.4260 CONGRESSIONA)j RECORD- SENATE. J\fARCH 13,
cies for the production in agricu'lture, etc.; to the Committee RECLASSIFICATION OF S.ALARIES (llL DOC. NO. 686) . on Agriculture. 2277. By Mr. STEEL~RSON: Petition of Post No. 3l, Ameri The PRESIDENT pro ternpoTe, as in legislative session, laid can Legion, :Mabnomen, Ptfinn., favoring a bonus of $50 for the before the Senate the report of the Congr-essional J'oint Com ex-service men :mel women; to the Committee on Ways and mission on Reclassification of Sadaries submitted, p-ursuant to Means. law, oy the chairman of the joint commission, which was re ferred to the Committee on Appropriations and ordered to be 2278. By Mr. TEMPLE: Petition of the Woman's ClUb, of printed. Beaver., Pn., urging immediate action to be taken by the grant ing of go1ernmental or commercial credits or by supplying and DISPOSITION OF USELESS P.APERS. distributing direct essential foods badly needed by the peoples The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Chair lays before the of the Near East, and especially the people of Armenia; to the Senate a communication from the Secretary of the Treasury Committee on 'Vays and Means. transmitting schedules and lists of useless papers devoid of 2279. Also, petition of Local Union No. 854, United Mine Work historic interest on the files of the Treasury Department and ers of America, Elco, Pa., protesting against the ena.ctment of requesting action looking t{} their -disposition. The communica the antisedition bills now pending in Oongress; to the Commit tion and accompanying papers will be referred to the Joint tee on the Judiciary. Sel~ct Commitree on the Disposition of Useless Papers in the 2280. By Mr. TINKHA.A1 : Petition of supervisors of census of Executive Departmen~ and the Chair appoints the Senator the New England States, favoring an increase of compensation from Montana [Mr. WALsH] and the Senator from 1\Iaryland for c.ensus superyisors from $1.,500 to $2,500 ; to the Committee [Mr. FRANCE] the CQ:mmittee on the part of the Senate. Th"9 on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Secretary will notify the House of Representatives thereof. 2281. By Mr. WOODYARD : Petition of the Ooe-Thorn Post, No. 67, of the Ameiican Legion, Sistersville, W. Va., re!ati;ve to .ALASKAN RAILROAD (S. DOC. NO. 252) . the granting of bonuses to soldiers of the recent war; to the The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a com Committee on 'Vays and Means. munication from the Acting Secretary of the Interior, trans 2282. By Mr. YOUNG of North Dakota : Petition of Women's mitting, in response to a resolution of the 8th instant, certain Auxiliary of Newburg, N. Dak., declaring in favor of free information relative to the development and settlement of speech and free assembly; to the Committee on the Judiciary. the country traversed by and tributary to the Government rail road being constructed in .Alaska, which was referred to the Committee on Territories and ordered to be printed. SENATE . .. AMERICAN DEAD IN FnANUE (S. DOC. NO. 253) . SaTURDAY, March 13, 1920. The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid before the Senate a com munication from the Secretary of War, transmitting, in re (LeoislatiT:e day of Tl~w·sday, March 11, 1920.) sponse to a Tesolution of the lOth instant, certain information The Senate met in open ex:e:cuti're session at 12 o'clock noon., relative to the disposal and protection of the remains
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4262 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MARCH 13,
By Mr. CURTIS: and squirmings and turnings in the way of interpretation or A bill ( S. 4073) to authorize the construction of a bridge attempts at interpretation t]lan I have ever witnesse - . 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4263 liability through the pu).}lic press that something like 20 or 25 otherwise, to the assumption of such an obligation by the Senators who \Oted against the first Lodge reservation are con people of the United States; but here is what it says th.is morn templating \Oting for this one. ing about the new reservation : Already there has appeared a grave difference of opinion This ~ompromise-- among Senators upon the floor as to the meaning of the new one Referring to the compromise reservation- a's contrasted with the meaning of the old one. This compromise reservation does not affect the· principle or sub 1\lr. KELLOGG. l\lr. President, will the Senator yield~ stance of article 10 of the treaty. It is declaratory of our p~rfectly 'J'he PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator from New well understood constitutional practice. If a reservation is necessary York vield to the S·enator from l\linnesota 1 to preclude in any quarter, either at home or abroad, the foolish belief that the league covenant woultl require us to employ our military or l\lr.. WADSWORTH. I yield. naval force without the sanction of Congress, this proposal of Mr. l\lr. KELLOGG. I should like to ask the Senator if there is LODGE's will answer the purpose. And as interference in a dispute any more difference of opinion as to the meaning of the new might lead to military action it is not unreasonable to invoke the antecedent sanction of Congress. That process will cause delay ; it reseiTation than there was as to the meaning of the original may be fatal to the effort to prevent a resort to arms. Hut the point Lodge resen-ation which we adopted, and if Senators on this is not at the mo~ent important enough to delay or defeat ratification. floor did not daim tbat under the original reservation the en Here is a great metropolitan journal which says in so many tire obligation remained? words that the obligation in-rolved in article 10 will still rest Mr. WADSWORTH. Very few did, as I recollect; I can not upon the people of the United States under the language of the recall how many Senators made that contention, but at least so-called compromise reservation. the former reservation finally secured the support of a ma 1\Ir. LEJ\ROOT. 1\lr. President, will the Senator yield? jority of the Senate. Now, it is proposed to change it in The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the Senator from New some way, and it is announced, unofficially of course, that by York yield to t11e Senator from Wisconsin? changing it something like 20 or 25 Senators, who were bitterly l\1r. WADSWORTH. I do. opposed to the first resen-ation, and who -voted against it, will 1\11·. LE:NROOT. I should like to ask the Senator whether now vote for it. I thlnk tbe Senate and the country are entitled the New York Times has not in the past gi,en exactly the same to know how that happens. . construction to the original Lodge reservation? The contention has been made, Mr. President, that there is no l\lr. WADSWORTH. Not to my· recollection, though I would difference ).}etween the two reseryatlons. If there is no differ not deny it; 'but it is immaterial what tbey haYe done in the ence in sub tance, why the change in votes? How can it be past \Ve are now discu sing this compromise reservation, and explained r I am confident that the Senate is not trifling with that is what the New York Times is discussing. this question; that Senators know why they are doing things, l\1r. l\1cCORl\1ICK Mr. President-- or " ·hy they propose to Yote in such and such a way. I think Tile PRESIDENT pro tempore. Does the S~mator from New it fnir to saY that I knew why I \Oted for the first Lodge resel~\a York yield to the Senator from Illinois? I tion and why shall not \Ote for a substitute reservation which Mr. WADSWORTH. I yield. in any way changes the substance. is perfectly clear; there It lli. l\1cCORl\IICK. Let me submit to the Senator a copy is no mystery about it. of a newspaper \Thich has opposed the treaty as tlle Times has l\lr. OWEN. Mr. President-- supported it, which announces that the Senator from Massachu The PRESIDEXT pro tempore. Does the Senator from New setts weakens the reservation: York yield to the Senator from Oklahoma? By weakening his reservation to article 10 through offering a sub· l\1r. WADSWORTH. Yes. stitute, Senator LODGE yesterday yielded to the wishes of the mild l\lr. O'VEX I should like to ask the Senator from New reservationists and made a last desperate bid for ratification of the York how he construes the language "in tl1e exercise of full peace treaty. liberty of action by Congress " in passing on the question of That is from the Washington Post. Two papers which have whether it shaH or shall not furnish any of the means for held opposite news on the treaty are agreed that the reserva preseni.ng the ten-itoriul inte~itY. and so fort11, of other tion is weakened. conn tries? · .1r. W ADSWOR'I'H. l\Ir. President, in my obsenations upon I\lr. WADSWORTH. Will the Senator permlt me to come· this exceedingly important thing, I of course do not for a mo to that a little later? ment question the intentions or _the motives of any Senator; ~lr. 0\VEX. Certainly. but. as I said before, I arn so deeply concerned about our action l\lr. BORA.II. lllay I say ).}efore the Senator from New York in connection v;ith this monstrous article 10 that I ;feel that the departs from that subject that full li).}erty of action is pure Senate must be absolutely certain of what it is doing. There rhetoric. If Congress hru. jurisdiction of a question, a treaty shoul suit for breach of contract that he was preventeu from per just what deg-i'ee of freedom of action the United States would forming his contract by his own voluntary acts. have under the terms of this compromise. l\Ir. WADSWORTH. Yes. Mr. President, this is the crux of the whole treaty. This is l\Ir. BRANDEGEE. On that theory, of course, unless these the article in the treaty which has attracted most attention all parties agree to this, we are stating that we agree to do a over the world, certainly in the United States. It constitutes an certain thing nnd dE,>priYing our elYe of the means to do it. attempt, in my humble judgment, to put a strait-jacket upon Of course, if we ask them to agree to that we ask them to agree mankind, which shall not be changed or removed without the to an absurdity, a zero. consent of a supergovernment. It constitutes an attempt to 1\fr. WADSWORTH. I thank the Senator for his interrup pledge the Government and the people of the United States to tion. throw all their resources and all their men into any and every l\Ir. Pre i that without resenations the treaty is a menace to the Ameri- The reservation was rejected by a majority vote of the Senate. can Republic. I give to that editot~ the credit that, having been It is not now numbered among the Lodge reservations. The cominced of a mistake, he has manfully sought to right the Senators who voted against the reserv~tion and who thereby wrong. voted to submit to a tribunal composed of seven foreigners, five It is true that there is to-day in the United States scarcely a of whom are the re11resentatives of emperors or kings, the honor single great newspaper that is not demanding the ratification of and life of the United States were: the treaty with reservations or oppo ing it altogether. Those 1 Ashurst , Henderson Myers :Smith, Md. who demand the ratification of the treaty with reservations act Bankhead Hitchcock Nelson :Smith, IS. C. from different motives. I believe most of them are honest, and ~~;~~~lain Johnson, l:>. Dak. g~;;~~n :Smoot :Sterling Colt L Mex. owen most of them belieye that 1·eservations must be put upon the k~~[;g:· :Swanson treaty; but if we can just have this question go to th~ American C~1mmins Kenurick Phelan Thomas people it will not be long after the fight of the campaign is on ~~~e ~:~:~n ~~~~:e~e Townsend Trammell until you will find a great number of them declaring that they Fletcher King Ransdell Underwood were always against the treaty-head, horns, and tail-and that Gay Kirby Robinson Walsh, Mass. Walsh, Mont. it all ought to be rejected. f1;_~~Y Krecc~~\er ~P!