Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook Series Advisory Board ❦ Gary J

Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook Series Advisory Board ❦ Gary J. Simson, Chairman Cornell Law School Raj K. Bhala University of Kansas School of Law John C. Coffee, Jr. Columbia University School of Law Randall Coyne University of Oklahoma Law Center John S. Dzienkowski University of Texas School of Law Paul Finkelman University of Tulsa College of Law Robert M. Jarvis Shepard Broad Law Center Nova Southeastern University Vincent R. Johnson St. Mary’s University School of Law Michael A. Olivas University of Houston Law Center Kenneth Port William Mitchell College of Law Michael P. Scharf Case Western Reserve University Law School Peter M. Shane Moritz College of Law The Ohio State University Emily L. Sherwin University of San Diego School of Law John F. Sutton, Jr. Emeritus, University of Texas School of Law David B. Wexler University of Arizona College of Law Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law

Cases and Materials

Patty Gerstenblith Professor of Law DePaul University College of Law

ISBN 1-59460-099-6 LCCN 2004112835

Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com

Printed in the United States of America To Sam Jennifer, Shira, and Theo

Contents

Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix

1 An Introduction to Art and Cultural Heritage Law 3 Section A. What Is Art? 4 Mazer v. Stein 4 Notes & Questions 8 Notes 11 Stephanie Giry, An Odd Bird 12 Section B. Art versus Cultural Heritage 15 Lyndel V. Prott and Patrick J. O’Keefe, Cultural Heritage or Cultural Property 17 Notes & Questions 20

I Artists’ Rights 21 2 Freedom of Expression 23 Section A. Government Regulation of Artistic Expression 24 Bery v. New York 24 Notes & Questions 30 Close v. Lederle 32 Piarowski v. Illinois Community College 33 Notes 38 Problem 39 Section B. Right of Publicity/Right of Privacy and the First Amendment 40 Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Saderup 40 Notes 49 Hoepker v. Dabney 50 Notes & Questions 55 Problem 55 Section C. Government Support of the Arts 55 National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley 56 Notes & Questions 69 Brooklyn Inst. of Arts & Sciences v. New York & Rudolph W. Giuliani 69 Notes & Questions 79 Note: Museum Ethics 80 AAM Guidelines on Exhibiting Borrowed Objects 80 Problems 82

vii viii CONTENTS

3 Copyright 83 Section A. Eligibility for Copyright Protection 85 1. Copyrightable Subject Matter 86 2. Fixation 87 3. Originality 87 Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corporation 88 Notes & Questions 95 Problem 97 4. Originality in the Context of Derivative Works 97 Gracen v. The Bradford Exchange and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 98 Lee v. A.R.T. Company 102 Notes & Questions 104 Section B. Ownership of Copyright and the Works Made for Hire Doctrine 107 Community for Creative Non-Violence et al. v. Reid 108 Notes 115 Problems 116 Section C. Infringement 117 Rogers v. Koons 117 Leigh v. Warner Brothers, Inc. 123 Notes & Questions 127 Problems 128 Section D. Defenses to Claims of Infringement: Fair Use 129 Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television, Inc. 130 Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corporation 136 Notes & Questions 142 Problem 144

4 Moral Rights Doctrine 147 Section A. Moral Rights in the Absence of Speciﬁc Statutory Enactment 148 Vargas v. Esquire, Inc. 148 Crimi v. Rutgers Presbyterian Church in the City of New York 152 Notes 156 Section B. State Statutes Protecting Moral Rights 159 Wojnarowicz v. American Family Association 159 Notes 168 Section C. The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 169 1. Introduction 169 Notes & Questions 170 2. Qualiﬁcation of a Work of Art for Protection Under VARA 171 Carter v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc. 171 Notes & Questions 176 Martin v. City of Indianapolis 177 Notes & Questions 183 Problem 184 3. VARA and State Moral Rights Statutes: Preemption 184 Board of Managers of Soho International Arts Condominium v. New York 184 Notes & Questions 194 Problem 194 CONTENTS ix

