MAX IV R&D Accelerator division seminars

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory

18th September 2018, MAX IV,

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 1 Marek Grabski Contents • What is vacuum - why do we need it in particle accelerators? • Basics of vacuum technology, • Gas sources, • Pumping technology, • Outlook of MAX IV storage ring vacuum systems, • Introduce vacuum team and services.

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 2 Marek Grabski What is vacuum? Vacuum is a space with no matter inside – practically not possible to achieve.

Vacuum in engineering and physics is a space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure and is measured by its absolute pressure.

Low pressure High pressure (high vacuum) (low vacuum)

Force [N] 2 Pressure is Area [m2] measured in Pascals, 1 [Pa] = 1 N/m

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 3 Marek Grabski What is vacuum?

The force exerted on the walls of an evacuated vessel surrounded by atmospheric pressure is: 1 kg/cm2 Atmospheric pressure

Vacuum

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 4 Marek Grabski Pressure units

Conversion table: units of pressure

In vacuum technology: mbar or Pa

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 5 Marek Grabski Vacuum ranges

1 Atm. = 1013 mbar =~ 1 bar

Pressure range [mbar] Low Vacuum 103 - 1 Medium Vacuum 1 - 10-3 High Vacuum (HV) 10-3 - 10-9 Ultra High Vacuum (UHV) 10-9 - 10-12 Extreme High Vacuum XHV < 10-12 rings, Storage Beamlines

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 6 Marek Grabski Why do we need vacuum in ? Less beam-gas interaction: • Increase beam lifetime,

• Prevents to increase beam size,

• Reduces radiation hazard,

• Allows the light reach the sample,

• Helps to protect optics…

OLAV IV 2014, Matthew Cox Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 7 Marek Grabski Why do we need vacuum in particle accelerator?

The total beam lifetime in a particle accelerator is given by:

The interaction between beam particles and residual gas molecules consist of two main mechanisms: elastic and inelastic scattering which contribute to total beam lifetime.

Elastic, inelastic beam lifetime: 1 1 , ~ Z - atomic number of the residual gas (depends on gas specie),

ng - residual gas density (pressure).

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 8 Marek Grabski Flow regimes - Mean free path [m] = - Diameter of flow channel [m] - Knudsen number [dimensionless] d FLOW REGIME

VISCOUS TRANSITIONAL MOLECULAR

< 0.01 0.01< < 0.5 > . Mean free path: Low vacuum Medium vacuum High/ultra high vacuum At atm. Pressure = 6.5x10-8 m < 10-3 mbar At 10-9 mbar (storage ring) = 66 km Typically: >1 mbar

Vacuum Technology Know how by Pfeiffer Vacuum GmbH Increasing pressure Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 9 Marek Grabski Gas flow in molecular regime In molecular flow regime the gas flow (Q) from one point to the other is proportional to the pressure drop: Conductance Gas flow Pressure difference

= ( ) Slot of area A [] =

Conductance depends on the gas = = molecule velocity thus its molar mass and temperature (not on pressure).

1 = Conductance C at 295 K for nitrogen 4 (N2 - molecular mass 28):

- conductance of unit surface area for given gas = = 11.8 A – slot Area [cm2] - the average gas molecules speed [m/s]

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 10 Marek Grabski Gas flow in molecular regime Combination of conductances: a). For components in series:

b). In parallel:

Paolo Chiggiato, Vacuum Technology for Ion Sources, CAS 2012 proceedings Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 11 Marek Grabski Gas flow in molecular regime

In vacuum technology a pump is an object that permanently removes gas molecules from the gas phase.

Pumping speed S of a pump is defined as the ratio between the pump throughput Qp and the pressure P at the entrance to the pump.

