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Urban Planning Open Access Journal | ISSN: 2183-7635 Urban Planning Open Access Journal | ISSN: 2183-7635 Volume 1, Issue 2 (2016) Volunteered Geographic Information and the City Editors Andrew Hudson-Smith, Choon-Piew Pow, Jin-Kyu Jung and Wen Lin Urban Planning, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 2 Theme: Volunteered Geographic Information and the City Published by Cogitatio Press Rua Fialho de Almeida 14, 2º Esq., 1070-129 Lisbon Portugal Academic Editors Andrew Hudson-Smith (University College London, UK) Choon-Piew Pow (National University of Singapore, Singapore) Jin-Kyu Jung (University of Washington, USA) Wen Lin (Newcastle University, UK) Managing Editor Rita Rente (Cogitatio Press, Portugal) Available online at: www.cogitatiopress.com/urbanplanning This issue is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY). Articles may be reproduced provided that credit is given to the original and Urban Planning is acknowledged as the original venue of publication. Table of Contents Revealing Cultural Ecosystem Services through Instagram Images: The Potential of Social Media Volunteered Geographic Information for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning and Governance Paulina Guerrero, Maja Steen Møller, Anton Stahl Olafsson and Bernhard Snizek 1-17 Characterizing New Channels of Communication: A Case Study of Municipal 311 Requests in Edmonton, Canada Qing Lu and Peter A. Johnson 18-31 Leveraging VGI Integrated with 3D Spatial Technology to Support Urban Intensification in Melbourne, Australia Soheil Sabri, Abbas Rajabifard, Serene Ho, Sam Amirebrahimi and Ian Bishop 32-48 Planning with Citizens: Implementation of an e-Planning Platform and Analysis of Research Needs Stefan Steiniger, M. Ebrahim Poorazizi and Andrew J. S. Hunter 49-64 Civic Hackathons: New Terrain for Local Government-Citizen Interaction? Pamela J. Robinson and Peter A. Johnson 65-74 ‘Sensor’ship and Spatial Data Quality Elisabeth Sedano 75-87 Ensuring VGI Credibility in Urban-Community Data Generation: A Methodological Research Design Jamie O'Brien, Miguel Serra, Andrew Hudson-Smith, Sophia Psarra, Anthony Hunter and Martin Zaltz-Austwick 88-100 Data-Driven Participation: Algorithms, Cities, Citizens, and Corporate Control Matthew Tenney and Renee Sieber 101-113 Citizen-Centric Urban Planning through Extracting Emotion Information from Twitter in an Interdisciplinary Space-Time-Linguistics Algorithm Bernd Resch, Anja Summa, Peter Zeile and Michael Strube 114-127 Kilburn High Road Revisited Cristina Capineri 128-140 The V in VGI: Citizens or Civic Data Sources Suthee Sangiambut and Renee Sieber 141-154 Urban Planning (ISSN: 2183-7635) 2016, Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages 1-17 Doi: 10.17645/up.v1i2.609 Article Revealing Cultural Ecosystem Services through Instagram Images: The Potential of Social Media Volunteered Geographic Information for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning and Governance Paulina Guerrero 1,2, Maja Steen Møller 1,*, Anton Stahl Olafsson 1 and Bernhard Snizek 3 1 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; E-Mails: [email protected] (P.G.), [email protected] (M.S.M.), [email protected] (A.S.O.) 2 Institute of Environmental Planning, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30060 Hannover, Germany; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 metascapes.org, 1752 Copenhagen, Denmark; E-Mail: [email protected] * Corresponding author Submitted: 1 March 2016 | Accepted: 5 May 2016 | Published: 6 June 2016 Abstract With the prevalence of smartphones, new ways of engaging citizens and stakeholders in urban planning and govern- ance are emerging. The technologies in smartphones allow citizens to act as sensors of their environment, producing and sharing rich spatial data useful for new types of collaborative governance set-ups. Data derived from Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) can support accessible, transparent, democratic, inclusive, and locally-based governance situations of interest to planners, citizens, politicians, and scientists. However, there are still uncertainties about how to actually conduct this in practice. This study explores how social media VGI can be used to document spatial tendencies regarding citizens’ uses and perceptions of urban nature with relevance for urban green space governance. Via the hashtag #sharingcph, created by the City of Copenhagen in 2014, VGI data consisting of geo-referenced images were collected from Instagram, categorised according to their content and analysed according to their spatial distribution patterns. The results show specific spatial distributions of the images and main hotspots. Many possibilities and much potential of using VGI for generating, sharing, visualising and communicating knowledge about citizens’ spatial uses and preferences