5 Architectural Works and Preservation of Historic Structures 195 Section A. Copyright in Architectural Works 195 Notes & Questions 197 Leicester v. Warner Brothers, Corp. 198 Notes & Questions 208 Problem 209 Section B. Preservation of Historic Structures 209 1. Historic Preservation and Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence 211 Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City 212 United Artists’ Theater Circuit, Inc. v. City of Philadelphia 221 Notes 227 Problem 229 2. The National Historic Preservation Act 230 Pye v. United States 231 Notes & Questions 238 Problem 239

II Museums, Merchants, and Markets 241

6 Museums 243 Section A. The History of Museums in The United States 243 Karl E. Meyer, The Art Museum: Power, Money, Ethics 243 Notes & Questions 255 Section B. Legal Structures of Museums 256 1. Museums as Not-for-Proﬁt Organizations 256 The People ex rel. William J. Scott, Attorney General v. George F. Harding Museum 257 Notes 263 2. Museums as Tax-Exempt Entities 264 a. Donations of Art Works by the Artist 268 Problem 269 b. Unrelated Business Income Tax 270 Problem 273 Section C. Fiduciary Obligations of Museum Trustees 273 1. Duty of Loyalty 274 a. Loyalty to the Trust Purpose 274 Commonwealth v. The Barnes Foundation 275 Problem 278 b. Conﬂicts of Interest and Self-Dealing 279 c. Doctrines of Cy Pres and Deviation 280 In the Matter of the Application of Lewis Nixon, Sr. 280 Board of Trustees of The Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation v. Board of Trustees of The Huntington Free Library and Reading Room 284 Notes & Questions 291 Problem 292 2. Duty of Care: Management of Museum Collections 293 a. Acquisitions 295 x CONTENTS

Notes & Questions 296 Problem 297 b. Deaccessioning 297 Notes & Questions 298 Problem 299

7 Art Merchants —Auction Houses and Dealers 301 Section A. Dealers 302 1. Dealers’ Relationship to the Client 302 Phoenix Ancient Art, S.A. v. Kimbell Art Foundation 302 Weil v. Murray 305 Notes & Questions 309 2. Dealers’ Liability for Implied Warranty of Title 310 Menzel v. List 311 Notes & Questions 312 Section B. Auction Houses 313 Cristallina S.A. v. Christie, Manson & Woods International, Inc. 313 Notes & Questions 320 Greenwood v. Koven 322 Notes 328 Section C. Special Relationship Between Merchant and Artist 330 In the Matter of the Estate of Mark Rothko 330 Maev Kennedy, Bacon estate action against ex-agents goes on 335 Notes 335 Note: Consignment 337

8 Questions of Quality and Authenticity 339 Section A. Common Law Theories 340 Jendwine v. Slade 340 Power v. Barham 341 Note: Dealer Liability 343 Section B. Remedies Under the Uniform Commercial Code 344 1. Warranty of Authenticity 344 Weisz v. Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. 344 Note: Uniform Commercial Code 345 Rogath v. Siebenmann 348 Notes & Questions 353 Problem 353 2. Statute of Limitations for Breach of Warranty of Authenticity 354 Balog v. Center Art Gallery-Hawaii, Inc. 354 Notes & Questions 362 Section C. Remedies Under Art Market Legislation 363 1. Warranties of Authenticity 363 Notes & Questions 364 Dawson v. Malina, Inc. 365 Notes & Questions 370 Problem 372 2. Fine Art Multiples Legislation 372 CONTENTS xi

Section D. Liability for Appraisal and Authentication 373 Hahn v. Duveen 373 Greenwood v. Koven 377 Notes 383 Problem 384

