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1950 DA, 205, 269 single scattering, 142, 143, 144, 145 1979 VA, 230 visual Bond, 7

1991 RY16, 183 visual geometric, 7, 27, 28, 163, 185, 189, 190, 1992 KD, 61 191, 192, 192, 253

1992 QB1, 233, 234 Alexandra, 59 1993 FW, 234 altitude, 49

1994 JR1, 239, 275 Alvarez, Luis, 258 1999 JU3, 61 Alvarez, Walter, 258 1999 RL95, 183 , 81 1999 RQ36, 61 ammonia, 223, 301 2000 DP107, 274, 304 amoeboid olivine aggregate, 83 2000 GD65, 205 Amor, 251 2001 QR322, 232 Amor group, 251 2003 EH1, 107 Anacostia, 179 2007 PA8, 207 Anand, Viswanathan, 62 2008 TC3, 264, 265 Angelina, 175 2010 JL88, 205 , 87, 101, 110, 126, 168 2010 TK7, 231 Annefrank, 274, 275, 289 2011 QF99, 232 Antarctic Search for (ANSMET), 71 2012 DA14, 108 Antarctica, 69–71 2012 VP113, 233, 244 aphelion, 30, 251 2013 TX68, 64 APL, 275, 292 2014 AA, 264, 265 Apohele group, 251 2014 RC, 205 Apollo, 179, 180, 251 Apollo group, 230, 251 absorption band, 135–6, 137–40, 145–50, Apollo mission, 129, 262, 299 163, 184 Apophis, 20, 269, 270 / , 87, 90, 103, 110, 168, 285 Aquitania, 179 Achilles, 232 Arecibo , 206 , 84, 86, 116, 187 Aristarchus, 29 primitive, 84, 86, 103–4, 287 Asporina, 177 Adamcarolla, 62 chronology function, 262 Adeona family, 198 Asteroid Zoo, 54 Aeternitas, 177 Astraea, 53 Agnia family, 170, 198 Astronautica, 61 AKARI satellite, 192 Aten, 251 alabandite, 76, 101 Aten group, 251 Alauda family, 198 Atira, 251 , 7, 21, 27, 185–6 Atira group, 251 Bond, 7, 8, 9, 28, 189 , 1, 3, 8, 43, 66, 68, 265 geometric, 7 A- type, 163, 165, 167, 169, 170, 177–8, 192

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Index 357

, 87, 90, 91, 101–2, 101, 110, 147, 150, 151, CK, 87, 90, 92, 98–9, 110, 168 168, 175, 216, 294 CM, 87, 90, 92, 95–6, 107, 110, 127, 132, 168, , 49 216, 259, 298, 302, 303, 305 CO, 87, 90, 92, 96, 110, 168 Baade, Walter, 251 CR, 86, 87, 90, 92, 98, 168, 187, 295, 298 Babcock, Kerry, 61 CV, 87, 90, 92, 98, 110, 168 backscatter, 22, 143 ungrouped, 87, 99, 168 Band Area Ratio, 159, 160, 163 Carolla, Adam, 62 band center, 158 Cassini– mission, 274, 275, 288–9 Band I, 158 , 253, 264, 265 Baptistina family, 198, 200 Cavendish, Henry, 33 Barringer, Daniel, 257 CCD, 61 Bayeux Tapestry, 220 C- complex, 163, 165, 168, 169, 171–4, 184, 192, 214, beaming factor, 188, 189, 216 215, 271 Beatles, 64 B- type, 163, 165, 167, 171, 172, 305 Benkoela, 177 Cb- type, 165, 167, 171 Bennu, 61, 274, 304–5 Cgh- type, 165, 167, 171 bidirectional relectance, 184 Cg- type, 165, 167, 171 binary Yarkovsky– O’Keefe– Radzievskii– Paddack Ch- type, 165, 167, 173–4 (BYORP) effect, 47 C- type, 163, 165, 167, 171 Binzel, Richard, 266 F- type, 163, 264 Biot, Jean- Baptiste, 69 G- type, 163 biotite, 75 Celestial Police, 50, 64 black body, 4–7, 27, 133, 162 celestial sphere, 47 blink comparator, 55, 252 centaur, 36, 36, 42, 60, 60, 232, 248–50 Bode, Johann, 49 Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT), , 108, 259 221, 225 Bond, William, 53 , 40, 40, 42, 51, 52, 171, 172–3, 185, 188, 214, Bonnet, Charles, 49 216, 274, 275, 276, 277, 295–6, 300–3, 305 Bopp, Thomas, 225 crater, 301 Borrelly, , 222, 226, 274, 287 crater, 301 boulder, 207, 261, 284 crater, 301 Bowell, Ted, 230, 252 Ceres Ferdinandea, 52 Božněmcová, 164, 179 Chandrasekhar H function, 144 , 87, 104, 110, 169, 177 Chang’e 2 mission, 274, 275, 303 Brahe, Tycho, 29 charge- coupled device (CCD), 11, 11, 13, 14, 28, 53, Braille, 61, 274, 275, 287, 288 55, 164, 165, 234, 252, 253 Braille, Louis, 61 Chariklo, 249 Brant, Sebastian, 69 Charlois, Auguste, 251 Brown, George E. Jr., 253 Chen, Jun, 243 Brown, Michael, 234, 243, 244, 245, 246, Cheng, Andrew, 282 247, 248 Chicxulub crater, 259 Brownlee, Donald, 226 Chiron, 60, 230, 231, 249 Burney, Charles Jr., 52 comet, 230, 231 Burney, Charles Sr., 52 Chladni, Ernst, 69, 105 Burney, Venetia, 236 chlorite, 78 Bus– DeMeo taxonomy, 165, 174 chamosite, 76, 78 clinochlore, 76, 78 calcite, 75, 76, 85 , 84, 86, 89, 91–100, 187 calcium– aluminum- rich inclusion, 82, 83, 84, 85, , 68, 83, 86, 94, 123, 124, 126 89, 90, 94, 95, 96, 98, 117, 1189, 121, 123, 124, Chrétien, Henri, 10 125–6, 132, 149, 178, 179, 226 Christou, Tolis, 288 , 79, 89, 91, 93, 101, 106, Christy, Charlene, 238 152–3, 175, 300, 305 Christy, James, 237 CB, 86, 87, 92, 99, 1004, 110, 126, 168, 295 chromite, 76, 80, 106 CH, 87, 90, 92, 99, 169, 295 Churyumov, Klim Ivanovich, 228 CI, 87, 89, 92, 95, 972, 106, 107, 110, 127, 168, Churyumov– Gerasimenko, comet, 222, 228 172, 302, 303, 305 Clarke, Arthur C., 253

