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Collective Intelligence of Human Conversational Text K ISSN 2394-3777 (Print) ISSN 2394-3785 (Online) Available online at www.ijartet.com International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET) Vol. 3, Special Issue 20, April 2016 COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE OF HUMAN CONVERSATIONAL TEXT K. Bhuvaneswari Dr. K. Saravanan Research Scholar Research Advisor Department of Computer Science Dean, Academic Affairs PRIST University Department of Computer Science Thanjavur PRIST University, Thanjavur Abstract: Collective intelligence refers to the order to reveal themes relevant to collective intelligence. intelligence that emerges from local interactions Three levels of abstraction were identified in discussion among individual people. In the last few decades, web about the phenomenon: the micro-level, the macro-level 2.0 technologies have enabled new forms of collective and the level of emergence. Recurring themes in the intelligence that allow massive numbers of loosely literature were categorized under the abovementioned organized individuals to interact and create high framework and directions for future research were quality intellectual artefacts.Our analysis reveals a set identified. of research gaps in this area including the lack of focus on task oriented environments, the lack of sophisticated The selection of literature for this review methods to analyse the impact of group interaction follows the approach of Zott et al. (2011). A keyword process on each other, as well as the lack of focus on search was conducted on the Web of Knowledge on 7 the study of the impact of group interaction processes July 2011 using the keywords, collective intelligence and on participants over time. swarm intelligence. The searches produced 405 and 646 results, respectively. In addition, all issues of the I. INTRODUCTION journals Swarm Intelligence and the International Journal of Swarm Intelligence were reviewed for Collective intelligence is shared or suitable articles. A cursory analysis was performed by group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, reading through the titles and abstracts. The following collective efforts, and competition of many individuals criteria were used to select the papers for review: 1) the and appears in consensus decision making. The term paper discusses collective intelligence in human context; appears in socio-biology, political science and in 2) the publication in which the paper is published is context of mass peer review and crowd listed on the Web of Knowledge and 3) the paper makes sourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social a non-trivial contribution to the discussion about capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social collective intelligence (i.e. it involves more than a couple media and other means of quantifying mass activity. of mentions of the term). The purpose was not to cover Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, everything that has been written about the topic, but to although it is often used interchangeably with the term review a representative sample of papers to gain a collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also sufficient understanding of the relevant themes of been attributed to bacteria and animals collective intelligence on humans. The papers were read Web-enabled collective intelligence in solving thoroughly and definitions of collective intelligence and platforms allows crowds to gather and contribute in related terms, themes discussed and the main solving the problems that may be difficult or impossible contributions to collective intelligence research were to solve by even the smartest individuals and fastest identified. Similar definitions and themes were grouped computers. Various analytical technique are developed together and the resulting categories were named as to understand how intelligence emerges from within seemed appropriate. The grouping of themes and social interaction and to determine various micro and definitions revealed a pattern in the literature. The macro level factors that may positively or negatively discussion about collective intelligence in humans influence the collective intelligence phenomenon. appears to be divided into three levels of abstraction: micro-level, macro-level and level of emergence. The II. LITERATURE REVIEW themes identified in the literature are grouped under the three levels of abstraction and examples of papers discussing these themes are given. Next, the A. Collective Intelligence in Humans characteristics of each level are discussed in more detail. A keyword search was performed on the Web of Knowledge and selected papers were reviewed in 188 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARTET ISSN 2394-3777 (Print) ISSN 2394-3785 (Online) Available online at www.ijartet.com International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET) Vol. 3, Special Issue 20, April 2016 Artificial intelligence is a concept where we are B. The micro-level: Enabling factors of human beings hoping to develop almost a new species whose identity is At the micro-level, collective intelligence is a separate in the universe. We are counting on our combination of psychological, cognitive and behavioural incomplete understanding on this subject. On other hand elements. Pentland (2007) argues that humans should collective intelligence is already present among us. It is firstly be viewed as social animals and only secondarily being manifested within us. And, relying on the human as individuals. According to his research with the so- kind is far safer than depending on something which we called Socio scope, human behaviour is largely are partially knowledgeable about. Also, not to forget, predictable, non-linguistic signal response behaviour. that creating human-life like machines will be going The immersion of self in a social network is a typical against nature which can be disastrous. In case of human condition and our unconscious ability to read and collective intelligence, we are simulating the patterns display social signals allows smooth coordination within that nature already has provided us with. the network. Pentland suggests that important parts of IV. COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE AND human intelligence could thus reside in network SOCIAL COMPUTING properties. This might just be the case, as Woolley et al. (2010) found evidence of the existence of a single In recent years the rise of 2.0 applications and dominant collective intelligence factor, and underlying platforms, commonly known as “social software”, has group performance. In their experiments, c explained 30- been promising to provide firms and organizations with 40 % of group performance and was found to depend on new ways of communicating internally and externally. the composition of the group (e.g. average intelligence) The main characteristics of these solutions are to and emergent factors resulting from interaction of group improve information flows at many levels and between members, such as conversational turn-taking. different actors. Its most credited potential lies in the Furthermore, c is positively correlated with social support to team work and project management where sensitivity and the proportion of females in the group, people, by exchanging information and knowledge, can but the influence of females is probably mediated by act – collectively – more intelligently than the sum of their better average social sensitivity (Woolley et al. single individuals, producing what is referred to 2010). Many open questions remain regarding the nature as collective intelligence. This emerging concept – as of c. Woodley and Bell (2011) suggest that c could such still under definition – can be described according actually be largely a manifestation of the General Factor two different perspectives: at a conceptual level it is the of Personality (Just 2011) at a group level. intelligence emerging from the distance collaboration of a multitude of individuals based on on-line software III. INTELLIGENCE MACHINES systems and, at the IT level it is the bunch of user-centric applications often addressed as social computing that Problem solving, reducing man’s workload and enhance an high degree of community formation and cheaper labour have been the basic reasons why man exchange of information. This research paper aims at thought of emulating human intelligence. We have had a defining a comprehensive framework of social certain fascination for inventing intelligent machines computing and collective intelligence to draw a coherent since the ancient Greek times. For instance, Greek myths and non-redundant picture of this rapidly growing of Hephaestus, the blacksmith who manufactured domain. Through a multidisciplinary approach we mechanical servants and the bronze man Talos identified different articles and journals in the fields of incorporate the idea of intelligent robots. Till today, we information systems, knowledge management, have not been able to achieve a hundred percent organization science and innovation management. artificially intelligent machine which can think and act like humans. In 1956, when John McCarthy coined the V. CONCLUSION term, artificial intelligence, the ultimate objective of this technology was to replicate human-level intelligence, A sample of literature discussing the collective maybe a little more even but, years later the goals are intelligence in humans was reviewed and the discovered very much the same.To be safe from the unknown, we themes were categorized into micro-level, macro-level have collective intelligence. It is
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