= Pump

From the definition of pumping speed: A – is the area of the pump aperture [cm2] p S = - is the conductance of the unit surface area for given gas [ ] – is the capture probability

Paolo Chiggiato, Vacuum Technology for Ion Sources, CAS 2012 proceedings Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 12 Marek Grabski Gas flow in molecular regime

Introduced limitation between pump and pumped vacuum volume limits the nominal pumping speed of chosen pump. Example: Conductance of 1 m long tube of 3,8 cm inside diameter (standard DN40CF vacuum pipe) for air (mass 28) is: 6,6 [l/s]

Connected pump of 100 [l/s] to the tube will result in the effective pumping speed :

= + = 0,16 Pump / , /

= + = 6,3 l/s

Paolo Chiggiato, Vacuum Technology for Ion Sources, CAS 2012 proceedings Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 13 Marek Grabski Generic vacuum system

P = Processes -> Q

P – gas pressure, Q – gas load (outgassing),

Seff – Effective pumping speed. Pump Seff

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 14 Marek Grabski Sources of gases Sources of static gas loads in vacuum system:

Processes -> Q

Degassing Vacuum chambers are sources of gas Courtesy of Eshraq Al-Dmour Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 15 Marek Grabski What process defines pressure

What process defines the pressure over time? Outgassing: Material – Binding energy Surface condition – As delivered – Machined Outgassing ~t -1 – Polished Diffusion ~t -(1/2) – Cleaning – Heat treatment…

Difussion: - Material - Heat treatment (Vacuum firing) - Inner surface barrier (Air baking, Film deposition) http://web.utk.edu/~prack/Thin%20films/VACUUM-3.pdf

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 16 Marek Grabski Thermal outgassing Thermal outgassing (static outgassing)

For metals: • If not baked (not heated) in-situ water • If baked (heated above ~1200C) in- is the dominant gas specie. situ hydrogen H2 is the dominant gas Sources, CAS 2012 Sources, proceedings

Outgassing rates q at 200C: uum Technology for Ion Technologyfor uum

Austenitic stainless steel not baked, Vac 3x10 10 (main gas: H O) after 10 h pumping 2

Austenitic stainless steel baked in- -12 2x10 (main gas: H ) Chiggiato,Paolo situ for 24 h at 1500C 2 OFS copper baked in-situ for 24 h at ~10-14 (main gas: H ) 2000C 2 Polymers (Viton, PEEK, Kapton) have high water vapour solubility, therefore have much higher outgassing rates than metals. Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 17 Marek Grabski Dynamic outgassing In particle accelerators energized particles impinging on vacuum surfaces induce desorption of molecules. Usually such dynamic gas load dominate over thermal outgassing. Photon Stimulated Desorption When charged particles (moving at relativistic speeds) are accelerated they emit in a narrow cone. This photon flux Synchrotron impinging on vacuum surfaces produces strong radiation outgassing thus a large dynamic pressure increase.

http://photon-science.desy.de/research/studentsteaching/primers/synchrotron_radiation/index_eng.html Courtesy of Eshraq Al-Dmour Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 18 Marek Grabski Dynamic outgassing

Beam stimulated desorption is characterised by - the desorption yield:

=

– depends on many parameters: • incident particle: type and energy, The desorption may be • material, stimulated by: • surface roughness, • , • cleanliness of the surface, • ions, • history of the material (dose), • synchrotron radiation (photons). • Particle flux.

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 19 Marek Grabski Photon Stimulated Desorption Evaluating Photon Stimulated Desorption (PSD):

Measured surface

Photon beam ) ph / mol ( PSD yield effect of the dose: ield Y = α is between 0.6 and ~1 Photo Photo desorption ‘Vacuum aspects of synchrotron light sources’, R. Reid, Accumulated Photon Dose (ph/m) Vacuum in Accelerators, CAS 2006 proceedings Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 20 Marek Grabski Vacuum scrubbing 3 Gev ring vacuum conditioning: Average pressure normalized to machine current vs accumulated beam dose (or photon dose) Dynamic pressure is proportional to current: ∝

Dynamic pressure rise: Δ /I (mbar/mA) av ed average ed average pressure rise dP Normaliz Dose (Ah) Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 21 Marek Grabski Pump clasification

Vacuum Pumps (molecular regime)

Momentum Capture pumps transfer pumps

Example: Turbomolecular Pump Example: Sputter Ion Pump, Getter pump, Cryo pump

Principle: Molecules impinge on fast moving Principle: gas molecules are fixed surfaces which direct them towards the pump to a surface inside vacuum (pump outlet where they are evacuated by pumps has no moving parts). operating in viscous flow. The molecules do not transfer energy to each other.