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358 Index

classiication Framing Camera (FC), 296, 298 asteroid, 162, 163–6 Gamma Ray and Neutron Detector (GRaND), 296, , 86–90, 91–3 300, 302, stellar, 162–3 Visible and Spectrometer (VIR), 296, 301 clay, 78 De Caro, Mario, 62 kaolinite, 76, 78 Decaro, 62 saponite, 76, 78, 149 declination, 47–9, 55 mission, 274, 281 mission, 228, 288 clinopyroxene, 87, 87, 179, 180 Extrasolar Observation and Deep Impact augite, 76 Extended Investigation (EPOXI), 228 diopside, 76, 82 High Resolution Imager (HRI), 228 diopside- hedenbergite, 87 Impactor Targeting Sensor (ITS), 228 hedenbergite, 76, 148 Medium Resolution Imager (MRI), 228 pigeonite, 76, 87 mission, 61, 226, 274, 275 Clio, 53, 54 Autonav, 287, 288 Coculescu, 63 Beacon Monitor, 287 Coculescu, Nicolae, 63 Miniature Imaging Camera and Spectrometer color index, 21–2 (MICAS), 287 coma, 218 NASA Solar Technology Application Readiness comet, 106, 212, 218–31, 250, 271 (NSTAR), 287 Halley- type, 221 Plasma Experiment for Planetary Exploration - family, 221, 226 (PEPE), 287 main- belt, 231, 250 remote intelligent self- repair software (Remote non- periodic, 221 Agent), 287 periodic, 220 Small Deep Space Transponder (SDST), 287, 288 sungrazing, 221 Solar Concentrator Array with Refractive Linear Committee for Small Body Nomenclature Element Technology (SCARLET), 287 (CSBN), 58, 61 Dembowska, 163, 180 condensation, 81 density, 169, 172, 173, 176, 177, 186, 187, sequence, 81 209–12, 217 Coordinated Universal Time, 56 bulk, 109 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 29 grain, 109 Coradini, Angioletta, 297 meteorite, 108–9, 186 corundum, 76, 82 detector, 1, 10–14 cosmic- ray exposure age, 126–8, 132 di Montijo, Eugenia, 59 Cousins, Alan, 15 diameter, 27, 52, 53, 185–6, 190, 191 crater, 254–63 diamond, 76, 79, 91 counting, 259–63 differentiation, 66, 84, 295, 298 Crespo da Silva, , 59 Dioretsa, 31 Crespodasilva, 59 dolomite, 76 Cretaceous– Paleogene boundary, 258 Donaldjohanson, 62 cross section Doppler shift, 208 absorption, 142 Dora family, 198 extinction, 142 Drake, Michael, 305 geometrical, 142 Drewpinsky, 62 scattering, 142 D- type, 163, 165, 167, 178, 192, 214 crystal ield transition, 136–9 Duende, 108 cubewano, 233, 233, 234, 236 Dunne, James, 278 Curly, 64 , 36, 36, 39 Cybele, 176–7, 213 region, 213, 214 , 20, 22, 24, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 49, 50, 50, 89, 90, 91 Damocles, 42 Earth Minimum Orbit Intersection Distance damocloid, 36, 36, 42, 250 (MOID), 263 daubréelite, 101 Echeclus, 231 Davidbrown, 64 comet, 231 mission, 173, 181, 1824, 262, 274, 275, 287, , 47, 50, 64 288, 293, 295–303, 305 Edgeworth, Kenneth, 233