9 Questions of Title 385 Section A. Common Law and the Uniform Commercial Code 386 Section B. Entrustment and Voidable Title 387 Porter v. Wertz 388 Notes & Question 392 Problem 393 Section C. Statutes of Limitation and the Equitable Defenses 393 1. Statutes of Limitation: The Demand and Refusal Rule 394 Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar v. Elicofon 394 Notes & Questions 400 Problem 400 2. Statutes of Limitation: Discovery and Due Diligence 401 O’Keeffe v. Snyder 401 Notes & Questions 411 3. Statutes of Limitation: Actual Discovery 413 Naftzger v. American Numismatic Society 413 Notes & Questions 416 4. Demand and Refusal Revisited and the Equitable Defenses 418 Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation v. Lubell 418 Notes & Questions 422 Note: Art Merchant Liability 424 Section D. Civil Law Good Faith Purchaser Doctrine and Choice of Law 427 Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts, Inc. 428 Notes & Questions 451 Problems 454 Section E. Bailment 457 Mucha v. King 457 Notes 464 Problem 465

III Cultural Heritage 467

10 Cultural Heritage in Time of War and in the Aftermath of War 469 Section A. Development of Law of War as Applied to Cultural Heritage 469 1. Introduction 469 2. Early Development of the Law of War as Applied to Cultural Heritage 470 The Marquis de Somerueles 472 Notes & Questions 473 Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field (The Lieber Code) 474 xii CONTENTS

3. The 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 475 a. Cultural Heritage of Mankind 475 b. Definition of Cultural Property 476 c. Obligations During War and Occupation 476 Notes & Questions 477 Section B. The Special Case of Cultural Objects During World War II 479 1. Background 479 2. Basic Legal Principles 482 Menzel v. List 482 Notes & Questions 491 3. Museums and Self-Regulation 495 Washington Conference Principles On Nazi-Confiscated Art 495 Report of the AAMD Task Force on the Spoliation of Art during the Nazi/World War II Era 1933–1945 496 Addendum to the Report of the AAMD Task Force on the Spoliation of Art during the Nazi/World War II Era 1933–1945 499 Problems 500 4. More Advanced Legal Doctrines 501 a. Immunity from Seizure 501 Problem 503 b. The Recovery and Related Doctrines 503 United States v. Portrait of Wally, A Painting by Egon Schiele, Defendant in Rem 504 Notes & Questions 520 c. Foreign Sovereign Immunity 521 Republic of Austria v. Altmann 521 Notes & Questions 532

11 Cultural Heritage in the International Context 535 Section A. Introduction: The Cultural Heritage Debate 535 John Henry Merryman, The Free International Movement of Cultural Property 538 Rosemary J. Coombe, The Properties of Culture and the Politics of Possessing Identity: Native Claims in the Cultural Appropriation Controversy 541 Notes & Questions 546 Section B. The International Response 548 Clemency Coggins, Illicit Trafﬁc of Pre-Columbian Antiquities 548 Notes 550 Note: Archaeological Context 551 1. UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) 552 Problem 553 Notes 554 2. United States Implementation of the UNESCO Convention 556 U.S. Senate Report No. 97-564 557 CONTENTS xiii

Notes 559 a. Stolen Cultural Property: Section 308 of the CPIA 559 Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus v. Goldberg and Feldman Fine Arts, Inc. 560 Problems 563 b. Import Restrictions: Sections 303 and 304 of the CPIA 563 (1) The CPIA’s Bilateral Agreement Provisions 564 (2) The CPIA’s Emergency Provisions 565 (3) Implementation of Import Restrictions 566 Section C. Illegal Conduct in the International Movement of Cultural Objects 568 1. Smuggling: Export and Import 568 a. Export Restrictions 568 b. Illegal Import 569 United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, known as a Gold Phiale Mesomphalos c. 400 B.C. 569 Notes 574 2. Theft 576 United States v. Schultz 577 Notes & Questions 591 Note: Litigation from McClain to Schultz 595 Problem 597 Section D. The Cultural Heritage Debate Revisited: The Role of Museums 597 James Cuno, The Whole World’s Treasures 598 Declaration on the Importance and Value of Universal Museums 599 Report of the AAMD Task Force on the Acquisition of Archaeological Materials and Ancient Art 600 Notes & Questions 603 United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, Brief of Amici Curiae American Association of Museums, et al. 605 United States v. An Antique Platter of Gold, Brief of Amici Curiae Archaeological Institute of America, et al., In Support of Appellees United States of America and Republic of Italy 607 Notes & Questions 609

