Racism and Ethnic Relations In" the Portuguese-Speaking World
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY· RACISM AND ETHNIC RELATIONS IN" THE PORTUGUESE-SPEAKING WORLD Edited by FRANCISCO BETHENCOURT ADR[AN J. PEARCE Publishedjar THE BRITISH ACADEMY by OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6DP Oxford New York Auckland Cape Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lum/Jur Madrid Melbourne Mex1co City Nairobi Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto GreeCI? Published in the United States fly Oxford University Press Inc" New York The British Academy 2012 Datahase right The British Academy (makel) Firstpublished 20J2 All rights reserved No port ,,"(this pubficatioll may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in without the Drior venni:;,'sinn in writing Francisco Bcthencourt dedicates this work to the memory terms agreed wilh the afJunJlJ)'w. Vitorino Magalhacs Godinho orrranization. Enquiries cOllcernhlg rCI'Ir()(illcrron should be sent the Publications 10'-1 I Carlton House Terrace, London Adrian Pearce dedicates to must not circulate this book ill Martin Pearce and Jennings and you impose this same condition 011 any acquirer British Librar), Catalo)!:uln)!: in Publication Data Library ofCongress Calaiof!:inf!: in Publication Data Data Keystroke, Station Printed in Great Britain on CPJ Antony Rowe, Chippeni1am, ISBN 978-0-19-726521-6 ISSN0068-1202 Contents 1-ist and Tables ix Notes on Contributors Xl Acknowledgements xvi Introduction FRANCISCO BETH EN COURT PART 1: PRESENT ISSUES 1. Colour and Race in Brazil: From Whitening to the Search for Afro-Descent 17 ANT6NIO SERGIO ALFREDO GUIMARAES 2. Brazil and Colombia: Comparative Race Relations in South America 35 PETER WADE 3. Racism: An Evolving Vims 49 JORGE VAL A AND CiCERO PEREIRA 4. Mulattos in Brazil and A Comparative from the Seventeenth to the Century 71 LUTZ FELIPE DE ALENCASTRO P ART II: THE MODERN FRAMEWORK 5. Charles Boxer and the Race J,'nHi""mw 99 JOAO DE PIN."--CABRAL 6. Gilberto and Brazilian Self-Perception 13 MARlA LUCLJ\ G. PALLARES-BURKE 7. Writing from the Margins: Towards an Epistemology of Contemporary African Brazilian Fiction 33 DAVID BROOKSHA W viii CONTENTS K Indigenato Before Race? Some proposals on Labour Law in Mozambique and the African 149 MICHEL CAHEN Figures and Tables 9. The 'Civilisation Guild': Race and Labour in the Third c.1870-1930 173 MIGUEL BANDEfRA JER6NIMO Figures PART III: THE LONG VIEW 1.1 Brazil: population by colour, 1872-2010 30 3.1 Structural relations between racist beliefs and dimensions of 10. Marriage Colonial Interactions with Marriage 56 Ties in East Timor 203 3.2 Opposition to immigration of people perceived as belonging to a RICARDO ROQUE different ethnic group in POttugal and in Europe as a whole 61 3.3 Perception ofinlll1igration of people as belonging to a The Free Afro-Brazilians in a Slave 227 different ethnic group as an economic threat in HERBERT S. KLEIN Europe as a whole 62 3.4 Perception of immigration perceived as U\;;lVll"W to a 12. The 'General Language' and the Social Status of the Indian in different ethnic group as a cultural threat in Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries 255 as a whole 62 ANDREA DAHER 3.5 Mean values of racism measures in different European countries 65 O. 'Noivos llmorellses' (Timorese bride and groom), c. 1900 215 ] 3. The New Christian Divide in the Portuguese-Speaking World 14.1 Catalan Atlas_ 1375 284 (Sixteenth to Eighteenth 269 14.2 1502 288 JOSE PEDRO PAIVA 14.3 Belem Monstrance. 1506 291 14.4 293 14. From Marco Polo to Manuel I of Portugal: The of the 14.5 Netherlandish tapestry, Triumphal Procession with Elephants 294 East African Coast in the Early Sixteenth 281 14.6 Netherlandish tapestry, Triumphal Procession with Giraffes and JEAN MICHEL MASSING a Camel 295 14.7 Netherlandish tapestry, Triumphal Procession with Giraffes and 313 a Zebra 296 Index 357 14.8 Netherlandish tapestry, Lion Hunt 297 14.9 Netherlandish tapestry, Arrival in the Indies 298 14.10 Hans Burgkmair, People ofAfrica and India ALLAGO),1508 304 14.11 Hans Burgkmair, Peovle ofAfi'ica and India ARABIA), 1508 306 Tables 1.1 Brazil: population by colour, 1995-2008 (%) 31 1.2 1995: self-classifieation by colour in open and closed questions 3 I 1.3 2008: self-classification by colour in open and closed questions 32 3 Racism: An Evolving Virus JORGE VALA AND CiCERO PEREIRAi THIS CHAPTER PRESENTS A SERIES OF HYPOTHESES and empirical results as so questions that have guidcd our research into racial beliefs and racial prejudice: first, does it make sense to talk about racism in contemporary democratic societies? Secondly, if it does, how is it possible to explain the ofracial prejudice and discrimination based on belief in the idea ofrace in lOrmallY anti-racist democratic societies? And thirdly, what possible peculiarities are social attitudes in Portugal in relation to people who are seen to belong to different racial or cultural groups? We will attempt to answer these questions our previous studies and by presenting new empirical evidence that supports the that we have developed: namely, that racist beliefs and racial