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Index 359

Eger, 175 ireball, 108 Egeria, 53, 173 Flora, 53, 197, 198 Eight- Color Asteroid Survey (ECAS), 163 family, 194, 197–9, 198, 206, 277, 279 electromagnetic spectrum, 1–3 lux, 6, 7, 19, 27, 43, 144 gamma ray, 1, 3, 16, 271, 285, 299 absorbed, 7, 8 infrared light, 1, 3, 6, 191–3 emitted, 8 microwave radiation, 1, 3 infrared, 186, 190 radio wave, 1, 3 radiant, 6 ultraviolet light, 1, 3 solar, 8 visible light, 1, 3, 6, 7, 186 , 33, 43, 45 X- ray, 1, 3, 16, 271, 284, 285, 286 centripetal, 33, 44, 204 Elektra, 174 gravitational, 33, 44, 204 Eleonora, 177 Fortuna, 173 Elisa, 182 Fresnel equation, 140 Elst, Eric, 231 fusion crust, 66, 67 Elst– Pizarro, 230, 231 comet, 230, 231 Gaffey, Michael, 152 emissivity, 6, 9, 182, 189, 216 Galache, José Luis, 36 Encke, comet, 107, 222 Galilei, , 9, 19 , 86, 89, 90, 91, 386, 92, 95, 150, Galileo mission, 225, 262, 274, 275, 275, 277–81, 305 175, 265, 295 (MAG), 277, 278 EH, 87, 92, 92, 95, 110, 168 Near- Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), EL, 87, 92, 92, 95, 110, 168, 186 277, 278 Eos, 163, 178 radio transponder, 277 family, 163, 178, 194, 198, 199–200 Solid Sate Imager (SSI), 277 Erigone family, 198 Ganymed, 251 , 39, 40, 40, 233, 246–8, 250 Gaspra, 262, 263, 274, 275, 277, 278–9, 280, 294 Eros, 251, 262, 274, 275, 277, 281, 282, Yeates Regio, 279 283–7, 305 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 51, 52, 53 Charlois Regio, 284 Geion family, 198, 200 Finsen Dorsum, 284 geocentric model, 29 Hinks Dorsum, 284 Geographos, 274, 281 Witt Regio, 284 George E. Brown, Jr. Near- Earth Object Survey , 193 Act, 253 Eugenia, 59 Gerasimenko, Svetlana Ivanovna, 228 Eunomia, 53 Gierlinger, Natascha Renate, 63 family, 198 spacecraft, 223 Euphrosyne family, 198 glass, 83 Eureka, 170 goethite, 85 (ESA), 223, 288 Goldstone Observatory, 206 Golevka, 47 fall, meteorite, 68, 70 Grand Tack, 215 family, asteroid, 33, 193–200 graphite, 76, 79, 87 Fast, Kelly, 63 gray body, 6 Federal Emergency Management Agency, 264 Greenwich Mean Time, 56 feldspar, 78, 82, 83 Gretia, 177 albite, 76, 78 Grigg– Skjellerup, comet, 223 alkali, 78 anorthite, 76, 78, 82, 87 Hale, Alan, 225 orthoclase, 76, 78 Hale– Bopp, comet, 219, 222, 223, 225–6 plagioclase, 78, 83, 84, 87, 87, 179 halite, 76, 80 III, King, 52 , 224 Fernández, Julio, 233 Halley, comet, 107, 220, 222–4, 222, 250 Fey, 63 Halley, Edmund, 222, 250 Fey, Tina, 63 Hansa family, 198 fractional crystallization, 84 Hapke theory, 140–5 ilter, 14–15 Hapke, Bruce, 141, 184 ind, meteorite, 68 Harding, Karl, 52

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360 Index

Harrison, 64 Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Hartley 2, comet, 228 Replacement (COSTAR), 16 , 40, 40, 41, 59, 233, 245–6, 247, 250 Faint Object Camera (FOC), 16 family, 246 Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS), 16 Hi’iaka, 246 Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph , 246 (GHRS), 16 mission, 157, 1577, 169, 274, 275, 289–92, High Speed Photometer (HSP), 16 305 Near Infrared Camera and Multi- Object Asteroid Multi- band Imaging Camera Spectrometer (NICMOS), 16 (AMICA), 289 Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC), 16 Light Detection and Ranging Altimeter (LIDAR), 289 Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 MIcro/ Nano Experimental Robot Vehicle for (WFPC2), 16 Asteroid (MINERVA), 289–90 Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), 16 Near- Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS), 289 Hungaria, 174 X- ray Spectrometer (XRS), 289 family, 198 mission, 274, 303–4 region, 174, 175, 212, 214 Deployable Camera (DCAM3), 304 Huygens probe, 288 (MASCOT), 304 Hyakutake, comet, 222 Light Detection and Ranging Altimeter hydrogen, 81, 300, 302, (LIDAR), 304 hydroxyl, 78, 148, 153, 300, 302 multi- band telescopic camera (ONC- T), 304 Hygiea, 53 Near- Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3), 304 family, 198 rovers (MINERVA- II- 1A, - 1B, - 2), 304 sampler (SMP), 304 Ida, 195, 199, 209, 262, 263, 274, 275, 277, Small Carry- on Impactor (SCI), 304 279–81 Thermal Infrared Imager (TIR), 304 Acmon crater, Dactyl, 280 wide- angle cameras (ONC- W1 and ONC- W2), 304 Celmis crater, Dactyl, 280 Hebe, 53, 169–70 Dactyl, 199, 209, 275, 277, 280 Hektor, 60 Ilanramon, 64 Helin, Eleanor, 230, 252 ilmenite, 76, 87 heliocentric model, 29 index of refraction hematite, 85, 109 complex, 139 Henan family, 198 Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS), 191, 196 Hencke, Karl, 53 infrared detector, 11, 13–14 Herculina, 209 Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), 15 Herschel Space Observatory, 192, 193 International Astronomical Union (IAU), 40, 58 Herschel, William, 50, 52, 192 International Halley Watch, 224 H- G magnitude system, 23–6, 27, 28 inverse square law