~~~~ Warren However, the Senator from Georgia [1\lr. SMITH]-and I am Harris McKellar Smith, Ariz. Williams very glad he said it-tells us the treaty mu t be adopted now Harrison l\IcNary l:>mith, Ga. Wolcott or it will never be adopted. Tho e for the reservation were: Why will it neYer be adopted? Because, to adopt the Ian- Ball France Lodge Phipps guage of Robert Lansing, the people are finding out what the Borah Frelinghuysen McCormick Poindexter treaty lets them in for. There is not a Senator but knows that ~~fJ:r:gee g~~:;na ~~~e~an Reed Capper Harding New 8herman if the question \vere submitted to the people, " Shall the treaty l:>hields be accepted without amendments or reservation ?" or, "Shall it Curtis Johnson, CaliL Newberry :Spencer be rejected?" that it would be incontinently rejected by a major- ~i~{~fbnm konnoe:· Wash. ~~~~is Hutherland Wadsworth it"y of the people of the American States. Fernald La Follette Pemose Watson And yet, sir, when these debates began there was scarcel~ a Not voting: State or a township of a State in the Union the people of whtch woulU not at tllat time have voted to accept the treaty exactly Culberso~ Fall Stanley as it was delivered to us. I repeat that the Senators who voted against this reservation But now we have arrived at the point >vhere the country is declared that they were willing to submit the vital interests of convinced that there are 14 great evils yet remaining in this the United States to a body of seven foreigners. in trurnent, and the only hope for its ratification is to admit 1\lark you, we do not sit and our antagonist does not sit; those evils and cut them out. A little further debate--and to no American sits; we are to submit' the vital interests of the tllis I shall O'tve attention in a clay or two-will demonstrate United States to a tribunal upon whicl1 sit the representative that the Lodege reservations do not take the evils out of the of the King of England, of the Mikado of Japan, of the King instrument. I undertake to prove on the floor of the Senate of Italy, of the King of Greece, of the King of Spain, of the that after the Lodge reservations have been made the world. King of Belgium, nnd the representatives of the Republics of government set up under the league can involve this country ln France and Brazil. Of those named our antagonist will not nil the wars of the \YOrld without the consent of Congress. sit, but the others \Yill be there. So, I repeat, it is. proposed I shall undertake to prove that notwithstanding the Lodge that the vital interests of the United States shall be submitted reservations we by this treaty sacrifice the sovereignty of the to a tribunal of foreigners instead of being kept, as our Yital United States. interests are now kept, in the hearts of the '".A.merican people, I shall also undertake to show that in o far as the Presi protected by their strong arms and heroic souls. dent and the Senate can prostrate the glory, honor, and inde l\1r. BRA.l\TDEGEE. l\1r. President-- pendence of the United States at the feet of. European po:wers The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from l\lis this document, even with the Lodge reservat10ns, accomplishes souri yield to the Senator from Connecticut? that infamous result. Mr. REED. I do. Coming to a discussion of the resenations, I candidly admit Mr. BRANDEGEE. Does the Senator belie"\"e that the people that their tendency is in the right direction, but they do not of any country which may become -a member of th€ league go far enough to accomplish a substantial result. could be induced to submit to a decision of this tribunal against Of what avail is it to declare that the United States assumes their vital interests if they could resist successfully? no obligation under a particular article if the same obliga Mr. REED. Unquestionably they could not; unquestionably tion is imposed by other articles against \Yhich there is no the United States would fight, but it would fight under the reservation? disadvantage of this treacherous contract. Do it if you will, What does it profit us to place slight limitations upon spe but when you do it do not go out to the American people and cific acts of a world government and at tlle same time grant say you have Americanized this contract; do not go out to the general powers which include and go beyond the specific powers American people and tell them that you have agreed to submit we have sought to preserve? . the life of the United. States to a tribunal of foreigners and The Lodge reservations are open to these objections. that that is an Americanized doooment. It is a treasonable It is as though a farmer were to seek to protect his crops thing. If Eugene Debs had returned. from Europe and pro by a fence and yet leave in the fence a numbet· of gaps through posed action without force that would have resulted in sub which marauding cattle could enter and devour the produce of mitting the vital interests of the United States to a tribunal of his field. seven aliens be would have been hanged before this if the It is as though one were to seek to protect by a dike the crowd had gotten hold of him, and if the law bad seizetl hold ravages of a flood and yet leave breaks in the dike through of him he would have been sent to the penitentiary. which the waters could pour with resistless force. This league covenant with the Lodge reservations is con After all the Lodge reservations have been accepted they stantly referred to as an Americanized document. "An Ameri leave to the league a jurisdiction so broad that it may assume canized document," indeed! Let me paint you a picture: The to pass upon questions which involve the life of the Republic. United States has a controversy over the Panama Canal. It A single example proves my statement. undertakes to say that it is going to run that canal as it sees There was offered by the Foreign Relations Committee a res fit, because it is its property, and it is actually going to charge ervation which I suggested. Briefly, it provided that the United tolls to a British -ship for going through the canal and it is States declines to submit to the League of Nations any question going to- let its own coastwise vessels go through without pay involving its national honor or its vital interests. The reserva ing any toll. Thereupon the process of "Americanization" tion was defeated. Every Senator who voted against that reser begins. We are summoned, at the suit of Great Britain, to vation declared by his vote that under the covenant of the where is our new capital to be? league we were compelled to submit our national honor and l\lr. BORAH. In London. ntal interests to the league. He declared by his vote that under l\lr. REED. I think that is where it is actually going to be, the league covenant we were obliged to submit questions involv but let us say Geneva. That is the first step in the process of ing the very life of the Republic, and be further declared be "Americanization." The summons is issued to us by tbe secre desire{l that sucb questions should be so submitted. That au tary of the League of Nations, an Englishman. It it delivered thority is still vested in the league. Notwithstanding the other by · a British sheriff or a British diplomat. Tlla t is the second Lodge r~servations. questions of vital ioterest and national honor step in the process of Americanization. The "Cuited States is must still be submitted. told it mm;t answer by a given day; and so I see old Uncle Sam 4268 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. ]\lARCH 13, ' packing his carpetbag and getting together all his old treaties But, coming to another example of Americanization, it was the and all the lawyers he can to go with him, and he is now going American policy, as the President said, even after we entered acros , o~er to London or Geneva, to be "Americanized." this war, that we should preserve ourselves free from foreign 'Vhen he gets there, there is a long table. Seated at this entanglements and the quarrels of other peoples, saYe "·here table are the representati~es of five kings and two republics. America's interest w-as directly concerned. Just a few days be One of the republics is tied to Great Britain with chains of fore we entered the war, he said: "Gentlemen, are you ready steel and the other republic is tied to Great Britain by commer for the test? Are you ready to enter where America's interests cial interests ; and now they proceed to "Americanize " Uncle are invol~ed, and to withdraw the moment America's interests Sam. He is told to take his seat at the table, and I can henr are no longer common with those of all the rest of the world?" a fanfare of trumpets as the representative of the great British The sub~tance of his language was that we would enter this Empire comes in and is announced by the crier, and he takes war for the purpose of \indicating America's rights, and then his seat ; and so they proceed before this foreign tribunal to we would immediately withdraw from the conflict. try old Uncle Sam, and when they get through they render a This was the American doctrine. Let us see how it will work decision that under a treaty we are bound to let British ships under this new kind of Americanism-this diluted, international go through the canal as cheaply as American ships, and the ized Americanism-this treacherous and treasonable Ameri decree is signed and sealed and delivered by a unanimous vote. canism. Thereupon Uncle Sam, now thoroughly Americanized, is told There is a quarrel between Italy and Jugo-Slana oyer Fiume, that he can either obey that decree, issued by the representa a little Italian town with 50,000 population. Italy and Jugo tives of foreign governments, or he can incur the pains and Slavia can not settle it. Thereupon the council of the League penalties that the leagu-e may visit upon him; and so the old of Nations undertakes it, and they render a decision, and there man comes back genuinely Americanized. upon it is ordered that the United States shall apply economic AmericaniZe this treaty? You can no more Americanize it pressure; that she shall cease to ship her goods to Italy or to than you ean make a domestic animal out of a rattlesnake. It Jugo-Slav-ia; and then the war drums begin to roll. Then the is a league of power, and the league of power is there, and the draft becomes automatically effective, for those are the terms of poison of internationalism is in its fangs, and the death of the new military bill-that as soon as