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 22 Marek Grabski Turbomolecular Pump (Momentum transfer pump) Inlet Inlet

Outlet to primary pump

Outlet

Blade rotational speed 1000 – 1500 Hz S (pumping speed) does not depend significantly on -1 -10 Pressure range: 10 till 10 mbar, the mass of the molecule. (with backing pump connected in series). Usual operational pressure < 10-5 mbar. Ko = (compression ratio) depends exponentially on the wall speed and square root of ‘Fundamentals of vacuum technology’ (Leybold) the gas molecule mass. Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 23 Marek Grabski Turbomolecular Pumping station

Turbo molecular and roughing pump connected in series can pump from 1 bar (atmospheric pressure) until ~10-10 mbar

Turbomolecular in series with primary pumps are widely used in particle accelerators to: • evacuate vacuum systems from Turbomolecular atmospheric to ultra high vacuum, -1 Pump (range: 10 • Test (leak tests), to 10-10 mbar) • Condition (bakeouts), • High gas loads.

For accelerator operation with beam Connection from turbo capture pumps take over, to primary pump Usually they are not permanent part of the vacuum system (attached when needed).

Primary pump (operating range: 1 bar to 3*10-2 mbar)

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 24 Marek Grabski Capture pumps: getters Getter materials adsorb gas molecules on their surface which is contamination and native oxide layer free. Such surface can be produced in two ways:

• sublimating the reactive meta in situ: evaporable getters or sublimation pumps,

• dissolving the surface contamination into the bulk of the getter material by heating: non-evaporable getters (NEG); the dissolution process is called activation.

Getter surface is characterized by the sticking probability ‘’:

2013 accelerators, particle =

Getter pumping speed (S): = ′

getter for Technology Vacuum Where:

getter surface area of active getter surface, ′ conductance for given gas of unit surface area.

Getter materials do not pump noble gases and methane (CH4) at room temperature. Chiggiato, Paolo Therefore, they need auxiliary pumping to keep a stable pressure. Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 25 Marek Grabski Evaporable Getters Evaporable getters: TSP – Titanium Sublimation Pump

Titanium (Ti) is the sublimated metal. Ti filaments are heated up to 1500°C reaching Ti vapour pressure which is deposited on the surrounding surfaces creating a chemically active surface where gas molecules are captured.

When the deposited film is saturated, new sublimation is needed to recover the initial 3 Titanium filaments pumping speed. A single filament withstands hundreds of sublimation cycles

Sticking probablities: : 0.01 ≤ ≤ 0.1 : 0.5 ≤ ≤ 1

Film capacity: • For CO, one monolayer adsorbed,

• For of O2 several monolayers, • For N2 fraction of monolayer Hydrogen diffuses in the Ti film → much higher capacity

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 26 Marek Grabski Non-Evaporable Getters (NEG)

NOT activated NEG Activated NEG

ACTIVATION Courtesy of SAES gettersof SAES Courtesy

Oxide layer Clean metallic surface

On activation the oxide layer at the surface of NEG is diffused to the bulk of the material creating clean, chemically active surface where gas molecules are captured.

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 27 Marek Grabski Non-Evaporable Getters (NEG)

NEG materials are produced industrially by powder technology. The powder is sintered to form discs or strips.

A typical alloy produced by SAES Getter is St707 made of Zr (70%), V (25%), Fe (5%). NEG strips (St707) NEG discs St (172) NEG strip particle accelerators, 2013 accelerators, particle getters SAES Vacuum Technology for Technology Vacuum Full pumping speed is obtained after heating at 450°C for 45’ or 350°C for 24h The high porosity of NEG materials allows pumping of relatively high quantities of gas

without reactivation. After 40 venting cycles (with nitrogen) and reactivation 80% pumping Chiggiato, Paolo speed is conserved. Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 28 Marek Grabski Non-Evaporable Getters (NEG)

5 NEG pumps mounted on COSAXS in-vacuum undulator (August 2018)

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 29 Marek Grabski Distributed pumping

Pressure profile with lumped pumps

Pmax lumped

Lumped pumps Pressure profile with distributed pumps coatings in large vacuum systems: systems: vacuum large in coatings

Pmax lumped

Pmax distributed use of NEG pumps and pumps of NEGuse , ‘The , Mazzolini F. F. accelerators in CAS 2006Vacuum limitations’, and experience

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 30 Marek Grabski NEG coatings NEG (Non-Evaporable Getter) -coating transforms a vacuum chamber from a gas source to a vacuum pump. Copper substrate NEG coating The technology of coating vacuum chambers by magnetron sputtering NEG coating was developed at CERN for the warm sections of LHC. Nowadays it is also widely applied in synchrotron radiation sources.

