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General Introduction to Asteroids General Introduction to Asteroids Kinoshita Daisuke Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Taiwan 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Outline General Introduction to Asteroids Nomenclature Asteroid search Structure of the Solar System Orbits Spatial Distribution Classification of asteroids Size measurement of an asteroid Mass measurement of an asteroid Asteroid families Asteroid surface 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Importance of study of asteroids asteroids: remnants of planetesimals primordial properties for asteroids which have not been differentiated key objects to understand the formation and evolution of the solar system. 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Nomenclature Examples of asteroid names (1) Ceres (19470) Wenpingchen (155140) 2005 UD 2016 AB123 2016 LA Designations of asteroids asteroid number asteroid name provisional designation Evolution of asteroid names just after the discovery: provisional designation only after having well-determined orbit: number + provisional designation after the official name is given: number + name 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Provisional Designations of Asteroids How to give a provisional designation to a newly discovered asteroid? 2014 AA: the first asteroid discovered in 2014 four-digit number year of discovery first letter after a space→ half-month of discovery → A: first half of January B: second half of January C: first half of February ..... M: second half of June ..... Y: second half of December (I is not used.) second letter order of discovery in a half-month → 2014 AA, 2014 AB, 2014 AC, ... (I is not used.) If there are more than 25 new asteroid discoveries within a half-month, then a subscript is used after the second letter. 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Provisional Designations of Asteroids (continued...) How to give a provisional designation to a newly discovered asteroid? 2016 LA50: an asteroid discovered in the first half of June in 2016 asteroids discovered in the first half of June in 2016 2016 LA, 2016 LB, 2016 LC, ... , 2016 LZ, 2016 LA1, 2016 LB1, 2016 LC1, ..., 2016 LZ1, 2016 LA2, 2016 LB2, 2016 LC2, ..., 2016 LZ2, ... 2016 LA49, 2016 LB49, 2016 LC49, ..., 2016 LZ49, 2016 LA50, ... 2016 LA50: the 1251st asteroid discovered in the first half of June in 2016 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Moving Object Search Classical blinking method (shallow search) comparison of multiple images taken at different time 2001 DR106 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Moving Object Search “Shift & Add” method (deep search) acquisition of many images of the same field shifting + co-adding + subtraction of static image “Shift & Add” “Shift & Add” + subtraction 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Shift & Add Method Shift & Add method and assumed heliocentric distances RH = 40AU RH = 55AU RH = 70AU 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Detection of Comet 1P/Halley at 28 au mR = 28.2 mag, 9-hr integration by 8-m VLT of ESO Hainaut, Delsanti, Kinoshita, Meech, Pompei, West 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Terminology planets satellites dwarf planets small solar system bodies asteroids near-Earth asteroids mainbelt asteroids Trojan asteroids centaurs trans-Neptunian objects (Kuiper belt objects) comets 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Solar System Formation For details, see the talk by Prof. Chen Wen-Ping. 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Structure of the Solar System Outer Solar System 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Structure of the Solar System Inner Solar System 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Orbits of Asteroids Keplerian elements For details, see the talk by Prof. Jiang Ing-Guey. 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Orbits of Asteroids Orbital elements (Keplerian elements) 6 parameters (a, e, i, Ω, ω, M) semimajor axis a (in au) eccentricity e inclination i (in deg) longitude of ascending node Ω (in deg) argument of perihelion ω (in deg) mean anomaly M (in deg) Orbital elements in heliocentric Ecliptic coordinate (X , Y , Z, X˙ , Y˙ , Z˙ ) positions (X , Y , Z) velocities (X˙ , Y˙ , Z˙ ) astrometry orbital elements → number of unknown parameters: 6 position measurement (RA, Dec) 3 position measurements→ at different time epoch orbital elements → 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Spatial Distribution of Asteroids 