we are at war the draft nationalism is within its deadly and scaly folds. An American becomes automatically effecti~e. The Pr·esident, by proclama ized trea tr ! tion, can call to arms every man between 18 and 45. Let us take another illustratioft. So the draft is in-voked, and we see the boys leaYing the Mexico proceeds to demean herself so that some day Uncle farms, the workshops, the banks, the counting houses, coming to Sam says, "We will not stand this any longer." The American camps of concentration; women weeping until the eyes are red people say, "Long enough you have ravished and ravaged our and the fountain of their tears are dried up ; and we see them border towns and our border peopl-e. Long enough you have brought down to the ports and loaded on vessels and sent across disregarded the rights of the United States. We propose to go over into Italy or Jugo-Slnvia, and there they are dying in a down there and stop you." Thereupon, Mexico wires the British fight they hav-e no interest in. Their blood is splashed upon the secretariat of the League of Nations, and again Uncle Sam is white snows of the Alps. Their bones lie whiter yet than snow summoned, and again he makes a painful trip across the water, in the valleys of the mountains. What are we doing with these and again he is subjected to the humiliation of having his sov~ · boys? Americanizing them; Americanizing them under this ereign rights interfered with by the satellites of kings, and Americanized treaty ! again a decree is rend.ered, and the United States is told that in Aoo-ain, a conflict arises between Poland and Russia. The the opinion of these foreigners, who live 3,000 miles away, council of the League of Nations meets and declares that Russia l\Iexico is right and we are wrong, and that we must let these is wrong or that Poland is wrong. Once more I see the boys outrages ~o on indefinitely. called out ; once more I hear the roll of the war drums ; once And so old Uncle Sam comes back again thoroughly Ameri- more I behold them fighting in a cause in which they have no canized! interest, dying over there on the plains of Russia, perishing in What do you mean by .Americanizing a treaty, anyway? What her swamps, killing men who ha>e never done them any harm did you coin that catchword for? What is there American on earth. But it is all right. They are being Americanized. about this treaty? Do we need it for our protection? No. Again, a conflict arises between Japan and China. China Does the League of Nations possess any power? Yes. I will men in Shantung endeavor to throw off the chains of Japan, not dispute for the moment about how much power or how little and China sends her troops, and her brothers and her sons, it possesses. I will say that it is a supergovernment of the who for 6,000 years hav-e lived under the Chinese banner, world. It is' a supergovernment of the world with the Lodge and our boys are sent there this time to help the Japs kill resenations on it, and it is a supergovernment of the world the Chinamen, where they have come to the rescue of their without them. But I will not stop to dispute that. It has brethren. This is an Americanized treaty ! The thing that power. Everybody admits that. Where does it get that power? needs to be Americanized is the United States Senate. It had no power until it was culled into existence, of course, Oh, for the ancient spirit that proclaimed the independence for it did not exist. If, then, you set up a new body of power, and sov-ereignty of this country! Oh, that the soul of 'Vash where does ·t get its power? tThe power that it gets must be ington might, like a pillar of flame, appear ! Oh, that the subtracted from the power of other countries. Whatever power heroes of the Revolution might march by, a shadowy host, anti it possesses that is conferred by the United States is taken from their fieshless lips they co-qld speak ! 'Vhat think you from the powers of the United States. To that extent we have they would say of Amelicans who surrender back to Great had our right to control our own affairs taken away. To that Britain the right to say what the policy of the United States extent we have sacrified the sovereignty of this Republic. shall be? Let Nathan Hale look down from his scaffold. Let I want to know by what warrant of authority, under what the dead arise and speak, and see if those who fought and - 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. ( 4269 _ If rou undertake a great task which requires immense power, control or be permitted to call upon, can make war upon that \Yhich in\ol-ves great dan"'er. then you must furniBh the power nation and crush it? or the danger "·ill be certain io result in your destructi-on. l\fr. KENYON. :Mr. President-- Let me give you a homely illustration. You send a sheriff Mr. REED. Just a moment, and I will yield to the Senator. out here to arrest a body of bandits, but before he goes you take Let us take a. concrete example. Let us assume that Russia away his gun. The inevit..'l.ble result is that you have increased and Poland get into a war or they are threatening war. The the danger to the sheriff. If you give him his gun and if you league can take any action it sees fit to prevent that war. Let give him a pmverful posse comitatus, the probabilities are that us assume that it summons these· nations to its bar and they the bandits will surrender, but if you send him there upon that defy its will; then the only action that can be taken-and we mission and disarm him in advance, it is almost certain that he must assume that they intend an effective action-is to conquer 'vill meet with destn1ction. Russia or Poland, or both of them, by the force of arms. The As soon as certain nations of the earth set up a supergovern President has said, and I quote his exact words: ment over all the world, to judge the cause not only of their own Article 11 is my favorite article. At present we must attend to our members but the cause of every nation of the world, even of giJs~n~s~~ness, but under article 11 we can attend to other people's those who have refused to come under the sway of the power set up, you interfere at once with the affairs of these other So we now have article 11 assuming the jurisdiction and power , and when you undertake to interfere with a great right to suppress any uprising or to conquer any -nation that power you had better be ready to back up your intereference. dares to fight. I am coming to the matter of the reservation If you are not ready to back up your intereference, then you in a moment. have incurred the enmity and ill will and aroused the fears of Let us take the next step : that power, with the result that war will be almost inevitable. It is also declared to be the friendly right The only '\nl.Y to make this kind of a League of Nations a success is to make it so powerful it can crush all opposition. If you What does that word " friendly " mean? do that, it will exist for a while and hold within its mighty It is also declared to be the friendly right of each member of the league to bring to the attention of the assembly or of the council any bands the liberties of the world. But I warn you that even circumstance whatever affecting international relations which threatens • I' with all the power you can give it the day will come when the to disturb international peace or the good understanding between nations protesting spirit of men will no longer submit to an international upon which peace depends. slavery established by an international body run by five coun The right is here given for the League of Nations to dip its tries, and war will result. fingers into every conceivable kind of question that in its But to put that ern off as long as possible, you had better be opinion-for there is no Supreme Court to regulate its conduct ready before you undertake this herculean task to arm yourself and no Constitution to limit its authority-will result in dis with the strength of Hercules. Oth~rwise you will only stir up turbing the good understanding between nations. disturbance and sou will bring to yourself calamity. Now we come to article 15: You have bad a very recent example. There lay Russia pros If there should a.ri&e between mem~rs of the league any dispute trate for the time being. We had the option of letting Russia likely to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration in alone, letting her attend to her own business and work out her accordance with article 13, the member.s of the league agree that they will submit the matter to the council. Any party to the dispute may own salvation, and in the end hoping for her friendship. Or effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of the dispute we had the other option, to go in and conquer her and set up a to the secretary general, who will make all necessary arrangements for stable government. 'Ve did neither. We went in far enough a full investigation and consideration thereof. to irritate Rus ia and obtain her ill will for perhaps a century. * * * * * • • The council shall endeavor to effect a settlement of the dispute, and We went there half armed, half equipped, half prepared. Con if such efl'orts are successful a statement shall be made public giving tempt, perhaps, would be a better expression to employ. Hav such facts and explanations regarding the dispute and the terms of ing goaded Rus ia and incurred the ill will of her people and lost settlement thereof as the council may deem ap~ropriate. If the dispute is not thus settled the counc1l either unanimously or the lives of a lot of gallant men, we withdrew. That was a war by a majority vote shall make and publish a report containing a state with reservations; and a war with reservations, like a treaty ment of the faets of the dl&pute and the recommendations which are \Vith reservations, is always bound to be a failure. deemed just and proper in regard thereto. Sir, therefore I say the President is logical when he says * * * * * * * take this treaty or leave it; take it and give it power to func It a report by the council is unanimously agreed to by the members thereof other than the representatives ~f one or more of the parties to tion or else be men enough to reject it. He has not only said the di pute, the members of the league agree that they will not go to that onee, but he has aid it a score of times. war with any party to the dispute which complies with the recommenda Mr. KENYON. Mr. President, I was going to ask the Senator funs of the report. before he left the other subject if he thinks that under the So if the decisioL was against us, no m·atter how infamous it reservations as propo ed the sending of the boys a.cross the might be and how vital the question might be to our life, we water to fight the battles of other nations can be done? are bound not to go to our own defense and to assert our rights. 