NEG film characteristics: • Film composition: Ti (30%), Zr (40%), V (30%). • Thickness ~1 um, • Activation temperature 2000C for 24 h, • Low PSD (Photon stimulated desorption), 1.2 μm • Sticking probability similar to TSP.

Disadvantage of NEG: has limited capacity and activation cycles. Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 31 Marek Grabski NEG coatings Photon stimulated desorption (PSD) measurements at ESRF ( D31). Linear Photons Dose (ph/m)

) 0

h Activation 20h at 250 C p / mol

( CERN chamber,

316LN, 2 m, Ø60mm orption Yield Yield orption des Photo Photo

Accumulated Dose (mA h)

‘Synchrotron Radiation-Induced Desorption from a NEG-Coated Vacuum Chamber’, P. Chiggiato, R. Kersevan

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 32 Marek Grabski Sputter ion pumps Penning cell Sputter ion pump

Used for pressure measurement Cathode Ti plates Anodes as number of ions is proportional to pressure. eedings

• Voltage 3 to 7 kV, • Cathodes are plates of Ti at ground potential, • Magnetic field generated by external permanent L. Schulz,pumps,SputterCAS 1999 ion proc magnets ~0.1 T. Agilent ion pump catalogue Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 33 Marek Grabski Sputter ion pumps Wide variety of ion pumps to choose: Agilent ion pump catalogue • Electrode material and configuration: Diode, noble diode, triode, S = 500 l/s, • Pumping speeds: from 0.2 l/s (weight 0.6 kg) till 500 l/s and more (260 kg) 260 kg

S = 0.2 l/s, 0.6 kg Sources, CAS 2012 Sources, proceedings Nominal pumping speed normalized to that of air for diode and triode ion pump: Vacuum Technology for Ion VacuumTechnologyfor

Advantages of ion pumps: clean, bakeable, vibration free (no moving parts), continuous operation, wide operating range 10-4 to 10-11 mbar, low power consumption, long lifetime at low pressure. Paolo Chiggiato,Paolo

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 34 Marek Grabski Partial pressure measurement

Residual gas analyzer assembly Residual gas analyzer – (mass Sensor head exposed to vacuum spectrometers) used to monitor the quality of vacuum i.e. which gas species are present in the system.

Quadrupole mas filter: http://www.hide • Ions entering the quadrupole field experience potential differences deflecting them from their original trajectory.

nanalytical.com/ • The extent of deflection of ions is related to its mass to charge (m/e or m/z) ratio. • At each instance only one m/e ratio resonates with the field Quadrupole mass filter allowing the ion to pass along its axis. • All other species are deflected and neutralised by impact on the quadrupole rods.

G. J. Peter et al., ‘Partial pressure gauges’, Vacuum in Accelerators, CAS 2006 proceedings Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 35 Marek Grabski Partial pressure measurement Residual gas spectrums of an UHV system:

at total pressure 4x10-9 mbar at total pressure 4x10-11 mbar

H (2) Water (18) H (2) 1E-08 1E-08

CO2 (44) 1E-09 CO (28) 1E-09 Water (18) C (12) 1E-10 1E-10 C (12) CO (28) CO2 (44) 1E-11 1E-11

1E-12 1E-12

1E-13 1E-13

1E-14 1E-14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Paolo Chiggiato, Vacuum Technology for particle accelerators, 2013 Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 36 Marek Grabski Storage ring layout

1.5 GeV double-bend achromat (DBA) lattice: Energy: 1.5 GeV Horizontal Emittance 2 dipoles, (bare lattice): 6 nm rad 0 Bending angle: 30 Circumference: 96 m Bending radius: 3.8 m #straight sections: 12 x 3.3 m

3 GeV 7-bend achromat lattice: Dipole magnets 7 dipoles, Bending angle: 180 Bending radius: 19 m

Energy: 3 GeV Lattice of choice for the 3 GeV ring: 7-bend achromat Horizontal Emittance (multi-bend achromat). Choice of such lattice puts (bare lattice): 0.33 nm rad major constraints on the vacuum system design. Circumference: 528 m #straight sections: 20 x 4.5 m