exist, but as a tool to support scientific and democratic interaction, VGI data is challenged by practical, technical and ethical concerns. More research is needed in order to better understand the usefulness and application of this rich data source to governance. Keywords cultural ecosystem services; e-governance; geosocial mapping; green space governance; spatial analysis; VGI Issue This article is part of the issue “Volunteered Geographic Information and the City”, edited by Andrew Hudson-Smith (University College London, UK), Choon-Piew Pow (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Jin-Kyu Jung (University of Washington, USA) and Wen Lin (Newcastle University, UK). © 2016 by the authors; licensee Cogitatio (Lisbon, Portugal). This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion 4.0 International License (CC BY). 1. Introduction approach which links all types of urban nature together in a network which provides numerous benefits, or It is widely recognized that the presence of urban na- ecosystem services, such as: offering a recreational role ture is indispensable for a well-functioning and hospi- in everyday life, playing an important part in conserv- table city (Beatley, 2011). Today, urban nature or ur- ing biodiversity, adding to the cultural identity of a city, ban ecosystems are often conceived in relation to the easing and improving the environmental quality of the concept of green infrastructure (GI). GI is a planning city, and providing natural solutions to technical chal- Urban Planning, 2016, Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages 1-17 1 lenges such as sewage treatment in cities (Andersson These data are voluntarily provided by individuals and et al., 2014; Braquinho et al., 2015; Lovell & Taylor, may come from social media services, wikis, and other 2013). It is also generally understood and scientifically media, and are, therefore, often associated with Citi- proven that GI in cities offers health benefits such as al- zen Science (Jiang & Thill, 2015). This individualised and leviating mental, physical and social pressure—as well dynamic information represents a notable shift in the as being associated with economic benefits (Secretariat “content, characteristics and modes of geographic in- of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 2012; Tzoulas formation creation, sharing, dissemination and use” et al., 2007). The health benefits, aesthetic enjoyment (Sui, Goodchild, & Elwood, 2013, p.9). With this data and recreational opportunities of GI can be conceived source in mind, engaging citizens in governance set-ups as Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) (Andersson, Ten- using modern technology should not be too complicat- gö, McPhearson, & Kremer, 2015; Millennium Envi- ed: in this example from Copenhagen, an Instagram ronmental Assessment, 2005). Thus, CESs connect na- hashtag (#) campaign created more than 50,000 re- ture to human values and behaviour and can act as sponses online on Instagram. gateways for improving urban sustainability (Anders- Instagram is an online mobile application focused son et al., 2015). However, the perceptions of CESs are on sharing photographs and providing a platform for likely to differ as they are dependent on the social con- social networking. Instagram enables its users to share text and personal values compared to, for example, the pictures taken with a smartphone camera publicly with market or scientifically defined recognition of the value a hashtag (#), if the user wishes. Instagram is owned by of food production or the carbon dioxide intake of a Facebook© and is forming a global community that tree (DeFries et al., 2005). While some ecosystem ser- shares more than 60 million photos every day (Insta- vice categories are more tangible which facilitates their gram, 2016a, 2016b). economic and biophysical valuation, CES values are The challenging part really appears to be the act of more difficult to measure and often call for the use of translating such data into useful, scientifically reliable more holistic and innovative approaches and methods results. This paper explores such possibilities with a (Gómez-Baggethun et al., 2013). particular focus on CES patterns. However, as beneficial as GI is, it faces constant competition for inclusion in urban planning and deci- 1.1. Study Aim sion-making. Competition for space, adequate valua- tion, and prioritisation on political agendas are just some This study explores how harvesting, analysing and in- examples of the actual and future hurdles (Braquinho et terpreting user-generated geographic urban nature al., 2015). According to Mussachio (2013), there is cur- images stemming from social media can potentially rently a need to further identify the relationship be- add to a modern GI governance set-up based on digital tween ecosystem provisions,
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