12 Archaeological Heritage of the United States 611 Section A. Archaeological Resources on Land 612 1. Common Law 612 Allred v. Biegel 613 Notes 614 2. Federal Legislation 616 a. Antiquities Act of 1906 616 b. Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 617 Notes 617 Problem 618 (1) Application of ARPA 619 (a) Criminal Intent 619 United States v. Lynch 619 United States v. Quarrell 624 xiv CONTENTS

Question 630 (b) ARPA Penalties 631 United States v. Shumway 631 United States v. Hunter 637 Notes & Questions 642 (2) Application of ARPA to Archaeological Sites Not on Federal Land 644 United States v. Gerber 645 Note: ARPA in the International Context 649 3. State Legislation 649 a. State Statutes 649 b. Application of State Statutes to Private Land 652 Whitacre v. State 652 Notes & Questions 655 Section B. Underwater Archaeological Resources 655 1. Law of Admiralty/Law of Salvage 655 Columbus-America Discovery Group v. Atlantic Mutual Insurance Company 656 Note 665 2. Abandoned Shipwreck Act 666 California and State Lands Commission v. Deep Sea Research, Inc. 667 Notes & Questions 671 Problem 673

13 Exploration and Appropriation of Indigenous Cultures 675 Section A. Native American Cultural Heritage in the United States 676 1. Native American Remains in the Absence of Statutory Regulation 678 Charrier v. Bell 678 Notes 682 2. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) 683 a. Restitution from Museum Collections 684 b. Newly Discovered Remains and Objects 685 Bonnichsen, et al. v. United States, et al. 685 Notes & Questions 697 Note: Oral Tradition in the Courts 699 Catherine E. Bell & Robert K. Paterson, Aboriginal Rights to Cultural Property in Canada 700 c. Trafﬁcking Provisions 702 United States v. Corrow 702 Notes 708 Problem 709 3. Regulation, Restitution and Takings Clause Jurisprudence 709 a. State Protection of Native American Burials and Regulatory Takings 709 Hunziker v. Iowa 710 Note: Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence 715 Notes & Questions 716 b. Regulatory Takings Doctrine and Personal Property 717 Andrus v. Allard 717 CONTENTS xv

Notes 722 Section B. Appropriation of Indigenous Culture 723 Estate of Witko v. Hornell Brewing Co. 724 Notes & Questions 727 Russel Lawrence Barsh, How Do You Patent A Landscape? The Perils of Dichotomizing Cultural and Intellectual Property 728 Bulun Bulun v. R & T Textiles Pty Ltd. 729 Notes & Questions 741 Isabella Alexander, White Law, Black Art 742

Appendix Conventions and Legislation 745 Section A. International & Regional Conventions 745 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954) and the First Protocol 745 Second Protocol to the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict The Hague, 26 March 1999 757 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) 771 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001) 779 Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects 24 June 1995 795 European Council Regulation (EEC) No. 3911/92 of 9 December 1992 On the Export of Cultural Goods 804 Council Directive 93/7/EEC of 15 March 1993 On the Return of Cultural Objects Unlawfully Removed from the Territory of a Member State 810 Section B. United States Federal Legislation 818 Archaeological Resources Protection Act (1979) 16 USCS §470aa et seq. 818 Abandoned Shipwreck Act of 1987 43 U.S.C. §§2101-2106 823 Convention on Cultural Property Implementation Act (1983) 19 U.S.C. §§2601 et seq. 826 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act 25 U.S.C. §§3001 et seq. 839 Illegal Trafficking in Native American Human Remains and Cultural Items 18 U.S.C. §1170 850 Importation of Pre-Columbian Monumental or Architectural Sculpture or Murals Act 19 U.S.C. §§2091 et seq. 851 United States Sentencing Guideline: Cultural Heritage Resource Crimes 18 U.S.C. Appx. §2B1.5 852 The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 17 U.S.C. §§101 et seq. 860 xvi CONTENTS