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Eccentricity 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 Semimajor axis [AU] semimajor axis and eccentricity 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Surface Density in Solar System minimum mass solar nebula model 10000 Dust Gas 1000 ) 2 100 Venus Earth 10 Jupiter Surface Density (g/cm Saturn 1 Mercury Neptune Mars Uranus 0.1 0.1 1 10 100 Heliocentric Distance (AU) snow-line at 3 AU from the Sun ∼ 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Snow-Line Equilibrium temperature S 2 2 4 (1 Ab) 2 πr = 4πr ǫσTeq − RH 280 1000 Teq → ∼ √RH sublimation temperature of H2O: T 170K ∼ 100 T 170K R 3 au H Temperature [K] ∼ → ∼ snow-line at RH 3 au ∼ igneous asteroids at inner mainbelt 10 primitive asteroids 0.1 1 10 100 Heliocentric Distance [AU] at outer mainbelt 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 A little bit more about blackbody radiation Blackbody: an ideal body which absorbs all the radiation at all frequencies and all the angle of incidence Planck’s radiation law 2hν3 1 B T ν( )= 2 hν c e kT 1 − Bν: specific intensity or brightness (energy per unit area per unit time per unit frequency range per unit solid angle) 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Rayleigh-Jeans Law hν kT limit (low frequency limit) ≪ Taylor expansion ∞ f (n)(a) f (x)= (x a)n n! − Xn=0 Maclaurin expansion ∞ f (n)(0) f (x)= xn n! Xn=0 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Rayleigh-Jeans Law Using Maclaurin expansion 2 3 hν hν 1 hν 1 hν e kT =1+ + + + kT 2 kT 6 kT · · · Then, hν hν e kT 1 − ∼ kT Rayleigh-Jeans law 2hν3 kT 2ν2 Bν(T ) = kT ∼ c2 hν c2 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Wien Law hν kT limit (high frequency limit) ≫ 3 2hν − hν Bν(T ) e kT ∼ c2 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Blackbody Radiation Spectrum of Blackbody Radiation (T=300K) Wavelength [m] 105 104 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 Planck -10 ] 10 Rayleigh-Jeans -1 Wien 10-12 -14 strad 10 -1 -16 Hz 10 -2 -18 m 10 -1 10-20 10-22 10-24 10-26 Brightness [J sec 10-28 10-30 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 Frequency [Hz] 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp 2016 Kinoshita Daisuke (Institute of Astronomy, NationalGeneral Central Introduction University, Taiwan) to Asteroids / 50 Equilibrium Temperature of Asteroids Asteroids in main-belt albedo: Ab =0.1 heliocentric distance: RH = 3 AU emissivity ǫ =0.9 Equilibrium temperature of asteroids 1 1370(1 0.1) 4 Teq,asteroids = − 4 0.9 5.67 10−8 32 · · × · 160 [K] ∼ 27 June 2016 Astronomy Summer Camp
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  • 1950 Da, 205, 269 1979 Va, 230 1991 Ry16, 183 1992 Kd, 61 1992
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09684-4 — Asteroids Thomas H. Burbine Index More Information 356 Index 1950 DA, 205, 269 single scattering, 142, 143, 144, 145 1979 VA, 230 visual Bond, 7 1991 RY16, 183 visual geometric, 7, 27, 28, 163, 185, 189, 190, 1992 KD, 61 191, 192, 192, 253 1992 QB1, 233, 234 Alexandra, 59 1993 FW, 234 altitude, 49 1994 JR1, 239, 275 Alvarez, Luis, 258 1999 JU3, 61 Alvarez, Walter, 258 1999 RL95, 183 amino acid, 81 1999 RQ36, 61 ammonia, 223, 301 2000 DP107, 274, 304 amoeboid olivine aggregate, 83 2000 GD65, 205 Amor, 251 2001 QR322, 232 Amor group, 251 2003 EH1, 107 Anacostia, 179 2007 PA8, 207 Anand, Viswanathan, 62 2008 TC3, 264, 265 Angelina, 175 2010 JL88, 205 angrite, 87, 101, 110, 126, 168 2010 TK7, 231 Annefrank, 274, 275, 289 2011 QF99, 232 Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET), 71 2012 DA14, 108 Antarctica, 69–71 2012 VP113, 233, 244 aphelion, 30, 251 2013 TX68, 64 APL, 275, 292 2014 AA, 264, 265 Apohele group, 251 2014 RC, 205 Apollo, 179, 180, 251 Apollo group, 230, 251 absorption band, 135–6, 137–40, 145–50, Apollo mission, 129, 262, 299 163, 184 Apophis, 20, 269, 270 acapulcoite/ lodranite, 87, 90, 103, 110, 168, 285 Aquitania, 179 Achilles, 232 Arecibo Observatory, 206 achondrite, 84, 86, 116, 187 Aristarchus, 29 primitive, 84, 86, 103–4, 287 Asporina, 177 Adamcarolla, 62 asteroid chronology function, 262 Adeona family, 198 Asteroid Zoo, 54 Aeternitas, 177 Astraea, 53 Agnia family, 170, 198 Astronautica, 61 AKARI satellite, 192 Aten, 251 alabandite, 76, 101 Aten group, 251 Alauda family, 198 Atira, 251 albedo, 7, 21, 27, 185–6 Atira group, 251 Bond, 7, 8, 9, 28, 189 atmosphere, 1, 3, 8, 43, 66, 68, 265 geometric, 7 A- type, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170, 177–8, 192 356 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09684-4 — Asteroids Thomas H.
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