H- G1- G2 magnitude system, 26, 27 , 32 Hidalgo, 60 light, 7, 20, 250 Hidalgo y Castillo, Miguel, 60 , 59 Hilda, 37 Irene, 53 region, 37, 383, 178, 212, 213, 214 iridium, 258 Hipparchus, 19 Iris, 53 Hirayama family, 194 meteorite, 67, 68, 74, 79, 84, 87, 104–5, 110, Hirayama, Kiyotsugu, 194 126, 127, 131, 132, 1511, 168, 187 Hodges, Ann, 254 , 104 Hoffmeister family, 198 , 104 Hohmann transfer, 44 IAB, 105 horizon, 49 IIAB, 187 Howard, Edward Charles, 69 IIE, 105 , , (HED), 86, 87, 90, 91, IIIAB, 104 102–3, 126, 127, 128, 153–5, 168, 181, 182, 183, IIICD, 105 298, 299, 300 magmatic, 105 diogenite, 110, 164, 182, 296, 298 , 104, 258 eucrite, 1026, 110, 127, 181, 182, 183, 298 silicate- bearing, 105 howardite, 110, 181, 182 iron, metallic, 66, 68, 78–9, 82, 84, 87, 87, 92, 94, Hubble Space Telescope, 10, 16, 185, 209, 225, 392, 940, 95, 106, 150, 175, 295 238, 239, 298, 301, 303 , 76, 78, 79, 79, 150

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, 77, 78, 79, 79, 150 Levy, David, 224 tetrataenite, 77, 109 Libera, 201 iron, nanophase, 156, 291 light curve, 200–4 irradiance, 141 amplitude, 201, 202 ISON, comet, 222 Lincoln Near- Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) Itokawa, 157, 1577, 274, 275, 277, survey, 64, 253 289–92 LINEAR, 231 MUSES- C Regio, 290, 291 comet, 231 Iwakisan, 62 , 215, 262 Ixion, 233 Lohja, 177 Lommel–Seeliger law, 143 Jacobi constant, 33 Loving, 63 Jarvis, 64 Loving, Mildred, 63 Jeans, James, 4 Loving, Richard, 63 Jenniskens, Petrus, 264, 265 , 236 Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 252 Lowell Observatory Near- Earth Object Search Jewitt, David, 224, 234, 243 (LONEOS), 252 Johanson, Donald Carl, 62 Lowell, Percival, 236 (JSC), 71 L- type, 165, 167, 178–9, 192 Johnson, Harold, 15 Ld- type, 165 , 52, 170 Luna mission, 129, 262 family, 198 lunar chronology function, 262, 263 Jupiter, 33, 34, 35, 35, 36, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, mission, 266 50, 50, 52, 64, 214, 215, 221, 224, 225, Lutetia, 262, 275, 276, 277, 294–5 226, 231, 237, 248, 249, 250, 274, 277 Luu, Jane, 224, 234, 243

K chondrite, 87, 92, 92, 95, 169 Machholz, comet, 107 K40506A, 245 Magellan, 59 Kalpanachawla, 64 Magellan, Ferdinand, 59 Keck Observatory, 10, 15, 245, 247 magnetic ield, 109–11 Kegler, comet, 224 magnetite, 76, 80, 81, 82, 87, 87, 109, 145, Kellyfast, 63 172 Kepler, Johannes, 9, 29, 30 magnitude, 19–27, 108 Kepler’s laws, 29–30, 32, 221 absolute (H), 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 185, 186, 190, third law, 30, 38, 194, 211 213, 244, 254, 255, 263 , 36, 38–9, 38 apparent, 19, 20, 24 Kirkwood, Daniel, 36 instrumental, 21 Kollaa, 216, 217 reduced visual, 23, 25, 28 Koronis, 195 Magnya, 182–3 family, 194, 198, 199, 205, 206, 277 main belt, 35, 36, 36, 39, 42, 46, 250, 261, 262 Kowal, Charles, 60 , 40, 59, 60, 233, 248 K- type, 163, 165, 167, 168, 178, 192 Malala, 63 , 232–4, 236 , 194, 198 Kuiper, Gerard, 233 , 34, 35, 35, 36, 36, 37, 42, 50, 50, 90, 91, 130, Kumakiri, 183 132, 168, 237, 262, 276 meteorite, 71, 91, 386, 116, 129–30, 168 Lambert, Johann, 142 Mars-crosser, 36, 36 Lambert’s cosine law, 142 Marsden, Brian, 54, 266 Lambertian relectance, 7 , 83 Larry, 64 Mason, Brian, 129 Larson, Steve, 231 Massalia, 59 Laser Geodynamics Satellite (LAGEOS), 46–7 family, 198 Laurelclark, 64 Masursky, 274, 275, 288–9 Lauretta, Dante, 305 Masursky, Harold, 288 law of universal gravitation, 32 Mathilde, 262, 274, 275, 277, 282–3 least squares plate reduction, 56 Mauna Kea, 15 Leiden Observatory, 58 Mauna Kea observatory, 234 Lennon, 64 Maximillian I, 69 Leonard, Frederick, 233 Maxrabinovich, 202