106th Congress, 1st Session H. R. 3249 A Bill 864 Section C. United States State Legislation 867 Arizona Revised Statutes §§44-1771 et seq. (2000) Consignment 867 California, Cal Civ Code § 987: Protection of ﬁne art against alteration or destruction; Actions; Removal of work from property 869 New York Consolidated Laws Services Arts and Cultural Affairs Law (2001) 871 Section D. Foreign Legislation 885 Canada Cultural Property Export and Import Act R.S.C. 1985, c. C-51, §37: Foreign Cultural Property 885 Swiss Federal Act on the International Transfer of Cultural Property (Cultural Property Transfer Act, CPTA) 886 United Kingdom Dealing in Cultural Objects (Offences) Act 2003, 2003 Ch. 27. 895

Table of Cases 899 Table of Authors 903 Table of Conventions and Statutes 905 Preface

The inters ecti on of l aw with art and cultu ral heri t a ge has on ly come into its own in the past few ye a rs . This book is one of the first attem pts to draw this discipline into the Am erican law sch ool cl a s s room and to pre s ent co h erent legal doctrines in a fashion that binds toget h er what of ten appear to be dispara te areas of the law. This su bj ect is incre a s- i n gly import a n t , not just because the amounts of m on ey at stake have grown and the na- ti onal and intern a ti onal legal regimes have become more com p l ex , but because we in- c re a s i n g ly re a l i ze how important heri t a ge is to us as indivi du a l s , as a com mu n i ty, as a n a ti on , and as part of our place in the intern a ti onal aren a . L aw stu dents are attracted to the su bj ect because it re s on a tes with their sense of who they are and it wi ll incre a s i n gly become an area of practi ce in the futu re . This is also an inheren t ly interd i s c i p l i n a r y top i c , d rawing on history, a r t history, a n t h ropo l ogy, econ omics and intern a ti ona l rel a- ti on s , to name just a few. This casebook bri n gs in that interd i s c i p l i n a r y flavor, p a r ti c u- l a rly by showing the stu dents illu s tra ti ons of m a ny of the art works that were at stake in the cases they re ad . There are many individuals who contributed in important ways to the publication of this book. Several colleagues used early versions of the casebook and contributed com- ments. The students in my Art Law class in the fall semesters of 2001 and 2003 provided valuable feedback. I owe a particular debt of gratitude to my research assistants, Kelly Kuglitsch, Rebecca Martel, Elizabeth Marie Lally, and Dana Duffield, who kept me going and provided extensive help, particularly in locating the images that appear in these pages. I am grateful, as well, to the many teachers from whom I have learned. Fi- nally, I thank my family for their constant love, patience, and support.

Patty Gerstenblith June 2004

Editor’s note: Footnotes to the text and to opinions and other quoted materials are num- bered consecutively from the beginning of each chapter. Some footnotes in opinions and secondary authorities are omitted. The format for citations has been harmonized.

xvii

Acknowledgments

Books & Articles

Alexander, Isabella, White Law, Black Art, 10 Int’l J. Cultural Prop. 185, 194–195 (2001). Copyright © 1999 Isabella Alexander. Reprinted by permission of Isabella Alexander. Barsh, Russel Lawrence, The Perils of Dichotomizing Cultural and Intellectual Property, 8 Int’l J. Cultural Prop. 14 (1999). Copyright © 1999 Russel Lawerence Barsh. Reprinted by permission of Russel Lawerence Barsh. Bell, Catherine E., & Robert K. Paterson, Aboriginal Rights to Cultural Property in Canada, in Box of Treasures or Empty Box: Two Decades of Section 35. Copyright © Theytus Books 2003. Reprinted by permission of Theytus Books Ltd. Coggins, Clemency, Illicit Trafﬁc of Pre-Columbian Antiquities, Art Journal (1969). Copyright © 1969 Art Journal. Reprinted by permission of Clemency Coggins. Coombe, Rosemary J., The Properties of Culture and the Politics of Identity: Native Claims in the Cultural Appropriation Controversy, 6 Canadian J. of L. & Juris. 249, 259–265 (1993). Copyright © 1993 Rosemary Coombe. Reprinted by permission of Rosemary Coombe. Cuno, James, The Whole World’s Treasures. Boston Globe, March 11, 2001, p. E7. © James Cuno. Reprinted by permission of James Cuno. Giry, Stephanie, An Odd Bird, Legal Affairs Magazine Sep./Oct. 2002. Copyright © 2002 Legal Affairs magazine, Reprinted by permission of Legal Affairs magazine, New Haven, CT. Ken n edy, Maev, Bacon estate acti on against ex - a gents goes on . The Gu a rd i a n , Wed n e s d ay, May 16, 2 0 0 1 . © 2001 The Gu a rd i a n . Repri n ted by perm i s s i on of The Gu a rd i a n . Merryman, John Henry, The Free International Movement of Cultural Property, 31 N.Y.U.J. Int’l L. & Pol. 1, 4–14 (1998). Copyright © 1998 New York University School of Law. Reprinted by permission of John Henry Merryman, Stanford Law School. Meyer, Karl E. The Art Museum: Power, Money, Ethics. Copyright © 1979 the Twenti- eth Century Fund, Inc. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. Prott, Lyndel V., and Patrick J. O’Keefe, Cultural Heritage or Cultural Property, 1 Int’l J. Cultural Prop. 307, 309–12 (1992). Reprinted with permission of Lyndel V. Prott and Patrick J. O’Keefe.

xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xx

Figures

Chapter 1 Fig. 1-1, page 9. Cellini, Benvenuto. Saliera (Saltcellar), 1540–1543. Gold, niello work, and ebony base, height 26 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Photo © Erich Less- ing/Art Resource, N.Y. Fig. 1-2, page 13. Brancusi, Constantin, Golden Bird. Copyright © 1916 Constantin Brancusi. Reproduced by permission of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, and Artist’s Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. Chapter 2 Fig. 2-1, page 57. Serrano, Andres, Piss Christ. Copyright © 1987 Andres Serrano. Re- produced by courtesy of Paula Cooper Gallery, New York. Chapter 3 Fig. 3-1, page 109. Reid, James Earl, Third World America. Photo copyright © 1985 Community for Creative Non-Violence and James Earl Reid. Photo by Gail Krughoff. Reproduced by permission of Community for Creative Non-Violence, Washington, D.C. Fig. 3-2, page 111. Rogers, Art, Puppies. Copyright © 1985 Art Rogers. Reproduced by permission of Art Rogers. Fig. 3-3, page 111. Koons, Jeff, String of Puppies, 1988. © Jeff Koons. Polychromed wood, 42" × 62" × 37". Photo by Jim Strong. Reproduced by permission of Jeff Koons. Chapter 4 Fig. 4-1, page 178. Martin, Jan. Symphony #1. Copyright © 1984 Jan Martin. Repro- duced by permission of Jan Martin. Chapter 5 Fig. 5-1, page 197. Stevenson, James, cartoon. © The New Yorker Collection 1989 James Stevenson from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved. Fig. 5-2, page 199. Zanja Madre, Los Angeles, 1992. Copyright © Andrew Leicester. Reprinted by permission of Andrew Leicester. Fig. 5-3, page 214. English, Frank, Exterior of Grand Central Terminal. Reproduced by permission of the MTA, Metro-North Commuter Railroad, New York, New York. Fig. 5-4, page 214. English, Frank, Facade of Grand Central Terminal. Reproduced by permission of the MTA, Metro-North Commuter Railroad, New York, New York. Chapter 6 Fig. 6-1, page 258. George F. Harding Jr’s Treasure House Castle on Lake Park Ave., “Old Gallery” with a Row of Armor. Reproduced by permission of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Fig. 6-2, page 271. O’Brien, John, cartoon. © The New Yorker Collection 2001 John O’Brien from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved. xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Fig. 6-3, page 276. Barnes Foundation Gallery. Copyright © The Barnes Foundation. Reproduced by permission of The Barnes Foundation. Fig. 6-4, page 281. Saxon, Charles, cartoon. © The New Yorker Collection 1987 Charles Saxon from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 7 Fig. 7-1, page 329. Ziegler, Jack, cartoon. © The New Yorker Collection 2000 Jack Ziegler from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 9 Fig. 9-1, page 387. Cullum, Leo, cartoon. © Leo Cullum from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved. Fig. 9-2, page 395. Dürer, Albrecht. Portrait of Hans Tucher. Photo courtesy of Kunst- sammlungen zu Weimar. Reprinted with permission of Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar. Fig. 9-3, page 395. Dürer, Albrecht. Portrait of Felicitas Tucher. Photo courtesy of Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar. Reprinted with permission of Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar. Fig. 9-4, page 454. Degas, Edgar. Landscape with Smokestacks, 1890. Reproduced by permission of the Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL. Chapter 10 Fig. 10-1a, page 478. Doonesbury, copyright © 2003 G.B. Trudeau. Reprinted by permission of Universal Press Syndicate, Kansas City, MO. Fig. 10-1b, page 478. Doonesbury, copyright © 2003 G.B. Trudeau. Reprinted by permission of Universal Press Syndicate, Kansas City, MO. Chapter 11 Fig. 11-1, page 536. Anonymous, Horsemen with Attendants Preparing to Form the Panathenaic Procession, Western Frieze from The Parthenon, Athens, 477–432 B.C. British Museum, London. Photo © Art Resource, NY. Fig. 11-2a, page 578. Head of Amenhotep III. Photo © Jonathan Tokeley-Parry. Reprinted by permission of Jonathan Tokeley-Parry. Fig. 11-2b, page 578. Head of Amenhotep III with gold paint. Photo © Jonathan Toke- ley-Parry. Reprinted by permission of Jonathan Tokeley-Parry. Chapter 13 Fig. 13.1, page 731. Milpurrurru, George. Magpie Geese and Water Python. © ARS, NY. Reprinted by permission of The National Gallery of Australia.

