives in a and are based on the flows of people commuting to work in city (image 4 of Figure 13.1).
    [Show full text]
  • Capital of Culture Mega-Events and the Potential for Gender Equality
    Gendering Cities of Culture. City/ Capital of Culture Mega-events and the Potential for Gender Equality. being a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull and University of Oviedo. By Barbara Grabher B.A., University of Vienna. M.A., Utrecht University/ University of Granada. December 2019 Funding This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 675378. I Abstract In the context of the transformative ambitions of event-based, culture-led urban regeneration, this thesis interrogates the production of cultures of gender equality in City/ Capital of Culture mega-events. Inspired by Donostia/ San Sebastián as European Capital of Culture in 2016 and analysed in detail in Hull’s celebration of the UK City of Culture in 2017, the investigation seeks to understand the relevance of socio-cultural values in the celebration of art, culture and heritage in the urban context. The investigation analyses the City/ Capital of Culture mega-events through a conceptualisation of their socio-cultural significance, which is informed by liminal and carnivalesque event characteristics. Relating to the politics, practices and perceptions of gender equality in mega-events, the research is based on an ethnographic study of six equality- themed events in the field sites of Hull and Donostia/ San Sebastián. The analysis develops from a relational reading of the two sites: due to its strong emphasis on negotiations of socio-cultural values, Donostia/ San Sebastián informs my research focus in Hull.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Recommendations on the Future Electoral Arrangements for Wakefield
    Final recommendations on the future electoral arrangements for Wakefield Report to The Electoral Commission July 2003 © Crown Copyright 2003 Applications for reproduction should be made to: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office Copyright Unit. The mapping in this report is reproduced from OS mapping by The Electoral Commission with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Licence Number: GD 03114G. This report is printed on recycled paper. Report no. 342 2 Contents Page What is The Boundary Committee For England? 5 Summary 7 1 Introduction 13 2 Current electoral arrangements 15 3 Draft recommendations 19 4 Responses to consultation 21 5 Analysis and final recommendations 23 6 What happens next? 67 Appendices A Final recommendations for Wakefield: Detailed mapping 69 B First draft of electoral change Order for Wakefield 71 C Guide to interpreting the first draft of the electoral Order 76 3 4 What is The Boundary Committee for England? The Boundary Committee for England is a committee of The Electoral Commission, an independent body set up by Parliament under the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000. The functions of the Local Government Commission for England were transferred to The Electoral Commission and its Boundary Committee on 1 April 2002 by the Local Government Commission for England (Transfer of Functions) Order 2001 (SI 2001 no. 3692). The Order also transferred to The Electoral Commission the functions of the Secretary of State in relation to taking decisions on recommendations for changes to local authority electoral arrangements and implementing them.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multiculturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux
    The Setting Sun : Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multiculturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux To cite this version: Flora Macivor Épouse Lamoureux. The Setting Sun : Immigration Policy, Race Relations and Multi- culturalism in Post-Colonial Great Britain. History. 2010. dumas-00534579 HAL Id: dumas-00534579 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00534579 Submitted on 10 Nov 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DU SUD TOULON-VAR FACULTE DES LETTRES ET SCIENCES HUMAINES MASTER RECHERCHE : CIVILISATIONS CONTEMPORAINES ET COMPAREES ANNÉE 2009-2010, 1ERE SESSION THE SETTING SUN: IMMIGRATION POLICY, RACE RELATIONS AND MULTICULTURALISM IN POST- COLONIAL GREAT BRITAIN FLORA MACIVOR LAMOUREUX UNDER THE DIRECTION OF PROFESSOR GILLES LEYDIER ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 THE FIRST BRITISH ASIANS: A HISTORY .............................................................. 8 I. The Colonial
    [Show full text]
  • Local Government Boundary Commission for England
    If LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOUNDARY COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND REVIEW OF NON-METROPOLITAN COUNTIES FURTHER REVIEW OF THE COUNTY OF HUMBERSIDE NORTH YORKSHIRE EAST YORKSHIRE HUMBERSIDE EAST YORKSHIRE _J \\HOLDERNESS BOROUGH OF BEVERLEY ^KINGSTON UPON HU SOUTH YORKSHIRE LINCOLNSHIRE REPORT NO. 604 I I I I I I I • LOCAL GOVERNMENT I BOUNDARY COMMISSION I FOR ENGLAND iI REPORT NO. 604 i i i i i i i i i I I I • LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOUNDARY COMMISSION FOR ENGLAND I I CHAIRMAN MR G J ELLERTON I MEMBERS MR K F J ENNALS MR G R PRENTICE I MRS H R V SARKANY I MR C W SMITH I PROFESSOR K YOUNG I I I I I I I I I I I CONTENTS The Making of Numberside The Progress of the Humberside Reviews 2.1 The Commission's Initial Review i 2.2 The Secretary of State's Direction 2.3 The Commission's Further Review 2.4 The Commission's Interim Decision 2.5 The Commission's Draft Proposal i 2.6 The Response to the Commission's Draft Proposal i The Commission's Approach to the Further Review and its Consideration of the Case For and Against Change i 3.1 The Criteria for Boundary Changes 3.2 The Wishes of the People 3.3 The Pattern of Community Life 3.4 The Effective Operation of Local Government and i Associated Services i The Commission's Conclusions and Final Proposal 4.1 The Commission's Conclusions 4.2 The Commission's Final Proposal i 4.3 Electoral Consequences 4.4 Second Order Boundary Issues 4.5 Unitary Authorities i 4.6 Publication i i Annexes 1.
    [Show full text]
  • By-Election Results: Revised November 2003 1987-92
    Factsheet M12 House of Commons Information Office Members Series By-election results: Revised November 2003 1987-92 Contents There were 24 by-elections in the 1987 Summary 2 Parliament. Of these by-elections, eight resulted Notes 3 Tables 3 in a change in winning party compared with the Constituency results 9 1987 General Election. The Conservatives lost Contact information 20 seven seats of which four went to the Liberal Feedback form 21 Democrats and three to Labour. Twenty of the by- elections were caused by the death of the sitting Member of Parliament, while three were due to resignations. This Factsheet is available on the internet through: http://www.parliament.uk/factsheets November 2003 FS No.M12 Ed 3.1 ISSN 0144-4689 © Parliamentary Copyright (House of Commons) 2003 May be reproduced for purposes of private study or research without permission. Reproduction for sale or other commercial purposes not permitted. 2 By-election results: 1987-92 House of Commons Information Office Factsheet M12 Summary There were 24 by-elections in the 1987 Parliament. This introduction gives some of the key facts about the results. The tables on pages 4 to 9 summarise the results and pages 10 to 17 give results for each constituency. Eight seats changed hands in the 1987 Parliament at by-elections. The Conservatives lost four seats to Labour and three to the Liberal Democrats. Labour lost Glasgow, Govan to the SNP. The merger of the Liberal Party and Social Democratic Party took place in March 1988 with the party named the Social and Liberal Democrats. This was changed to Liberal Democrats in 1989.
    [Show full text]