MAX IV DDR

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 37 Marek Grabski 3 GeV ring layout Emittance Injection Emittance Energy: 3 GeV measurement measurement Design current: 500 mA Horizontal Emittance: 0.33 nm rad Circumference: 528 m #straight sections: 20 x 4.5 m

Installed Insertion Devices: 3 In vacuum undulators (2 m long) • NanoMAX, BioMAX - IVU18 100 MHz • Cosaxs IVU. RF cavities 2 EPU (4 m long, min gap 11 mm) • VERITAS EPU48, HIPPIE EPU53, • Softimax (chamber only)

Landau 1 In-vacuum Wiggler (2.4 m long) cavities • BALDER IVW50 (300 MHz) Legend: • Dk: Dipole kicker (S1) • Mk: Multipole kicker (L) • LK: Longitudinal kicker (S2) • VP: Vertical pinger (S2) L=long straight, S=short straight,

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 38 Marek Grabski 3 GeV achromat layout 7-bend achromat lattice, 1 achromat ~26m long

MAX IV DDR

Straight section for insertion devices

Magnet block

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 39 Marek Grabski 3 GeV magnet layout One achromat Photon beam - Total length ~26 m, - 4.5 m straight section (L)

Beam direction

U2, VC4

25mm Sextupole Corrector Dipole

Ø22 Ø25 (ID) Chamber ID 22mm

Magnet apertures Ø25mm Min. clearance with the iron 0.5 mm NEG coating + 3 ion pumps per achromat Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 40 Marek Grabski 3 GeV standard vacuum chamber geometry Power density deposited by synchrotron radiation on the outer wall of vacuum chamber vs. length Copper Chamber body Ribs ] Cooling for corrector area ower [W/mm^2 ower

P Distributed cooling

Length [mm]

NEG coated inside Ø22 mm

Welded bellows with RF shielding

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 41 Marek Grabski Consequences of excess power

Melted hole in fast closing vacuum valve titanium plate due to undulator beam

Diamond Light Source Vacuum Systems: The First Seven Years of User Operations, OLAV IV 2014, Matthew Cox Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 42 Marek Grabski Synchrotron light extraction One achromat Photon beam

VC2

BPM Crotch absorber VC2 BPM Photon beam

Electron beam

Short straight section 1 – synchrotron light extraction to the Front End and Beamline Crotch absorber

Radiation fan intercepted by absorber

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 43 Marek Grabski 1.5 GeV storage ring layout • 96m circumference • 12 achromats (cells). • 12 straight sections of which, 10 for IDs.

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 44 Marek Grabski 1.5 GeV storage ring vacuum system

Upper magnet block One achromat Conventional vacuum system: • St. steel VC with lumped and distributed absorbers to intercept synchrotron radiation. NEG strips • 5 Ion pumps, 1 TSP and 2 NEG strips.

Ion pumps

TSP

Ion pumps

Lower magnet block

20 mm

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 45 Marek Grabski MAXIV Vacuum team

Accelerator division -> Engineering -> Vacuum team

Contact:

Office/ Name E-Mail Telephone

Eshraq Al- D110032/ [email protected] Dmour +46-732 32 65 25

D110050/ Esa Paju [email protected] +46-709 32 33 37

D110032/ Marek Grabski [email protected] +46-709 32 11 24

Vacuum workshop/ Michael Gilg [email protected] +46-703 83 55 52

Svetolik D110050/ [email protected] Ivanovic +46-703 69 74 55

Byungnam D110032/ [email protected] Ahn +46-703 69 74 55

Vacuum mailing list: [email protected]

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 46 Marek Grabski Vacuum facilities map

Vacuum workshop

Vacuum consumables

Mechanical workshop Vacuum Vacuum storage cleaning facility (D100022) Goods (D100003) reception

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 47 Marek Grabski Vacuum cleaning facility

Materials (metals) that can be degreased (cleaned) for UHV use: - Copper, - Stainless steel, - Aluminum.

Items contaminated with hazardous media cannot be treated.

To treat pieces we require to fill a Request Form for cleaning (material, time, system owner etc.)

Drying Cleaning is based on washing the items in detergent 3 TANKS oven solution with ultrasounds. The ultrasounds are applied (5W/l – 80 kHz) for 30 min to 2 hours. Aluminium and copper pieces can be damaged by the ultrasounds so the cleaning time has to be adjusted and monitored.

