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Observation of the Spring Night Sky Self-Guided Viewing Program Observation of the Spring Night Sky Self-Guided Viewing Program Physics 406, Homework #2, due February 23 Term Paper by Howard C. Murphy Physics 406 University of New Hampshire Fall 1998 edited by E. Möbius, January 2004 Introduction to the Spring Night Sky No course in astronomy is complete, if you never take the time to actually look at the night sky. When you learn to find your way around the sky, lessons learned in the classroom take on an added dimension. The sheer enormity of space and the objects it contains becomes real when you actually go outside and just look at the enormous wealth of objects. For example, take Jupiter, it is almost a dozen times as big across as Earth, and never less than five times as far from the sun as our planet. Then turn a little to look at Betelgeuse, the red star in Orion’s right shoulder, an object so big that if it were our own sun, Jupiter would be inside it. Knowing the sky provides us with not only a sense of scale, but of place. The daily motions of sun and stars can be conceptualized as the heliocentric theory, but when students observe with purpose and then measure these motions, the theory becomes real. The key to astronomy is the sky itself. This exercise involves a kind of self-guided tour of the heavens. It contains a complete set of star maps for a typical observation time in the Spring Semester. We have compiled a set of maps for the evening of February 10, which shows the night sky, as it will appear at 8:00 PM. It is contained in this Homework. The primary objective of this exercise is to help you to learn the sky, not everything of course, but at least the major constellations, their brightest stars, and the planets that are visible at this time. It’s an introduction to the sky. You won’t be able to really see it all in one night. Multiple observations will help you to remember what you have seen and to look more deeply into what you already know. The charts are good for about two weeks on either side of the date printed on the charts and, for an hour or so on each side of the time. Here’s why. The stars appear at the same place in the sky once a year, that is, they appear to move once around the celestial sphere (360o) in three hundred sixty-five days. That’s about a degree per day. The sky pattern advances from east to west one degree every four minutes so, in an hour it moves fifteen degrees - about two weeks worth of motion, if viewed at exactly the same time of the night. Going out to observe for the first time is fun, but a few hints might help you to enjoy the experience a bit more. First, sky-watching really is definitely better when you’re with others. Helping others when you see something and receiving help from others when you’re stuck keeps you looking longer - and, it’s the way science is done. If you can get a car full, and you have a car to fill it’s also a good idea to get out where the skies are clear, light pollution-free, and with a clear view to as much of the horizon as you can manage. Don’t trespass. The university owns a lot of land around here. You don’t need any special observing aids, although a pair of small binoculars will help you to see some things, like the color of stars, more clearly and they’re easy to carry. If there’s a moon out, look at it with your binoculars. Lunar geography is fun to learn if you feel like it later. 2 Introduction to the Spring Night Sky Also, pack lightly, but pack a few things that will be handy. Dress appropriately and make sure you can stay warm. Bring a candy bar or something else to snack on. Don’t litter. A thermos of warm coffee or tea will be appreciated if you’re out for a while. You’ll definitely be out for a while; you can’t do this right in fifteen minutes. Bring a small flashlight with you, but don’t use it liberally. Better still, if you can find a piece of red cellophane to place over the lens it will help prevent your eyes from having to completely readjust to the dark every time you use the light to refer to your chart. If you need to refer to the manual frequently, it may be a good thing to take turns being primary spotter and prompter. Once something is found, all should be in agreement that the object in question is what people believe it to be. The set of charts is accompanied by a checklist, which you can use to keep track of the major stars and constellations you have located. Because you have two charts for each viewing direction, each with different information, you may want to sacrifice one of the charts by cutting it out to paste onto the other to keep track of those objects you have located. One of the charts helps to guide your to locate objects by also including connecting lines for the brightest stars in the major constellations. It also includes parallels (every 10o) and lines of the same right ascension (every 15o). The second chart shows the sky as is, without these crutches. On the charts the names of all major constellations are shown in Bold Face type. The names of the brightest stars are given in plain type. The name mostly starts to the right of the star. In a few cases, where the stars are at the right edge of the chart the name is to the left of the star. Planets are marked in Bold Face Italics, and nebulae or star clusters in Italics. The Moon Be aware of the phase of the moon. The full moon lights up the sky so much that stargazing suffers. Crescent moons and new moons make for good stargazing. About one week either side of the core date used of the star charts are really good to watch stars. However, we want you to also look at the moon and its phases. Go out for moon watching starting immediately this weekend (January 23 – 25) shortly after sunset. You will be able to follow day by day how the waxing moon is changing and where it is in the sky. Around February 4 is the time when it is close to full moon. Watch again, but don’t expect too much in terms of stars etc. Around February 8 you will still see the moon rising, when you stay up later. Right after you receive this homework and after February 8 are the best times to see most of the stars. However, don’t procrastinate and wait until after February 8! Bad weather may be persistent at inconvenient times. Take advantage of good weather as soon as it is there! If you wait too long, you may be clouded in, and then I don’t give you any extra time! You have four weeks to do this observation. Enjoy your sky watching! 3 Introduction to the Spring Night Sky How to get credit for this Homework? Fill out the Checklist and answer the questions concerning your observation day, as shown in the template that follows the checklist. Note: To measure the Altitude of Mars (in the western sky) and Regulus (in Leo) above the Horizon use your fist as a protractor. Remember your extended fist is 10 degrees wide. The accuracy that you achieve in this way is sufficient for this Homework. Due Date for this homework set: Monday, February 23 However, if you do this already before the first Exam, it will help you greatly to be prepared! Remember: The view changes slightly over time. Don’t put this observation off for the last week! To observe the moon you have to go out several times! Hint: You will see Saturn and Regulus above the horizon for the entire time until the due date. However, Saturn will very slowly move among the stars. So look for Saturn in the neighborhood where it is shown in the chart, if you are not observing close to the February 10, to get your bearings. As a planet, Saturn will shine steadily (with a yellowish tint) as opposed to the stars, which twinkle all the time 4 Checklist and Questions Spring Sky Checklist 2/10/2004 Name: _____________ Student ID: ____________ North ___ Ras Elased West Zenith Australis ___ Ursa Major ___ Zosma ___ Pegasus ___ Auriga ___ Dubhe ___ Denebola ___ Algenib ___ Alnath ___ Merak ___ Hydra ___ Markab ___ Capella ___ Alioth ___ Alphard ___ Scheat ___ Menkalinan ___ Mizar/Alcor ___ Cancer ___ Enif ___ Perseus ___ Alkaid ___ Jupiter ___ Andromeda ___ Algol ___ Phad South ___ Alpheratz ___ Mirfak ___ Ursa Minor ___ Mirach ___ Atik ___ Polaris ___ Orion ___ M31 ___ Taurus ___ Kochab ___ Mintaka ___ Triangulum ___ Aldebaran ___ Cassiopeia ___ Alnilam ___ Aries ___ Pleiades ___ Caph ___ Alnitak ___ Hamal ___ Alcyone ___ Schedir ___ Rigel ___ Sheratan ___ Gemini ___ gamma Cassiopei ___ Betelgeuse ___ Cetus ___ Castor ___ Ruchbah ___ Bellatrix ___ Menkar ___ Pollux ___ Cepheus ___ Orion Nebula ___ Mira ___ Alhena ___ Alderamin ___ Canis Major ___ Mars ___ Saturn ___ delta Cephei ___ Sirius Venus ___ Mirzam East ___ Wesen ___ Adhara ___ Leo ___ Aludra ___ Regulus ___ Canis Minor ___ Algieba ___ Procyon Check each object you have observed with a checkmark.
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