1\lr. REED. Absolutely. Then there is a provision that the dispute may be sent to the Ur. KENYON. I am not willing to vote for anything which as mbly by mere notice : will permit that to be done, but I have been under the impression The council may in any case under thls article refer the dispute to that tl1e proposed reservations would prevent that very thing. the assembly. The dispute shall be so referred at the request of either I would like to have the Senator's view as to why the reserva party to the dispute, 'Provided that such request shall be made within tions will not preYent it. 14 days after the submission of the dispute to the council. Mr. REED. That is a th~me that I intend to discuss later. And then article 16- 'Vill the Senator pardon me if I defer my answer? Should any member of the league Mr. KE~ON. I am perfectly willing to withdraw my ques ! want the Senator to get this- tion and let the Senator take that up when he rea~hes it. Mr. REED. No ; I want very briefly to answer it at this time. rtsort to war in disregard of its covenants under articles 12, 13, or It is pro-vided in article 3: 15- The assembly may deal at its meetings with any matter within the That is, if the decision has bee-n against us and if we dare to sphere of action of the league or affecting the peace of the world. go to war- it shall ipso facto be deemed to have committed an act of war agairu;t In article 4 it is proyided that- all other members of the league, which hereby undertake immediately The council may deal at its meetings with any matter within the to subject it to the severance ot all trade or financial relations, the sphere of action of the league or affecting the peace of the world. prohibition of all intercourse between their nationals and the nationals of the covenant-breaking State, and the prevention of all financia~ Thus is gi...-en by these two propositions a complete jurisdic commercial, or personal intercourse between the nationals of the co>e tion over every question, external and internal, that, in the nant-breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether a opinion of the masters of these two bodies, affects the peace of member of the league or not. . the world. There is nothing in human language that can be I will stop there for just a moment. We will assume, now, broader than the phraseology I have referred to. that theTe is a dispute between Russia. and Roumania; that there Article 11 recites that- is a unaniloous decision ; that one of those countries does not Any wa.r or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the obey that decision. What is the situation we are in? We have members of the league or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to solemnly agreed tbat we will ~loy all these forces. but whether the whele league, and the league shall take any action that may be we agree to it or not. whether we except ourselves from it or not, deemed wise and e.trectual to safeguard the peace of nations. what happens? We undertake to trade with Ru sia, it being the What does that mean'? The league may ta.ke any action offending party, but when we do undertake to trade with it all effectually to safeguard the peace of nations. What does that the rest of the world ba>e agreed to seize our ships; to pro mean except that the league, with the armies and navies it may hibit all intercourse between our nationals and the nationals of 4270 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. I\fARCII 13, Russia; to cut off our commerce on the seas, and have done to 1\Ir. LODGE. I am speaking on only one })Oint. and that is us every act which goes with the making of war, except, up to the employment of the Army or the Navy. I say the English this point, we have not been required to send our troops there. language can not express the idea more plainly than it is ex Let us take the next step. pressed here; and it is in precisely the same language as in It shall be the duty of the council in Ruch case to recommend to the the original reservation: several Governments concerned what effective military, naval, or air .~he United States assum('s no t;~bligation • • • to employ the force the members of the lea.gue shall severally contribute to the armed m1htary or naval forces of the Umted States under any article of the forces to be used to protect the covenants of the league. treaty for any purpose. vVe have entered this thing, we have agreed to this · proposi- I confine that statement, of course, simply to the Army and tion, we have set up a tribtmal to make the recommendations, the Nary. and if the nations of the world do not obey that recommendation, Mr. REED. Now, let us see where that leads us. The point then the league melts to pieces and is nothing; but if they do may seem a little finely drawn, but when this document is laid obey it, if it is intended that they shall obey it, there is an abso- down on an international table it will be found that it is a very lute power vested in the council to tell us how many soldiers to substantial point. The council of the League of Nations meets send, and it is our duty to send them. and resolves in favor of the use of an army and navy. The I want somebody to point me to a reservation that does away United States has agreed to this treaty; it has agreed to the with that obligation. setting up of that tribunal; it has agreed to that tribunal's 1\Ir. KENYON. Does not the proposed reservation that it jurisdiction; and that tribunal has acted. Our representative shall not be neces ary or permissible "to employ the military or has sat there and acted with it. Then comes the question of naval forces of the United States, under any article of the treaty enforcement, and the league recommends a certain number of for any purpose," cover that point? soldiers from each of the countries. When it comes to our 1\Ir. REED. From '\Ybat is the Senator reading? quota, we point to the clause that says we do not assume an l\1r. KENYON. I am reading from the reservation proposed obligation to furnish an army. to-day, but I think those words were in the original Lodge reser- "Ah," say the gentlemen on the other side of the table "you vation. assumed the obligation in the treaty to preserve the p~ace of Mr. REED. No; it does not exculpate us, and it is because it the world, and when you said that you did not bind yourselves does not exculpate us that it is offered. The second of the to send any army until Congress ordered it you did nothing Lodge reservations I do not think ever covered this question. more than to certify to us that the aetion of Congress was neces· It covered it in part; but the reservation that is now submitted sary. Are you going to perform your duty or not? And if is a fraud and does not relieve us from the obligation, and it you are not, why did you sign this instrument, and what are was brought in here as a fraud. The Lodge reservation was you doing in here? Why are you sitting at this table attempting that- to control the world where it requires power, and then sitting '.rhe United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territorial back and saying you will furnish no part of the power?" integrity or political independence of any other country or to interfere You can not take that position internationally. I agree with in controversies between nations-whether members of the league or not-under the., provisions of article 10, or to employ the military or the President; we have either got to be in this thing or out of naval forces of the United States under any article of the tre&tY fot· any this thing; we can not sit there and vote for the control of the purpo::;{', unless in any particular case the Congress, which, under the world anu at the same time say, "\Ve have said we will not Constitution, has the sole power to declare war ot· authorize the em- ployment of the military or naval forces of the United States, shall by furnish any men unless Congress said so, and we are under act or joint resolution so provide. no obligation to furnish them because we said that." It will Let us put our mind on that for just a moment. not so work out; it has not so worked out. \Ve went into the The United_ States under the original Lodge reservation ex- war to whip Germany; we had no other motive at the time. pre. sly stated that it refused to assume any obligation under Germany had insulted us. We had not been in the war lO days, article 10 and that it exculpates us from the obligation to fur- however, until it was a common enterprise and until we had to nish armies under article 10~ but when we come to the other stand witli our associates. Now, when it comes to the great provisions of the treaty it is now stated we assume no obliga- question of the settlement of the war we are told in each tion under the other provisions of the treaty. It is said that we instance that '\ve are morally bound, and that a great prou _. - 1920. . c-oNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4271 votes by changing some words- that do not change the meaning." I l\Ir. LENROOT~ :M:r. President, wfll the Senatol' yield Why will that get the votes? Are- these three or four Senators further? so foolish that they do not know it is the same hand· and· that The PRESIDING OFFICER. Does th'e: Senator from 1\fis- you have merely changed the glove? Are they so thick-headed souri yield furtfler to the Senator frem Wisconsin! as that, or are they hypocrites who want to change but are 1\Ir. REED. I do. afraid to change unless yorr give them an excuse, and so offer 1\fr. LENR:OOrr. If I were d1·awing a contract between two them an excuse, which is no excuse at all, by- giving- tliem the pa:rties r do not thinlt that I woul{.t follow tlie ad'vice of a third same thing? You merely change a few words. party who was trying to prevent the two parties from making The only thing r can compare it to is the incident of the boy any contract at all. sitting on a bridge fishing for suckers with worms. Some- 1\Ir. REED. Ohr Mr. Presiaent, thati i~ the old argument; tnat body said to him, "You had better cflange your bait," wlrere- is to say, you have got to be for the treaty before you ean. have upon he slipped the worm off and put it on the other- end to. anything to say about it; you must not call attention to the fad He \vas told, "That does not change tlie bait really"; but he- there is camou:fiaging and false pretense being indulged in. replied, "These are nothing but fish, andl they ha·ve not got There are a lot of men trying to· put themselves before the I' much sense." [Laughter.