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362 Index

McAuliffe, 64 meteorite, 106 McCartney, 64 Faucett, 94 McNair, 64 Frontier Mountain 01149, 129 melilite, 76, 80, 82 Greenwell Springs, 157, 180 melting, 83–4 Gujba, 126 partial, 84 Harriman (Of), 79 , 34, 35, 50, 50, 53, 129, 237 Hoba, 68 Caloris Basin, 257 , 126 Merxia family, 170, 198 Ivuna, 95, 96 , 87, 168 Johnstown, 155, 164 Messenger mission, 129 Kaidun, 98 metamorphism, 83 Kakangari, 95 meta1, 93 Karoonda, 98 meteor, 43, 107, 108 , 105 spectroscopy, 107 L’Aigle, 69 Meteor Crater, 257 LaPaz Iceield 04840, 95 , 107, 107 Lewis Cliff 86010, 126 Alpha Capricornids, 107 Lodran, 103 Delta Aquarids, 107 Marilia, 67 Eta Aquarids, 107 Mbale, 254 Geminids, 107 meteorite, 126 Leonids, 107 Mighei, 95 Lyrids, 107 Monahans (1998), 80 Northern Taurids, 107 Murchison, 96, 97, 98 Orionids, 107 Murnpeowie, 67 Perseids, 107 Nakhla, 130 Quadrantids, 107 New Orleans, 71 Southern Taurids, 107 Northwest Africa 5697, 126 Ursids, 107 Northwest Africa 10001, 72 meteorite, 66–74, 131, 183 Northwest Africa 2364, 118, 125 clan, 86 Northwest Africa 3359, 102 comet, 106 Northwest Africa 7325, 129 group, 86 Northwest Africa 796, 72 grouplet, 86 Norton County, 151 Meteorite Nomenclature Committee, 72 Novo- Urei, 104 meteorite, individual Odessa (iron), 151 Acapulco, 103 Old Woman, 74 Allan Hills 81005, 129 , 96 , 71, 130 Peekskill, 108 Allende, 90, 98, 110, 121, 125, 126 Peña Blanca Spring, 147 Almahata Sitta, 264, 265, 265 Piplia Kalan, 131 Angra dos Reis, 101 Portales Valley, 170 Aubres, 101 Renazzo, 98 Bali, 98 Rumuruti, 95 Bencubbin, 99 Semarkona, 93, 94, 110 Bishopville, 1015 Shergotty, 130 Bouvante, 1555 Sutter’s Mill, 108, 126 Brachina, 104 , 254 Canyon Diablo, 258 , 99, 176, 178, 181 , 130 Vigarano, 98 Chelyabinsk, 108 Whetstone Mountains, 71 Cumberland Falls, 175 Winona, 104 D’Orbigny, 126 Yamato 980003, 71 Eagle Station, 106 Meteoritical Bulletin Database, 73 Elephant Moraine 79001, 130 , 72 Elephant Moraine 87503, 155 , 42–3, 127 Ensisheim, 69 Metis, 53 , 106, 111 , 43, 156, 199, 285

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Index 363

Mikeanderson, 64 near- Earth object (NEO), 36, 55, 133, 208, 267, Miminko, 63 270–1 mineral, 74–85 Near- Earth Object Wide- ield Infrared Survey , 1, 35–6 Explorer (NEOWISE), 17, 192, 192, 196 extrasolar, 250 NEAT, comet, 107 Minor Planet Bulletin, 204 Nemausa, 59 (MPC), 54–5, 56, 58, 231, 245, Nemesis 263, 265 family, 198 Minor Planet Circular (MPC), 55 Nenetta, 177 Minor Planet Circulars Orbit Supplement , 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 50, 60, 65, 214, 233, (MPO), 55 236, 237 Minor Planet Circulars Supplement (MPS), 55 Neujmin, Grigori, 278 Minor Planet Electronic Circular (MPEC), 55 neutron, 271, 300, 302 mitigation, 270–1 mission, 239–42, 274, 275, 275, 292 , 270, 271 Long- Range Reconnaissance Imager kinetic impactor, 270 (LORRI), 239 nuclear explosion, 270–1 Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Moe, 64 Investigation (PEPSSI), 239 , 81, 218 Radio Science Experiment (REX), 239 Mont Blanc, 59 Ralph telescope, 239 , 22, 89, 132, 215, 228, 261, 262, 274, 276, Around Pluto (SWAP), 239 281, 299 ultraviolet imaging spectrometer (Alice), 239 highlands, 262 Student Dust Counter Imbrium Basin, 262 (VBSDC), 239 meteorite, 129, 169 Newton, Isaac, 10, 32 South Pole– Aitken Basin, 257 Newton’s third law, 43 moon, minor planet, 208–9, 217 , 215, 232 Morgan, William, 15 , 66, 68, 69 Morrison, David, 252 , 76 Observatory, 253, 264 nucleobase, 81 Mr. Spock, 59 Nysa, 165, 175 Myriostos, 61 Nysa– Polana family, 196, 198 Nyx, 238 naming comet, 220–1 O’Keefe, John, 47 feature, 273–6 obliquity, 46 meteorite, 71, 72–3 observatory, 15–17, 28 minor , 58–64 Olbers, Heinrich, 51, 52 NARIT, 62 , 76, 101, 145, 150, 175 Natascharenate, 63 olivine, 75, 81, 82, 83, 87, 87, 94, 95, 105, 106, 136, National Aeronautics and Space Administration 137, 140, 143, 145–6, 145, 157, 159, 177, 180, (NASA), 15, 54, 71, 152, 191, 226, 239, 252, 184, 250, 291 253, 264, 277, 281, 287, 288, 295, 304 fayalite, 76 National Institute of Research, 71 fayalite content, 75, 92, 160, 161, 184 Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) Shoemaker forsterite, 76, 82, 87 mission, 262, 274, 275, 281–7 forsterite content, 75 magnetometer (MAG), 282 kirschsteinite, 76 Multi- Spectral Imager (MSI), 282 ringwoodite, 76 NEAR Laser Rangeinder (NLR), 282 Onizuka, 64 Near- Infrared Spectrometer (NIS), 282 , 230, 244 radio transponder, 282 Oort, Jan, 230 X- ray/ Gamma- Ray Spectrometer (XGRS), 282, Öpik, Ernst, 43 284–7 Oppolzer, 56 near- Earth asteroid (NEA), 7, 9, 20, 22, 28, 36, 36, opposition, 20, 22, 26 46, 59, 60, 64, 65, 170, 175, 179, 187, 191, 209, opposition effect, 22–3, 143 252–3, 261, 262, 266, 269, 270, 271, 281, 306 orbital element, 30–2, 33, 55 near- Earth asteroid thermal model (NEATM), 191 , 31–2, 39, 235 Near- Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT), 252 argument of perihelion, 30