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 48 Marek Grabski Vacuum cleaning facility

TANK 1 TANK 2 TANK 3 OVEN

Tank 1 (deionized water bath with Tank 2 (empty): used for Tank 3 (deionized water for detergent and ultrasounds): rinsing pieces after submerging with ultrasounds, Solution of deionized water with cleaning in the detergent resistivity > 1 MΩ cm): used detergent ‘NGL 17.40 SP ALU III’. Bath and to check the wetting to immerse the pieces with at 50 degrees C during cleaning. of the surfaces. deionised water.

Uniformly wetted Not uniformly wetted surface - clean surface – not clean

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 49 Marek Grabski Vacuum storage

Standard vacuum products in stock can be taken when needed. FOLDER For new systems all items should be purchased as stock is limited. The stock is based on CF (ConFLat) flange system for UHV (Ultra High Vacuum) and KF for HV (High vacuum). For all the vacuum standard items contracted supplier is Pfeiffer. Standard vacuum products in stock available to take: • CF blanking flanges, reducers, • CF adapters (to KF, VCR, Swagelok…), • CF and KF stainless steel flexible hoses, • CF gaskets larger than DN100CF and annealed, • Gate valves, • Right angle valves (all-metal), • Variable leak valves, • High vacuum valves (viton sealed), • Gauges • And more…

Items taken from the storage must be noted in the FOLDER. The cost of the taken items is billed to the respective system 3 times a year (end of April, August and December). Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 50 Marek Grabski Vacuum consumables/workshop

Can be taken when needed. However, for newly designed systems hardware should be purchased as stock is limited.

Standard vacuum products in stock available to take: • KF components (o-rings, blanking flanges, clamps, piping components), • Fasteners (screws bare stainless steel, nuts silver coated), • CF (ConFlat) gaskets up to DN100 (bare copper, silver plated), • VCR fittings, • Lint free wipers, • Gloves, • Protective clothing (from dust), • Aluminum foil…

Other available material is available in the vacuum workshop after making a request through the RT system or contacting one of the vacuum team members. After use should be returned.

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 51 Marek Grabski Pumping stations

Turbo molecular and roughing pump connected in series can pump from 1 bar (atmospheric pressure) until ~10-10 mbar

Pressure gauge, spectrometer (RGA)

Connected to pumped system with a bellows At MAX IV vacuum team have pumping stations with: Bake out controllers • 300 l/s turbos (16 units) • 80 l/s turbos (8 units) Gate valve Cost of 1 unit is ~290 kSEK Turbo Molecular Pump Should be booked through RT.

Should be kept clean (UHV compatible). Connection from turbo to primary pump

Primary pump 1 pumping station is dedicated (Roots ACP28) to pump not UHV compatible (contaminated) systems.

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 52 Marek Grabski Leak detectors Leak detectors are used to check their integrity. Usual background 1e-10 to 1e-9 mbar*l/s. They need to have nitrogen gas connected to purge the leak detector pump so that the background does not increase.

Nitrogen bottle Helium bottle for Leak detector leak detection

+

The set of leak detector+Nitrogen+helium should 2 leak detectors are dedicated be moved together and their location marked. for testing not UHV compatible The gas bottles should be placed back to Vacuum (contaminated) systems. workshop by the end of workday. Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 53 Marek Grabski Laminar flow tents

4 laminar flow tents available

Tent Dimensions # 1 2x2x2.4 m side filters 3x4x3 m two top filters (Owned 2* by Species BL) 3 3x4x3 m two top filters 4 2x2x2.4 m side filters

Available to book through the vacuum team (RT).

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 54 Marek Grabski Request tracker (Vacuum ticket)

If you have an issue regarding vacuum system please send a request through RT. We can help with: installation, leak detection, system conditioning, design of vacuum system, UHV cleaning of metal parts... To create a request send an email to: [email protected] Or go to: https://rt.maxiv.lu.se/ and select ’New ticket in’ - Vacuum

The RT (request tracker) allows us to prepare to handle the issue plan our tasks, track the status etc. After sending request through RT someone from vacuum team will contact the requestor directly. Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 55 Marek Grabski Thank you for your attention

Vacuum systems and resources at MAX IV laboratory, 18th September 2018 56 Marek Grabski