} What kind of fish· are these that country as cilampi I affirm, without going into technicalities and refinements, the league, becau ~·e it is an expre s obligation in itself anu the that we can not set up these bodies and vote that they shall nations are bounu without any action of the leag1.1e whatever. take a certain course of action and then escape the responsi Now, what about the obligations of the other articl~s? I nm bility of helping to carry out the very action which we our passing for the moment ft·om the obligation assumell in article selves have said shall be taken; for I represent to the Senator 10, and I am seeking to show, if I can, that even if article 10 from Massachusetts [Mr. LonGE], who is here, that the council were stricken from this covenant we are nevertheless obligated can not take any action leading to war unless the United States to plunge into all the wars of the world the moment we sign the by its duly authorized representative has voted for that war, covenant. If I can make Senators understand that some of and that it is an infinite and unparalleled absurdity to say that them will not vote for this instrument who now contemplate we can vote that a war shall be made, recommend to the coun doing so. What about the obligations of other articles? cil how many troops each country shall furnish, and at the By articles 3 and 4 we agree that the assembly and council same time say that we are not under any obligation to comply may deal with any matters affecting the peace of the world. with the very decree that we wrote with our own hand. By article 11 we agree, first, that in case of war or threat ot The trouble is we have not approached this thing with enough war the league may take any action it may deem wise; that is, courage. Let us see, with these preliminary words, just what it may take any action that it sees fit to take; second, that any is the jurisdiction of this body which we are creating, and member may cause the council to be immediately summoned; which can only function for the most part by our acts. In third, that any member may invoke the action of the council dulge me for a moment while I illustrate that. Let us say on any matter affecting international relations which threaten that there is a partnership of business men which can not to disturb the peace or goou understanding of the world. under its rules act except all of the partners agree. All the Let us change that language a little and paraphrase it and partners meet and agree that a certain thing shall be clone. put it in plain, blunt English. By article 11 we ngree that the Yet it is proposed that one of the partners, having agreed that league may do whatsoever it pleases, (a) in case of war any that thing shall be done, will repudiate the very obligation to where, (b) in case of any threat of war anywhere, (c) in case whjch his agreement gave life and force. ·it decides that the circumstances threaten to disturb the good Permit me now to call attention to the things that \Ve have understanding between nations. agree re et·Yations we write, we can not escape from such a situation. it means precisely the same thing. I want to modify my sub As I shall show, there· is no reservation that affects article 11 stitute by inserting at the end of line 5, afte1~ the word "·na at all ; it is more sweeping in its terms than article 10, and tions," ·the words " including all controversies relating to terri it is more injm·ious to the so-vereignty of this Republic. torial integrity or political independence "; and I ask that it Let us proceed a little further to other obligations-to article may be printed in that form. 13. What are our obligations under article 13? 'Ve agree to The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, leaye is arbitrate questions and every other nation agrees to arbitrate granted. questions or to submit them to the council. These questionS Mr. KING. l\Ir. President-- are (1) the interpretation -of treaties; (2) facts constituting '.rhe PRESIDING OFFICER. Does the Senator from Mis breaches of international obligations or treaties; (3). the ex souri yield to the Senator frorri Utah? tent and nature of reparation; that is, all damages or penalties Mr. REED. I do. to be imposed. Let us not misunderstand the term " repara l\Ir. KING. If I understand the position of my friend the tion " ; it means that when we are haled to that tribunal it has Senator from Missouri, I do not know that I can quite assent an unlimited power of punishment. ( 4) We agree that we will to the proposition which he has laid clown. His proposition, as obey the decrees, and every other nation so agrees; (5) we I understand it, is that it would be the height of absurdity to ageee not to resort to war against a nation which complies, be I'epresented in the League of Nations and to impose upon and eyery other nation so agrees; ( 6) we agree that the council our representative there restrictions and limitations which shall propose the steps-that is, any steps it sees fit-that shall would determine his conduct, or that if we attempted to impose be taken to give effect to the decree. restt'ictigns and limitations it would practically reduce him to a Now, we will assume that a controversy has arisen between condition of impotency, so that he could ·not function as the two nations, one of them complaining against ~mother, that it representative of this Government. goes to the council, that we sit on the council, that we join in Mr. REED. Mr. President, the Senator states my position in a unanimous decision against a nation, and that we command it part, but not quite. The position I take is that here is a body not to do a certain thing, and that nation proceeds to do it. upon which certain powers and duties are devolved, and that we Thereupon the council, we sitting, -votes that certain pains and help create that body to carry out those purposes. It func penalties shall be visited upon that nation, anu among other tions through the council, of which we are a constituent part, things we vote to send armed forces against it, _rrnd under the and it can not carry out those obligations and duties except by other provisions of the treaty we recommend the number of the vote of our representative. Now, if we say that our rep troops that our Nation shall send, and our representative votes resentative shall go into that council with powers so limited for all these propositions. He votes that Great Britain shall that he can not bind us, we have destroyed the effect of his vote, send 200,000 men, and that the United States shall send 200,000 for there is no consent by America to the action, and the coun men, arid that the other nations shall f-urnish their quotas; cil is paralyzed. If he does vote ftnd bind the ·council, then we and .thereupon the nations do furnish their quotas, and the war are in this position: We have set in motion the machinery; we begins. Do you say that any reservation on earth can take us have imposed upon others, obligations to do certain things as out of that obligation? Do you say that that situation does to \Yhich we say we will not do our part. If we take that posi not compel us to act, and that the only thing we could do, if tion, we take a position of dishonor. \Ve can not go in there we had an express reservation, would be to say that we take and by our vote bind Great Britain to send 200,000 men to the the position that our representative can by his vote impose field of battle, bind France to send 100,000, and so on through upon other nations the duty and obligation of going to war, the list, and say at the same time and in the same breath,·" We and m\me the amotmt of their troops, and that \Ye are at per will not send a single soldier, and we are bound neither morally fect liberty in ltonor to repudiate his act? nor in any other way to carry out the project which we our Mr. LODGE. Mr. President-- selves helped initiate." The PRESIDING OFFICER (l\fr. OvERMA~ in the chair). I · am not talking about that as a legal proposition. I am Does the Senator from Missom·i yield to the Senator ft·om talking about it as a proposition of common sense and decency, Massachusetts? onnd I am trying to present it and show the attitut1e we would Mr. REED. I do. be in before the world. Mr. LODGE. I do not take that position. but I do take the Mr. KING. 1\:Ir. President, will the Senator pet·mit me to position that under article 7 our representative can do nothing make an observation? except what he is permitted to do by statute. Mr. REED. Certainly. Mr. REED. Oh, yes. Mr. KING. It is rather more than a question. I agree with the last statement of· my distinguished friend, Mr. LODGE. And it' Congress permits him to involve us in if I properly interpret it. I agree that it would be an act of war it will be done anyway. dishonor, of perfidy, if our representative on the council should Mr. REED: That is to say, a statute is to be passed after vote for any proposition which resulted in war, made recom we have made this treaty defining the powers of our repre mendations which called for Great Britain to furnish 200,000 sentative. men or any othe1· number of men, and other signatories to the :Ur. LODGE. Why, :res. None can exist until it is passed. league to furnish various quotas for warlike purposes, and our Mr. REED. And when we pass that statute, we are either Government did nothing, so that we devolved upon our coad going to give this gentleman a seat at the table, and a vote or jutors in this great scheme the entire responsibility. But that not; and if we are not going to give it to him, let us repudiate is not quite the question that I had in mind, and to which I this treaty. desired in a respectful way to challenge the attention of my 1\fr. LODGE. The provision of the statute, of course, will de distinguished friend. fin e his duties and his powers. My understanding of this treaty and the reservation which Mr. REED. Exactly. Now, you have set up a body here. has been submJtted is that our representative upon the council 'You have said how it shall function. It shall function through must act or will act in conformity with laws which shall be the Yotes of different nations. It shall have these tremendous enacted, and that we may limit and circumscribe his action by and all-embracing powers. It .shall proceed in accordance with any legislation which we deem to be appropriate. 'Ve may pre tJ1e Yotes of nine men. You give a man a seat at the table as scribe that he shall not vote or make any recommendation with one of those nine men or you do not. If he takes his seat at the out submitting it to the Executive of the United States, and that table with the other eight men and does not vote, then the coun the Executive shall transmit it to Congress, and that Congress cil is paralyzed; it can not act. If he does vote, then the United shall determine then what shall be done in a given circumstance. States, through its representative, has set in motion a world Mr. REED. Will the Senator let me interrupt him 'l Does wa•·, if that is the question that is involved, or a national war, the Senator think that would be a practicable thing? Does he and has called upon the other nations to act; and :ret by statute not know that he has stated an impossible case? our man, having set all those things in motion, is held not to Mr. KING. I agree that that constmction-and that is the bind us. proper one, I insist-makes the league a cumbersome instru \Yhy, 1\lr. President, there neYer was a more absurd proposi- mentality in respect to decisive and prompt action. It means, 1 tlou in the world than that. You can ransack .the literature of of course, that before any action shall be taken by the league absurdities and you can not find its Df}rallel. and recommendations made consultation must be had by our Mr. K1NG. l\fr. President-- representative with the Government at home, and the Govern 1\Ir. LODGE. Mr. President, if the Senator will permit me, I ment at home could paralyze his action, and wher:e unanimity desire to modify the substitute I offered in accordance with the is required his paralysis would paralyze the action of the sugg-estion made a few moments ago by ·the Senator from Idaho league. That is one of the weah.'"tlesses anu one of the infirmi [Mr. BoRAH], to which we all assented, because we all believe ties of the covenant of the league. LIX· -~GO 4274 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. MARCH 1~, Mr.