Color Plates

Plate 1. Rothko, Mark. No. 20, 1949. Oil on Canvas, 56" × 48". Collection of Christo- pher Rothko. © ARS, NY. Photo by Christopher Burke/Art Resource, NY. Plate 2. O’Keeffe, Georgia. Seaweed, 1923. Oil on Canvas, 7" × 7". Collection of Juan Hamilton. © Juan Hamilton, Abiquiu, New Mexico. Photo by Malcolm Varon. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxii

Plate 3. Mosaic, The Apostle James. Panagia Kanakaria, Lythrankomi, Cyprus. Photo by E. Hawkins, courtesy of Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Photograph and Fieldwork Archives, Washington, D.C. Plate 4. Mosaic, The Apostle James, Panagia Kanakaria Mosaics, post-removal. Photo by Catherine Sease. Reproduced by permission of Catherine Sease. Plate 5. Apse of the Panagia Kanakaria, Lythrankomi, Cyprus. Photo by E. Hawkins, courtesy of Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Photograph and Fieldwork Archives, Washing- ton, D.C. Plate 6. Van Eyck, Jan. Ghent Altarpiece (Open State). Cathedral of St. Bavo, Ghent, Belgium. Photo by Scala/Art Resource, NY. Plate 7. Schiele, Egon, Portrait of Wally, 1912. Oil on wood, 33 cm. × 40 cm. Coll. Leopold, Vienna. Photo © Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. Plate 8. Klimt, Gustav, Mrs. Adele Bloch-Bauer I. Oesterreichische Galerie, Vienna. Photo © Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. Plate 9. Klimt, Gustav, Mrs. Adele Bloch-Bauer II. Oesterreichische Galerie, Vienna. Photo © Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY. Plate 10. The Phiale of Achyris, Hellenistic. Gold, 23 cm × 4 cm. Photo Copyright © 1997 Ira Block. Reproduced by Permission of Ira Block. Plate 11. Silver pitcher from the Lydian Hoard. Courtesy of the General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey. Plate 12. Wall painting from the Lydian Hoard. Courtesy of the General Directorate of Monuments and Museums, Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey. Plate 13. Gilded silver bowl from the Lydian Hoard. Courtesy of the General Direc- torate of Monuments and Museums, Ministry of Culture, Republic of Turkey.