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364

364 Index

orbital element (cont.) Palisa, Johann, 279 eccentricity, 30, 31, 33, 39, 193, 194 Palitzsch, Johann, 223 inclination, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, 193, 194, 197 Pallas, 52, 171, 172, 188 longitude of the ascending node, 31, 32, 39 Pallas, Peter, 105 longitude of the periapsis, 39 , 87, 90, 105–6, 168, 177 osculating, 32, 34 Eagle Station subgroup, 106 proper, 33, 193, 246 main- group, 91, 106 semi- major axis, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 36, 38, 39, Palomar Observatory, 15, 58, 224, 230, 245 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 50, 64, 193, 194, 197 Palomar Planet Crossing Asteroid Survey, 252 true anomaly, 31, 32 Palomar- Leiden Survey, 58 , 30, 36, 64, 220, 221, 224, 226, Palomar- Leiden Survey, 58 243, 244 Panarea, 183 moon, 211, 217 Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response Orcus, 233, 244 System (Pan- STARRS), 253 , 67, 89, 91, 386, 92, 93–4, 127, Parks, Rosa, 63 128, 132, 152, 157, 164, 165, 169, 177, 180, 265, Parthenope, 53, 1608, 170 281, 285, 287 Patroclus, 60 H, 86, 87, 89, 92, 92, 93, 94, 940, 95, 105, 110, Patterson, 182 127, 128, 129, 168, 169, 187 , 76, 80, 87 H/ L, 87, 168 periapsis, 39 L, 87, 89, 92, 92, 93, 94, 110, 127, 128, 168, 186, perihelion, 30, 36, 36, 42, 235 187, 286 perovskite, 76, 82 L/ LL, 87, 168 Phaethon, 107, 231 LL, 87, 89, 92, 92, 94, 110, 127, 157, 1577, 164, phase angle, 7, 22–7, 28, 142, 143, 188, 190, 191 168, 280, 286, 289, 291 phase coeficient, 25, 190 organics, 80–1, 145, 178, 305 phase curve, 24, 25, 26, 28 Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identiication phase integral, 189 Security Explorer (OSIRIS- REx) Philolaus, 29 mission, 274, 304–5 Phocaea family, 198 OSIRIS- REx Camera Suite (OCAMS), 305 Pholus, 60, 249 OSIRIS- REx Laser Altimeter (OLA), 305 photographic plate, 11–12, 11, 28, 56 OSIRIS- REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer photometric system (OTES), 305 JHK, 15 OSIRIS- REx Visible and Infrared Spectrometer UBV, 15 (OVIRS), 305 UBVRI, 15 Regolith X- ray Imaging Spectrometer photometry, 22–7 (REXIS), 305 differential, 203 Sample Return Capsule (SRC), 305 photomultiplier tube, 11, 12–13, 14, 28 Touch- and- Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism phyllosilicate, 78, 87, 87, 136, 145, 148–9, 184 (TAGSAM), 305 Piazzi, Giuseppe, 51, 53 orthopyroxene, 87, 87, 94, 149, 159, 180 Pinsky, Drew, 62 enstatite, 76, 82, 87, 95, 147 Pizarro, Guido, 231 ferrosilite, 76, 147 Planck function, 5 hypersthene, 76 Planck, Max, 5 Ortiz Moreno, José Luis, 245 Planetary Defense Coordination Ofice (PDCO), 264 O- type, 165, 167, 179, 192 , 233, 234 oxygen fugacity, 101 Pluto, 16, 19, 20, 28, 39–40, 41, 60, 61, 209, 233, oxygen isotope, 88–90, 94, 105, 291 233, 234, 236–8, 239–41, 242, 243, 245, 247, carbonaceous chondrite anhdrous mineral (CCAM) 248, 250, 274, 275, 276, 277, 295 line, 90, 385 atmosphere, 239 terrestrial fractionation line, 90, 95 , 40, 209, 237, 238, 275, 277 Young and Russell line, 90, 385 , 209, 237, 238, 275, 277 , 209, 237, 238, 275 Paddack, Stephen, 47 , 209, 237, 238, 275, 277 , 198 , 237, 238, 275 Palermo Observatory, 51 , 240, 3931 Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale, 267–9, 270, Pogson, Norman, 19 271, 272 Polyxo, 181