· REED. Now, will the Senator let me ask him another at the end of a war. We had all of the time in the world to question? make that peace, just us we have had a year consumed in l\1r. KING. Yes. making peace with Germany. But you could not take that time :M.r. REED. Does the Senator believe that Congress would in those tragic hours that intervened between the killing of the e-rer pass an act of that kind? Let us see where it would Aru;trian Crown Prince and the movement of the legions of lead us. Germany across the frontier of Belgium. Let us assume that an acute situation arises, like the one The Senator states that Congress may take the action he has which brought this war on the earth. The council of the League indicated. If we e-rer enter this league, and Congress takes the of Nations is hastily assembled to prevent that war. The mem action he has indicated, and the other nations take similar bers of the council conclude that certain action ought to be action, you could not get this league to function in 10 years' recommended in order to pre\ent it; that Germany shall be told, time. I will tell you what you are doing. You are proposing in the case in point, " If you do this, all the powers of England to have a foot race and to capitalize your man, and you are en and France and the United States and the other countries of tering him with a bad case of locomotor ataxia. If you ar~ tile league will be hurled upon you to crnsh you." But np rises going to enter this compact to boss the world, get into a position' the gentleman from America and says, " I vote for this,. but you to boss it. must understand that before I can 'do anything he1·e at all I If I may drop into a very common illustration, if you are have got to send a me sage to the President of the United gofug to have a quarrel with another man, if you are going to · States and ask his authority, and the President ha.s got to irritate him, if you are going to thrust yourself into his dis transmit it to the Congress, and Congress will debate for 30, putes, go full armed, so that you can protect yourself. Do not 60,_ or 00 days the proposition of whether the United States go there and get the difficnlty started, and then not be able to , wants to go ~nto this war and then probably vote that they will finish it ...l. league such as the Senator has proposed here would not go in at ull." not rise to the dignity of the mnch discussed debating society. · How much of an influence will a thing of that kind be to I run willing to form an international debating society, but I stop a war in a great world crisis? Have you not paralyzed want it to be a debating society, not a thing authorized to levy your infant? Is it not stilloorn, if not paralyzed? armies and to set navies in motion. But if I am going to set 1\Ir. KL.N'G. Mr. President, the illustration which the Senator up a power -to control this world, then I want enough power so gave is one which, I repeat, shows the "Weakne~s and the in that no nation in the world dare rise against it. Then I recog firmity which this covenant of the league possesses. I have no nize, when I ha-\"e set it up, that I have set up a power greater doubt in the world tha.t Congress will pass an act which will cir than my own country, a power that may destroy my own coun cumscribe the pov~ers of our representative upon the council. I try, a world despotism in which the liberties of the American haven~ doubt that this Go-vernment, if we enter the league, will Nation are sunk. I hope that Almighty God "\\ill paralyze my not commit to our representati>e upon the council the power arm if I e\er give my consent to so infamous a thing. · to take action there that would involve this country in war with Mr. President, I was discussing the powers of this league as out consultation with such agencies or instrumentalities as Con they exist, and I am not going into the realm of the future to gress by law shall determine; and in making that statement I Sllppose that, we having entered this league and assumed its concede that it impairs the usefulness of the league, or the coun obligations, Congress will hereafter put us in a position where cil of the league, as a prompt and expeditious agency in taking we can not help enforce those obligations. That is the propo decisil'e action at a time when prompt action is required. Yet, sition which is made here, not only by the Senator from Utah believing in the league as I do, and voting for the ratifka.tion of [Mr. KING], but it is the general attitude in this Chamber of the league as I have in the past, and as I shall again, I think, I many men. would not vote to confer upon the representative of this Govern Let me digress long enough to tell the country, at least, what ment upon the council full and unrestricted power to act as he I think about the attitude of the men who are proposing to go saw -fit in the emergency or crisis which should arise. Yet, in into this league. I have not seen one of them willing to face taking that position I admit that it cripples him, that it impairs the issue as it is. All of them take the attitude that we are to a large degree the efficiency of the league to act promptly and not going to plunge into the waters of this ocean and accept the expeditiously in times of great crises. responsibility and the danger, but that we are going in just far But let me put to the Senator, -while not a parallel case, one enough to get our feet ~ret. It is so monstrous, so wicked, so which furnishes us an analogy. The Senator reealls that when unthinkable, so un-American, that the only way they can salve the treaty of Paris was being negotiated,· at the conclusion of their consciences is with the thought that we are not really the Spanish-..d..merican War, we sent·over as our representatives going in. Hon. George Gray, Bon. Cushman K.. Davis, and Mr. Justice The only man I know of who takes a bold and logical stand is Day, of the Supreme Court of the United States, men learned the President. He says: in the law, men of great ability as statesmen and as jurists; Article 11 is my favorite article. At present we must attend to our ancl yet, commissioned as they were to represent this Govern own business, but under article ll we can attend to other people's ment, they kept in constant touch by cablegram with President business. McKinley, and at the conclusion of each day's conversations and deliberations the results were forwarded to the President of the Those aTe his exact words. United States, who communicated to them what terms of the He also said that the League of Nations was greater than the treaty would be acceptable to him as a part of the treaty-making Government of the United States. That is his viewpoint. His power. words were: I concede that that is not quite a parallel case, and yet it It is greater than the Senate; it is greater than the Gov~rnment of the United States. furnishes an analogy. We have a member upon the council, ancl an important question arises which presages war ; the council He looks the situation in the face. He proposes an interna meets for the purpose of deliberating upon what steps shall be tional government. He proposes a world government. He pro taken to avert the horrors of war; he communicates dally, per poses to enter in l'Vith all the power and force of this Nation. He hallS hourly, with the President of the United States, or with propo es to interfere in the affairs of all nations, kindreds, and Congress, depending entirely upon the character of law which tongues; but he seems to overlook the fact that when we acquire we shall pass limiting his instructions, asldng for the advice the right to interfere in the affairs of other nations we give them and instructions 1'\'hich he shnll observe ·with respect to the mat the right to interfere in our affairs, and that this league is no ters coming before him. It hampers him, of COl.Irse-; it delays more to function against other governments and people than prompt action. Yet I can see, 1\Ir. President, that that course against us; and that if it is a power superior to the rights of does not nullify the league or its actio~s or its pmvers. It other nations, it is a power superior to ours, and that if it hampers, in some instances it may seriously cripple, its activities, possesses a fore~ great enough to impose its will upon other but, nevertheless, it will possess great power for the prevention nations, it possesses a force great enough to impose its will upon of war and will exercise a great influence for universal peace. us. Thus it is proposed to create a power great enough to im Mr. REED. No, Mr. President; it will exercise great powers pose its will upon this counh·y and to crush us if we do not obey to create international trouble, because you ha:ve made an ar that will. rangement for something which undertakes to interfere in :Mr. President, there is but one power to which I am willing to international affairs and have deprived it of the power of trust my country, and thaot is the people who created this Gov action so effectively that all it can do is to interfere -and make ernment, and who, under the providence o-f God and with HiS trouble. Let me take the illustration the Senator just gave us. generous aid, have built this mighty Nation. I can not escape '\Ve were negotiating a treaty of peace at Paris, and word was the conclll.Sion that if I were to vote to set up a power greater telegraphed back to the President daily, giving him an account than the Government of the United States, capable of imposing of the progress~ What were we doing? We were making peace its will upon the United Stutes, I would be guilty of treason to 1920. CON-GRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE~ 4275•' the United States, and yet that is the proposition. We propose When you set up a power greater than yourself, hoping and· to enter a scheme of· that kind and then reserve certain thi:qgs. expecting that it will do that which is beneficial, bear in mind - 'Ve must either be a part and a potential part or we-must keep that it may do that which is deadly. out of the accursed thing. We lodge powers in American tribunals, it is true, but they But, Mr. President, this is a long digression, splitting up the are our tribunals, acting under our laws, confined by our Con things that I wanted to lay before the Senate into somewhat stitution, subject to our courts if they shall be guilty of acts concrete form. I haYe referred to the powers conferred under of usurpation. Here is a tribunal that is a law unto itself, article 4, the obligations of article 10, powers conferred by that is composed exclusively of foreigners, we not sitting when arti_cle 11, and I come now to the powers that are conferred by we have a controversy, those foreigners the representatives of certain other articles. I say that if we do not expressly except Kings or l\Iikados with two exceptions, and those exceptions ourselves from the terms of these other articles, then we are unhappily are nations that in most controversies \VDuld natur bound by them. · ally be against us both because of interest and of