prejUdice e:mressed in contexts in which the anti-racism norm is not are invoked and preserve a self concept defined as non-prejudiced. We arc thereby adopting a psychosocial level rooted in social representations, inter-group relations, legitimating and normative principles, and self-concept constmal. We begin by briefly presenting an overview of psycho sociological research into racism in the USA and in Europe. It is within this context that we situate our own investigation, carried out in Portugal, the main analytical lines ofwhich are described in the second parl of the chapter. In the third part, we present new data that allow better understanding of the evolution of racial prejudice in Europe and in within the context of migratory processes. Finally, adopting a mework, we present new empirical evidence ofthe evolution ofracial beliefs and their impact on attitudes to immigrants and to black people. i This research was partially supported by a grant from the Funda91io para a Ciencia e Tecnoiogia awarded to the fIrs! author (PTDC/PSI/6900912006), We would like to thank Rui Costa-Lopes and Denis Sindic for comments on an earlier draft ofthis manuscript. Proceedings ofthe British Academy 179, 49-70. The British Academy 20 I2, -- 50 Jorge Vala and Cicero Pereira RACISM IN PORTUGAL 51 Restructuration of racial beliefs and racial prejUdice How can this rearrangement of the bases of racial prejudice and its in the oost-war period expression be explained'? We believe that a normative explanation, as proposed Pettigrew, could provide clarificationS In fact, after the Second Wodd War In the 19908, a series ofstudies published in the USA revealed attitudes and the confrontation with the consequences of racist ideology, it was difficult to towards black people were decreasing significantly2 Thirty years after the struggle defend biological racism and its justifications publicly. It is true that the apartheid and the institutionalisation ofequal rights between whites and blacks in South Africa was rounded after the Second World War, in 1948, and in the USA, it was becoming clear that beliefs, stereotypes and negative attit11des that twenty years, dominated by protests and struggle, passed between the towards black people were changing. end of the war and the passing ofthe Civil Act (1964) and the Rights It was also in the 1990s that a theoretically oriented analysis of the results of Act (1965) in the United States. But it is also true that these struggles and the the 19881Autumn Eurobarometer, by Pettigrew and colleagues, revealed that legislative changes to which they gave rise progressively created an anti-racist Europeans had re,manged their beliefs concerning immigrants (Turks in Germany; social nonn whose impact on individual and collective attitudes is, in our opinion, North Africans and Asians in France; Surinamese and Turks in the Netherla demonstrated by the aforementioned studies. West Indians and Asians in Great Britain).3 These beliefs were structured into a Individuals' relationships with social norms can assume different modalitIes. pattem that opposed traditional or blatanl racial prejudice (i.e. attribution a typology proposed by Pettigrew and Meertens, and inspired by Kelman's ofracial inferiority and expression ofthe feeling that the 'purity ofthe ingroup' is ideas on normative social influence, we would say that these modalities can be a more subtle racial rooted in a belief in the as: rejection, compliance, and interiorisation ofthe norms.ti Thus, the IYltniOT'"1tS from countries perceived to bc ethnically different \::,"-Pl<""'HJ11 of traditional blatant racism would correspond to the of tbe fterences; the attribution to these groups of inferior anti-racism nann, while the expression ofsubtle or cultural racism would imply a ofEuropeans). At the same the results ofthe research foruml acceptance of that norm accompanied by hidden expressions of racial of Pettigrew and Meertens showed that the interviewees in the four European which do not involve self-identification as a prejudiced persol1. Only countries expressed more subtle racial prejudice than blatant racial egalitarianism (rejection of cultural and traditional racism) would correspond to the latter corresponding to common-sense appropriations and transfonnations of the interiorisation ofthe anti-racism norm. T'he transfonnation ofbiological racism ideas diffused by the so-called scientific or biological racism and bv fonnalised into cultural racism would thereby grant continuity to basie racist belief~ without racist ideology. the anti-racism nonn being questioned. These The nossibilitv that biolOllicallv based the 1980s, had shown that racial prejudice based on beliefs in UIUIU.IW,;al rise to an were becoming reoriented towards beliefs in cultural inferiority extensive range of literature that is historical, ~ theoreticaJ-ref1exive,9 or more studies showed thal a new type ofanti-black prejudice was emerging, based on the It is in the context ofthis debate that the expressions 'new racisms' or belief that blacks did not share the values of meritocratic individualism and threatened the 'cherished values' on which American success was founded.