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365

Index 365

porosity, 109, 176, 186, 187 resonance, 36, 128, 170, 173, 181, 231 potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA), 253, 263 , Jupiter, 37, 38, 38, 39, 164, 169, 173, potentially hazardous object (PHO), 263 181, 183, 197, 200, 214 presolar grain, 90–1 mean motion, Neptune, 37, 59, 60, 64, 233, 234 pressure, 81, 84 secular, , 38, 39, 164, 169 shock, 83 Silvia, 209 Prior’s Rules, 100 Rickhusband, 64 Procyon mission, 274 Ries crater, 259 production rate, 222 right ascension, 47–9, 55 provisional designation, asteroid, 57–8 Ritchey, George, 10 Proximate Object Close lyby with Optical Navigation Roberta, 172 (PROCYON) mission, 304 Robinson, 177 , 163, 176 Roche limit, 224, 249 Pulfrich, Carl, 55 Rohrabacher, Dana, 253 pyroxene, 75–7, 81, 82, 83, 136, 137, 140, 143, 145, Rosaparks, 63 145, 146–8, 157, 177, 183, 184, 291 mission, 262, 274, 275, 292–4 enstatite content, 158 Cometary Sampling and Composition Experiment ferrosilite content, 157, 158, 160, 161, 184 (COSAC), 228, 229 wollastonite content, 157, 158 Microwave Instrument for the Rosetta Orbiter pyrrhotite, 76, 80, 109 (MIRO), 292 Narrow- Angle Camera (NAC), 292, 293 Q- type, 163, 165, 167, 168, 168, 170, 179–80, 1803, Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote 192 Imaging System (OSIRIS), 292, 294 Quaoar, 233, 243 lander, 228, 229–30 quartz, 75 Radio Science Investigation (RSI), 292 Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral R chondrite, 87, 89, 92, 92, 95, 169, 177 Analysis (ROSINA), 230 R plot, 261 Sample, Drilling, and Distribution system (SD2), 228 Rabinowitz, David, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248 ultraviolet imaging spectrograph (ALICE), 292 radar, 47, 206–8, 303 Visible and Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer albedo, 176 (VIRTIS), 292, 294 delay- Doppler imaging, 206–8 Wide- Angle Camera (WAC), 292–3 radiance, 141 Rosaparks, 63 radiative transfer modeling, 140–5 Rosetta Stone, 228 radioactive dating, 111–30 R- type, 163, 165, 167, 170, 180, 192 aluminum– magnesium, 121–4 , 1220, 204, 205, 271, 291, 305 argon– argon, 120–1, 291 Russell, Christopher, 296 hafnium– tungsten, 125, 126 Rustan, Pedro, 281 lead– lead, 117, 120, 125–6 Ryugu, 61, 274, 303, 304 manganese– chromium, 126 potassium– argon, 119–20 spacecraft, 224 rubidium– strontium, 113–15, 120 Saturn, 34, 35, 39, 50, 50, 214, 215, 237, 249, 274 samarium– neodymium, 120 , 274, 288 Radzievskii, Viktor, 47 scattered disk object, 233, 233, 234 Raita family, 198 Scheila, 231 Ramsden Circle, 51 Schmidt, Bernhard, 10 Ramsden, Jesse, 51 , 101 Rayleigh, Lord, 4 Schröter, Johann Hieronymus, 52 Rayleigh– Jeans law, 4 Scobee, 64 Read, comet, 231 S- complex, 156, 1608, 163, 165, 166–70, 168, 168, Relectance Experiment Laboratory (RELAB), 152 169, 184, 192, 214, 215 relectance spectra, 133–5, 163–83 Sa- type, 165, 167, 170 bidirectional, 142–5 Sl- type, 165 meteorite, 150–5 Sq- type, 165, 167, 170 relected light, 6, 7 Sr- type, 165, 167, 170 regmaglypt, 66 S- type, 165, 167 regolith, 140, 187, 3024 Sv- type, 165, 167, 170 Resnik, 64 Sedna, 233, 243–4