environment. Article 13 recites, as I have said, that all questions of inter t..rhat is the power you set up. Who will control it? It is like .. national law, facts constituting breaches of international law, the Triumvirate which was supreme over the world, and its will the extent and nature of reparations-that is, damages to be was the law of the 'Yorld. From its will there was no appeal assessed or penalties imposed-are within the jurisdiction of except to revolution. the council. We agree that we will not resort to war against Coming again to these powers under article 15, there is a any nation which complies with the decree of the council, and pretense to the exception of domestic questions, but what is this is true although it may ha>e assumed jurisdiction which the exception? Who decides what is the domestic question? Is we haye disputed, and although its decree may involve the life it the United States? No; it is the council of the league, anu of this Republic. Then we agree that the council shall propose an affirmative decision is necessary in. order to have a question what steps shall be taken to give effect to the decree, and, sit declared to be domestic, and that decision must be unanimous, ting upon that council as a member of it, we Yote what steps so that if we haYe a controversy which we claim is domestic, shall be taken. If we do not Yote, if we send a man over there the league nevertheless takes jurisdiction to determine whether with both hands tied by a law so that he can not vote, then the it is a domestic question or is not a domestic question. We league can not function, because they must have his vote to being interested do not vote, and unless eYery other member of function under the constitution of the league itself. If we send the council Yotes that it is a domestic question we have lost him over with the power to vote, then he has the power to vote our case, because there must be a unanimous vote in order for that is laid down in the instrument that governs thi::s interna the council to decide that kind of a question. No matter how tional body. we may protest our domestic affairs, a single vote to the con Now I come to article 15. It is there agreed tllat all questions trary and our domestic affairs will be taken charge of by this that are not arbitrated shall go to the council, and that nny body of foreigners. party can force the question into the council by a mere demand. That was the intention, undoubtedly, of the President. I It is agreed that with its decisions, if unanimous, tlle parties would not misrepresent him; but I am warranted in making to the controyersy not Yoting, the losing party must comply, no the statement that that was his intention, because, first, he matter how unjust; and again I say, even though the life of the gave assent to this document; second, he said it should be country is at stake. changed in no respect ; and, third, he said the league is greater Then it is agreed that if a decision is not unanimous any than the GoYernment Of the United States-the most astound party can make war in a cause, no matter how unjust. Let us ing and most appalling words that have ever fallen from the see ·where this leads us. I will take the illustration of the last lips of an American statesman, that the league is greater than war. · I will assume that the league had as its members the the Goyernment of the United States! principal nations of Europe, and including also the United Moreover, when tlle question arises whether a dispute is do States. A dispute has arisen now to which Serbia and Austria mestic in its character, the league by a unanimous vote must are parties. not only decide that it is domestic but that it is solely a do The council of the league is hastily assembled and an atteD;lpt mestic question. If in any aspect it is international, the league is made to pass a res-olution or decree that there shall not be takes jurisdiction; if there be one vote in the council of the war. If there is a unanimous vote, tllen the powers of the league to the effect that ~he question is in any .. aspect interna league will be invoked against those bringing on the war. tional, tllen the league assumes jurisdiction. We may protest But if there is not a unanimous vote, then the parties are at until doomsday, but it will do us no good unless it be th~ perfect liberty under the terms of this covenant to make war. protest of America's Army massed to defend this country against The question comes to a vote. Austria and Serbia, being par the united attacks of the league and of the world, if the league ties, ~tand aside, but Germany votes no. There is no unanimous holds together. When that day comes, I suppose somebody will decision, and the war goes on with the complete sanction of this remember with great consolation the fact that the mothers of new Holy Alliance--that is, they have failed to command that America were told there would never be any more war and war shall not be made. You never will get a unanimous deci that they were not raising boys for gun fodder. Oh, no; that sion in this world in any great controversy involving the inter will not be remembered ; that will be forgotten. The cry will ests of four or five of the great nations. It is absolutely out go out then, "Americans, save your country " ; and then, as in of the question, and the illustration I haYe given shows how the past, they will come, stalwart and braYe, indomitable and impotent this league would have been in the case of the last fearless; but because of this iniquitous compact you may com war. pel them to fight against the armies and navies of the worlu But suppose in addition to all that our representati•e. when instead of fighting against a single enemy. he comes to vote, gets up in the council and says: "Well, I am There is a decision rendered against us or against any otht>r a member of this council, that is true, but Senator KING, of Utah, introduced a bill in Congress providing· that we could not nation; then article 16 provides that any member resorting to do anything on a question like this until I had wired the Presi war in disregard of the mandate or the decree of this super dent of the United States, and until he had submitted it to the world government shall be placed in this condition, namely, if it Congress, and until a bill had been introduced and referred to shall go to war with a single nation it thereby ipso facto commits u committee and reported to the Senate and debated for three an act of war against all the other members of the league. So, or four or five weeks, perhaps. 'Afte1~ all that has been done, if Mr. President, when we sign this coYenant we agree that we shall I get authority, I will vote. If I do not get authority, I will not ·be put in a state of war not by the act of the Congress of the vote, and there can not be any action by the council," and while United States but by the act of a foreign nation over which we he is still talking he can hear through the windows the rumble have no control. The act of that nation in firing a single gun in of the carriages that are hauling the 16-inch guns to the siege defiance of the mandate of the league ipso facto puts us into thn t of Liege, and before he gets his first cablegram sent the 16-inch war. That is the express language of this instrqment ; no man shells are bursting over the forts that guard the frontier of need close his eyes to it. Belgium and the soil of that devoted country is trembling be Then what follows? I will read it: neath the tread of the innumerable legions of ·william the Third. Should any member of the league resort to war in disrl'gard of its CO\'- Why are we indulging in boy's play? Let us do something enauts under articles 12, 13, and 15- . or do nothing. Let us rely upon the strength of the American Those are the articles that give the league jurisdiction nnd people and our national pride and institutions to defend our the right to decide. Any member that does not obey the mnndale selves and to set nn example to the world, or else let us set up of the league and goes to war with a single nation ipso facto has n goyernment strong enough to protect, even though unhappily " committed an act of war against all the other members of th~ it be strong enough to destroy, for always remember that when league, which hereby undertake to subject it" (1) to the sever you set up a power to do good it also has the power to do evil. ance of all trade relations, (2) to the severance of all financial { -4276 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. l\IARCH 18, relations, (3) to the severance of all intercourse between its In a word, .as was said by Lloyd-George, if the league had been nutionals and the nationals of the State that has offended agamst in existence America would have been ln the war with Germ.any the league, and ( 4) each na:tion, which would include us, of · the .:first day of that war, instead of two years later. couTse, undertakes the prevention ,of all :financial, commercial, What reservation is there that removes this -difficulty? And and personal intercourse between its citizens and the -citizens or yet it is the very difficulty that is certain to drag us into every nationals-which is a broader term-of the State tlmt has gone war. to ·war. Every one of these.acts is an act of war. We .agree that Russia engages in a conflict with Poland. We are likely to we will do all of the e acts of war. They are calculated to starve have it. The League of Nations meets .and forbids Russia to a nation into subjection, to compel it to surrend-er and yield make that attack. Russia proceeds to make the atta.~k. lpso because its babies are sucking the dry "breasts of starving facto we are at war with Russia. We have agt·eed not to have mothers and because from the faces of the women has faded anything more to do with Russia, and ip o facto .an our com the rose of health .nnd in its stead has come the pallor of death merce with Russia is destroyed by the other governments of by starvation. ''Ve agree that we wHl do all that, and it is Qur the world, and we consent in advance that they Shall seize it duty not when Congress acts but when another State has vio: and desh·oy it. Where is the Lodge reservation that saves lated the majesty of this thing we are setting up. us from .such a case? And yet, if such a case were to arise~ I wish the Senator from Utah [1\Ir. KINO] were here. The we would be in that war in dead -earnest, in all probability, and Senator from Utah argued that we could submit these matters very quickly. Why? Because if we had not agreed by act of to Congress. 