Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook Series Advisory Board ❦ Gary J

Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook Series Advisory Board ❦ Gary J. Simson, Chairman Cornell Law School Raj K. Bhala University of Kansas School of Law John C. Coffee, Jr. Columbia University School of Law Randall Coyne University of Oklahoma Law Center John S. Dzienkowski University of Texas School of Law Paul Finkelman University of Tulsa College of Law Robert M. Jarvis Shepard Broad Law Center Nova Southeastern University Vincent R. Johnson St. Mary’s University School of Law Michael A. Olivas University of Houston Law Center Kenneth Port William Mitchell College of Law Michael P. Scharf Case Western Reserve University Law School Peter M. Shane Moritz College of Law The Ohio State University Emily L. Sherwin University of San Diego School of Law John F. Sutton, Jr. Emeritus, University of Texas School of Law David B. Wexler University of Arizona College of Law Art, Cultural Heritage, and the Law Cases and Materials Patty Gerstenblith Professor of Law DePaul University College of Law Carolina Academic Press Durham, North Carolina Copyright © 2004 Patty Gerstenblith All Rights Reserved ISBN 1-59460-099-6 LCCN 2004112835 Carolina Academic Press 700 Kent Street Durham, North Carolina 27701 Telephone (919) 489-7486 Fax (919) 493-5668 www.cap-press.com Printed in the United States of America To Sam Jennifer, Shira, and Theo Contents Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix 1 An Introduction to Art and Cultural Heritage Law 3 Section A. What Is Art? 4 Mazer v. Stein 4 Notes & Questions 8 Notes 11 Stephanie Giry, An Odd Bird 12 Section B. Art versus Cultural Heritage 15 Lyndel V. Prott and Patrick J. O’Keefe, Cultural Heritage or Cultural Property 17 Notes & Questions 20 I Artists’ Rights 21 2 Freedom of Expression 23 Section A. Government Regulation of Artistic Expression 24 Bery v. New York 24 Notes & Questions 30 Close v. Lederle 32 Piarowski v. Illinois Community College 33 Notes 38 Problem 39 Section B. Right of Publicity/Right of Privacy and the First Amendment 40 Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Saderup 40 Notes 49 Hoepker v. Dabney 50 Notes & Questions 55 Problem 55 Section C. Government Support of the Arts 55 National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley 56 Notes & Questions 69 Brooklyn Inst. of Arts & Sciences v. New York & Rudolph W. Giuliani 69 Notes & Questions 79 Note: Museum Ethics 80 AAM Guidelines on Exhibiting Borrowed Objects 80 Problems 82 vii viii CONTENTS 3 Copyright 83 Section A. Eligibility for Copyright Protection 85 1. Copyrightable Subject Matter 86 2. Fixation 87 3. Originality 87 Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corporation 88 Notes & Questions 95 Problem 97 4. Originality in the Context of Derivative Works 97 Gracen v. The Bradford Exchange and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 98 Lee v. A.R.T. Company 102 Notes & Questions 104 Section B. Ownership of Copyright and the Works Made for Hire Doctrine 107 Community for Creative Non-Violence et al. v. Reid 108 Notes 115 Problems 116 Section C. Infringement 117 Rogers v. Koons 117 Leigh v. Warner Brothers, Inc. 123 Notes & Questions 127 Problems 128 Section D. Defenses to Claims of Infringement: Fair Use 129 Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television, Inc. 130 Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corporation 136 Notes & Questions 142 Problem 144 4 Moral Rights Doctrine 147 Section A. Moral Rights in the Absence of Specific Statutory Enactment 148 Vargas v. Esquire, Inc. 148 Crimi v. Rutgers Presbyterian Church in the City of New York 152 Notes 156 Section B. State Statutes Protecting Moral Rights 159 Wojnarowicz v. American Family Association 159 Notes 168 Section C. The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 169 1. Introduction 169 Notes & Questions 170 2. Qualification of a Work of Art for Protection Under VARA 171 Carter v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc. 171 Notes & Questions 176 Martin v. City of Indianapolis 177 Notes & Questions 183 Problem 184 3. VARA and State Moral Rights Statutes: Preemption 184 Board of Managers of Soho International Arts Condominium v. New York 184 Notes & Questions 194 Problem 194 CONTENTS ix 5 Architectural Works and Preservation of Historic Structures 195 Section A. Copyright in Architectural Works 195 Notes & Questions 197 Leicester v. Warner Brothers, Corp. 198 Notes & Questions 208 Problem 209 Section B. Preservation of Historic Structures 209 1. Historic Preservation and Regulatory Takings Jurisprudence 211 Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City 212 United Artists’ Theater Circuit, Inc. v. City of Philadelphia 221 Notes 227 Problem 229 2. The National Historic Preservation Act 230 Pye v. United States 231 Notes & Questions 238 Problem 239 II Museums, Merchants, and Markets 241 6 Museums 243 Section A. The History of Museums in The United States 243 Karl E. Meyer, The Art Museum: Power, Money, Ethics 243 Notes & Questions 255 Section B. Legal Structures of Museums 256 1. Museums as Not-for-Profit Organizations 256 The People ex rel. William J. Scott, Attorney General v. George F. Harding Museum 257 Notes 263 2. Museums as Tax-Exempt Entities 264 a. Donations of Art Works by the Artist 268 Problem 269 b. Unrelated Business Income Tax 270 Problem 273 Section C. Fiduciary Obligations of Museum Trustees 273 1. Duty of Loyalty 274 a. Loyalty to the Trust Purpose 274 Commonwealth v. The Barnes Foundation 275 Problem 278 b. Conflicts of Interest and Self-Dealing 279 c. Doctrines of Cy Pres and Deviation 280 In the Matter of the Application of Lewis Nixon, Sr. 280 Board of Trustees of The Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation v. Board of Trustees of The Huntington Free Library and Reading Room 284 Notes & Questions 291 Problem 292 2. Duty of Care: Management of Museum Collections 293 a. Acquisitions 295 x CONTENTS Notes & Questions 296 Problem 297 b. Deaccessioning 297 Notes & Questions 298 Problem 299 7 Art Merchants —Auction Houses and Dealers 301 Section A. Dealers 302 1. Dealers’ Relationship to the Client 302 Phoenix Ancient Art, S.A. v. Kimbell Art Foundation 302 Weil v. Murray 305 Notes & Questions 309 2. Dealers’ Liability for Implied Warranty of Title 310 Menzel v. List 311 Notes & Questions 312 Section B. Auction Houses 313 Cristallina S.A. v. Christie, Manson & Woods International, Inc. 313 Notes & Questions 320 Greenwood v. Koven 322 Notes 328 Section C. Special Relationship Between Merchant and Artist 330 In the Matter of the Estate of Mark Rothko 330 Maev Kennedy, Bacon estate action against ex-agents goes on 335 Notes 335 Note: Consignment 337 8 Questions of Quality and Authenticity 339 Section A. Common Law Theories 340 Jendwine v. Slade 340 Power v. Barham 341 Note: Dealer Liability 343 Section B. Remedies Under the Uniform Commercial Code 344 1. Warranty of Authenticity 344 Weisz v. Parke-Bernet Galleries, Inc. 344 Note: Uniform Commercial Code 345 Rogath v. Siebenmann 348 Notes & Questions 353 Problem 353 2. Statute of Limitations for Breach of Warranty of Authenticity 354 Balog v. Center Art Gallery-Hawaii, Inc. 354 Notes & Questions 362 Section C. Remedies Under Art Market Legislation 363 1. Warranties of Authenticity 363 Notes & Questions 364 Dawson v. Malina, Inc. 365 Notes & Questions 370 Problem 372 2. Fine Art Multiples Legislation 372 CONTENTS xi Section D. Liability for Appraisal and Authentication 373 Hahn v. Duveen 373 Greenwood v. Koven 377 Notes 383 Problem 384 9 Questions of Title 385 Section A. Common Law and the Uniform Commercial Code 386 Section B. Entrustment and Voidable Title 387 Porter v. Wertz 388 Notes & Question 392 Problem 393 Section C. Statutes of Limitation and the Equitable Defenses 393 1. Statutes of Limitation: The Demand and Refusal Rule 394 Kunstsammlungen zu Weimar v. Elicofon 394 Notes & Questions 400 Problem 400 2. Statutes of Limitation: Discovery and Due Diligence 401 O’Keeffe v. Snyder 401 Notes & Questions 411 3. Statutes of Limitation: Actual Discovery 413 Naftzger v. American Numismatic Society 413 Notes & Questions 416 4. Demand and Refusal Revisited and the Equitable Defenses 418 Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation v. Lubell 418 Notes & Questions 422 Note: Art Merchant Liability 424 Section D. Civil Law Good Faith Purchaser Doctrine and Choice of Law 427 Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus and the Republic of Cyprus v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts, Inc. 428 Notes & Questions 451 Problems 454 Section E. Bailment 457 Mucha v. King 457 Notes 464 Problem 465 III Cultural Heritage 467 10 Cultural Heritage in Time of War and in the Aftermath of War 469 Section A. Development of Law of War as Applied to Cultural Heritage 469 1. Introduction 469 2. Early Development of the Law of War as Applied to Cultural Heritage 470 The Marquis de Somerueles 472 Notes & Questions 473 Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field (The Lieber Code) 474 xii CONTENTS 3. The 1954 Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 475 a. Cultural Heritage of Mankind 475 b. Definition of Cultural Property 476 c. Obligations During War and Occupation 476 Notes & Questions 477 Section B. The Special Case of Cultural Objects During World War II 479 1. Background 479 2. Basic Legal Principles 482 Menzel v. List 482 Notes & Questions 491 3. Museums and Self-Regulation 495 Washington Conference Principles On Nazi-Confiscated Art 495 Report of the AAMD Task Force on the Spoliation of Art during the Nazi/World War II Era 1933–1945 496 Addendum to the Report of the AAMD Task Force on the Spoliation of Art during the Nazi/World War II Era 1933–1945 499 Problems 500 4. More Advanced Legal Doctrines 501 a. Immunity from Seizure 501 Problem 503 b. The Recovery and Related Doctrines 503 United States v. Portrait of Wally, A Painting by Egon Schiele, Defendant in Rem 504 Notes & Questions 520 c.

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