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366

366 Index

sednoids, 244 Sylvia, 209 seismic jolting, 263 , 209 seismic shaking, 263 , 209 serpentine, 78, 149, 302 sylvite, 77, 80 antigorite, 76, 78, 302 chrysotile, 76, 78, 302 tail, comet, 218 cronstedtite, 76, 78, 149 dust, 218 lizardite, 76, 78, 302 gas, 218 Shaddad, Muawia, 264, 265 tektite, 259 Shemp, 64 moldavite, 259 Shoemaker, Carolyn, 224, 252 telescope, 1, 9–10, 54 Shoemaker, Eugene, 224, 252, 257, 282 astrograph, 236 Shoemaker– Levy 9, comet, 222, 224–5 Cassegrain, 10 Sila- Nunam, 243 catadioptric, 10 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), 165–6, 171, 183, Galilean, 9 199, 213 Keplerian, 9 Sloop, 62, 64 relecting, 9, 10 Sloop, Katie Michelle, 62 refracting, 9, 10 slope index, 260, 261 Ritchey- Chrétien, 10 differential, 261 Schmidt, 10 slope parameter (G), 23, 24–5, 26, 28, 189, 216 Teller, Edward, 271 Small and Moderate Aperture Research Telescope Tempel 1, comet, 222, 228, 274 System (SMARTS), 245, 247, 248 Tempel, Wilhelm, 228 Small Main- Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey Tempel– Tuttle, comet, 107 (SMASS), 165 temperature, 6, 7–9, 43, 44, 84, 161–2, 177, 190, 303 Smith, 64 effective, 7, 8, 9 solar nebula, 81, 83, 85, 93, 94, 95, 110, 230 subsolar, 188, 189 solid angle, 5 terminator, 188 , 155–7, 165, 174, 176, 177, 199, terrestrial age, 128–9 213, 280, 285, 287, 291, 292, 298 terrestrial weathering, 69, 85 survey, 253 Thatcher, comet, 107 , 252 Themis, 172 speciic heat capacity, 187 family, 194, 198 spectrograph, 14, 15 thermal conductivity, 186 spin barrier, 204–5 thermal inertia, 44, 45, 384, 46, 186–7 spin state, 205–6 thermal radiation, 6, 7, 43, 186 spinel, 76, 80, 82, 87, 145, 149 thermal tail, 7 Spitzer Space Telescope (SST), 182, 192 Thetis, 170 standard star, 19 , 235–6, 241, 249 standard thermal model (STM), 188–91 Thomson, Guglielmo, 78 , 226 Tirela family, 198 Stardust mission, 228, 274, 275, 288, 289 Tisserand parameter, 33–4 Stardust- NExT mission, 228 Tisserand, François Félix, 33 Starr, 64 Titius, Johann Daniel, 49, 50 Stefan– Boltzmann law, 6 Titius– Bode law, 49, 50 Šteins, 275, 277, 293, 294 tochilinite, 77 steradian, 5 Tombaugh, Clyde, 39 Stern, Alan, 239 Torino Impact Hazard Scale, 266–7, 269, 270, stony- , 84, 105–6, 110 271, 272 Sudbury Basin, 257 Toutatis, 274, 275, 303 spacecraft, 224 trans- Neptunian object (TNO), 36, 36, 37, 41–2, 55, sulide, 80, 150 60, 61, 65, 212, 232–48, 250 , 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 19, 20, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, , 77, 79, 80, 82, 87, 87, 101, 106, 181, 285 46, 85, 95, 972, 109, 126, 133, 134, 135, 162, 188, Trojan, 36, 42, 231–2 214, 215, 218, 221, 231, 232, 233, 235, 249, 252 Earth, 42 photosphere, 972 Jupiter, 36, 42, 60, 60, 214, 232 superbolide, 108 Mars, 42 Chelyabinsk, 108 Neptune, 36, 36, 42, 232 Sutter’s Mill, 108 Saturn, 232 Swift– Tuttle, comet, 107, 222, 224 , 36, 36, 42

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367

Index 367

Venus, 42 ice, 124, 172, 173, 176, 218, 231, 239, 241, 242, Trujillo, Chad, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248 243, 246, 247, 249, 250, 301, 302, 3964, 303 tsunami, 266, 270 , Frederick, 218 T- type, 163, 165, 167, 181, 192 white dwarf, 35, 250 tumbler, 201 Wide- ield Infrared Survey Explorer , 259 (WISE), 16–17 Tutankhamun, King, 68 Widmanstätten pattern, 78, 79, 79, 104, 106, 170 Tuttle, comet, 107 Widmanstätten, Alois von Beckh, 78 Twain, Mark, 223 Wien’s law, 6 twotino, 234 Wild 2, comet, 222, 226, 274 Ukmerge, 63 Williemccool, 64 Uranus, 34, 35, 36, 42, 50, 50, 52, 214, 236, 237, 249 Wilson– Harrington, 230, 231, 287 , 87, 90, 104, 110, 168, 264 comet, 230, 231, 274, 287 Ursula family, 198 , 87, 90, 104, 110, 169 Witt family, 198 Varuna, 233, 243 Witt, Gustav, 251 vatira group, 251, 252 Wollaston, Francis, 51 Vega- 1 spacecraft, 223 Wood, Lowell, 271 Vega- 2 spacecraft, 223 WT1190F, 265–6 , 34, 35, 42, 50, 50, 129, 130, 237, 251, 276 Veritas family, 198 X- complex, 163, 165, 174–7 vernal equinox, 31, 32, 39 E- type, 163, 168, 174–5, 192, 214, 292 , 20, 52, 59, 110, 163, 164, 181, 182, 182, 183, M- type, 163, 164, 168, 169, 175–6, 192, 292 193, 197, 214, 216, 217, 262, 271, 274, 275, 276, P- type, 163, 176–7, 192, 214 277, 295–300, 305 W- type, 164 Angioletta crater, 297 Xc- type, 165, 167, 292 chronology function, 263 Xe- type, 165, 167, 175 family, 164, 181, 197, 198 Xk- type, 165, 167 Marcia crater, 299 Xn- type, 165, 167, 175 Rheasilvia crater, 296, 297, 299, 301 X- type, 165, 167 Veneneia crater, 296, 297, 396, 298, 299, 301 Victoria, 53, 54 , 43–7, 128 Victoria, Queen, 53 diurnal, 44, 46, 64 Viking 1 spacecraft, 130 seasonal, 44, 46, 64 Viking 2 spacecraft, 130 Yarkovsky, Ivan, 43, 47 Vishyanand, 62 Yarkovsky– O’Keefe– Radzievskii– Paddack (YORP) von Humboldt, Alexander, 59 effect, 47 von Zach, Franz Xaver, 50, 51 Yeates, Clayne, 278 Vredefort crater, 257 YORP, 47 V- type, 163, 165, 167, 168, 170, 181–3, 184, Yousafzai, Malala, 63 192 Yucatan Peninsula, 259 group, 252 zenith, 49 water, 3, 78, 93, 135, 145, 148, 149, 172, 176, 223, zircon, 126 228, 230, 240, 300 zodiac, 50

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