'Vhat a farce that is when we come to consider Cofiooress to this, and the 1eague was proceeding to seize our this article. I do not mean to say that anything the Senator commerce, it is very likely that there would be a vigorous pro said was faTcical; I am speaking of the idea. test, that our people would not stand it, and so we would be Under article 16 a state of war exists; we have agreeJ, as "I come embroiled in a controversy with all the nations that had have stated, to cut off ali intercourse, and each nation agrees united in that struggle. to that; in other words, the agreement is to blockade the ports Bea:r in mind the war goes on whether we are a party or no~ of the proscribed .country, to seize all commerce going to those whether Congress has said our .Army shall move or not. We ports, to completely isolate it from tile world. How could we .agree now that ipso facto a state of w.a.r exists between the keep out of that sort of controversy if we wanted to? Our ships, United States and Russia if Russia does not obey the mandate if we sent them, would be seized by the other members of the of the league, and we have agreed-and I aiD repeating .be league; our commerce would be destroyed if we permitted it to cause the Senator from Utah [Mr. Krna] has come in-that leave our ports, and destroyed by our partners under an au all the commerce of Russia shall be seized .an-d destroyed, and thority which we expressly gave them when we .signed this that every ship going to her ports shall be seized. That cuts covenant. The very thing would happen to .our commerce by off our commerce. Moreov-er, we have agreed to do things that virtue of this instrument which we went to war with Germany are the equivalent to acts of war when we agree that we will for doing. Germany undertook to stop our commerce moving have no more business with her, and that we will <>str.acize her ~ into the ports of countries "With which we were not at war, mov nationals, a.Rd that we will join in an attempt to starve her to ing into the ports of Eur0pean countries; and, because Ger death, for that is what "economic pressure" means. You many did sink our ships, we went into this terrible war-and could not have a condition of that kind for 24 hours without ,, we rightly went into it, however -costly it has been-but I put being on the verge of war. You could not have it for 48 .hours it to Senators who ha-ve a little independence of thought when without war actually existing not on paper but in fact. Where we agree that if any nation in Europe or any other continent is the reserv.ation that takes us oat of that? goes to war with an-other nation contrary to the command of the league, thereupon all intercourse with that nation shall be im Suppose we app1y th-e doctrine that has been so well pre~ented mediately stopped, all commerce shall be seized, its ports by the Senator £rom Utah-and l am speaking to him because blockaded, ·.and that ipso faeto we are in the war ; how can we I believe that in his mind he thinks of this league just as I do. under .any t·eservation sa-ve ourselves from the fate? Of course, r can not read the h&"l.rts Qf men. hut r can read their We may say we will not levy armies until Congress acts, but brains sometimes, and I know the Senator has a head full of when we go into this league we agree that other nations may them. seize our commerce; we agree that we will be guilty of an ·act Suppose the Senator's plan were adopted, an-d that Congress which is almost equivalent to war by refusing an-y intercourse were hereafter to say: "Our representative shall not -have any with the nation that has gone to war, not with us but with an authority to bind the United States." But, my dear sir, we (}ther nation; 11nd we .agree that all the other nations on earth have set up ·an institution that functions, and we have saic.l shall destr.oy or seize all the ·commerce going to the ports of that that that institution can decide the case, and we have said nation. · that if the decision is not obeyed, ipso faeto the war is here. I ask Senators to tell me what reservation tnere is that Ipso f-acto the war is upon us. Ipso facto we p'roceed to the relieves us from that situation which is created ipso facto by delectable busiBess of starving a nation to d-eath. To say that the refusal of a nation to O"bey the mandate of the league, and that is not war which is declared to be war by tbe ipstrument not created by an aet of Congress? Point me to tbe reserva itself, and that that is not war which under all the rules that tion that saves us from that. ~ challenge any man to do it. have governed the world sinee .Adam w.as a boy has constituted There is no such reservation, and there can not be such .a reser war, is to say the absurd; and to say that any acti-on of Con vation, beeaUBe if you get rid of that condition you have got to gress can prQteet us against that except an -action of Congress do something more than reserve or interpret. You have got to that keeps us out of it is to argue the impossible. strike out of the league the article which gives to the other But let us see. 'Ve take another obligation under article 16. nations the right to destroy commerce. You have got to strike The nations agree to support one another in :financial and out of the league the o'bligation upon us to be at war the moment economic measures, and we reserve that-let us say we do it another nation sllllll begin war without the consent of the league and they agree to support one another in any special measures or contrary to its mandates. aimed at one of their members. To put it in plain language, Mr. President. right here is where we .are going to get into they agree that if this state of war ipso facto arises, not by these wars whether we want to or not. Rega,rdless of any act of the a<;t of the Congress of the United States but by the action Congress, we are going to get into them. Let ns apply this. I of a nation 3;000 miles away, if a member of the league marches will ·go back again to the last -war. I am going to .assume that its armies down here agamst that nation undertaking special the l-eague met, and that it ~ctually got a unanimous vote-a measures, we will support that nation. thing that would have been impossible, as I have .shown-but as How are yon going to ~·eserve against ·that? If you .reserve sume that it did; and I take the fa-cts of that case, beeause they against that you destroy the whole force of the obligation itself are quite .familiar. and _you say to the world, ".Although we set you and the various Germany proceeds to the attack. "\Vbat happens? Imme nations to the task, although we have signed -a covenant that diately, ipso facto, we are at war with her. Ipso facto, without agrees th.a.t you shall do the very thing you are doing, although any action on our part, our -commerce can not be -sent to the we cast the necessary 1ote to impose upQn you the obligation ports of Germany~ and every other nation in the world is author to do that thing, stili we will stand aside and accept none of ized to seize our commerce if it is .aimed nt Germ.any. Ipso the t-.esponsibilitles." Now, regardless of all technicalities a.nd facto, we have j<>ined all the other nations of the world in starv treating this as a practical question, I .ask what Senator there ing Germany, or else we are suffering our commerce to be de- ·is, under those circumstances, who would dare rise in his 'stroyed without prote t; but ipso facto another thing hap;pens- place and say that the United States was not in duty and 1 that the obligation is imposed upon us to be a party to this, to honor bound to do her share? And no reservation can ever forbid our nationals to nave .any business with Germany, to undertake this sort of ·thing without accepting the responsi become parties to the proposal of starving her into submissiou. bility. ' il920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4277 Article 16 further provides that we will afford passage through Canada, the granary of Great Britain, the source of her supplies our territory for the armies of any of oui· associates, membe1·s of meats and all kinds of foo.dstuffs; better than that, the source of the league, moving to attack this offending nation with of supply of gallant soldiers? So it might easily come that the 'which we are ipso facto at war, not by the act of Congress but demand for free passage across America would be- made. We by the act of a foreign government ; not by the action of the have agreed to grant it, and we have agreed to do worse than league even but by the single act of that government. that. If a controversy arises of the shape I have spoken of, we In our isolated position that might and that might not have agreed to help starye England into subjection. If you amount to a great deal. Let us assume, however, that the exce]?t that by a reservation, you have not excepted the fact great British Empire shall be the nation first to defy this that we have agreed that all the other nations of the world league; and she is most likely to be that nation, because she is shall starve her, and we have agreed that our commerce shall the most powerful nation in the world save the United States, be withheld, for we have set up the power and authority to and therefore has the greater ability to defy the league. withhold it. Let Germany, then, propose, as a member of the league, that The further you get into this thing the more it is like the read• she wants to land in New York a million German soldiers and ing of Dante's Inferno. Each page takes you into a deeper helL move them across this country to attack Great Britain in Each exploration brings new horrors. Each hour of contempla· 1 Canada. We have agreed to give them free passage across our tion presents new dangers. country. The league has rendered a decision in a controversy Again, it is provided that the council shall recommend the [between Great Britain and some European country. Germany armed forces to be furnished by each member to protect the •revivified and once more strong, under the command of another covenants of the league. What does that mean, sir? I say that .. war lord, her heart beating with the same invincible courage it means an international army in presenti. I say that is what that has characterized the Germans in every age of history, the President understands it to mean, that is what the War proposes to send over here an army to crush Canada, and we Department understands it to mean, and that is what the War are to open our ports and give them free passage that they may Department is now preparing to carry out and what it is, in proceed to Canada and devastate her cities and kill that people fact, carrying out. which, nearer than any other people in the world, are bone of Let me make a preliminary statement. The Secretary of our bone and flesh of our flesh. War demanded a standing Army of 576,000 men, and he testi Where is the reservation on that? What reservation saves us fied, and Gen. March, Chief of Staff, testified, that we must from that horrible. obligation? have that many men to redeem our obligations under the league; How do you know that an army of that kind might not seize and they have never taken it back. our Capital, our coast cities, and overwhelm us? It has hap The Secretary of the Navy demanded 250,000 personnel for pened in all history. Every page of the annals of man shows the Navy, ten times as many men as we had in the whole Army that it has occurred time and time again. of the United States until a few years ago. The Secretary of Before I would ever vote to open the ports of this country War demands and the Chief of Staff demands that every boy, to a foreign army,· sent here for the purpose of destroying when he arrives at the age of 19, f)ball under a modified Canada, I would die in my seat. There is no reservation on Prussian military system be compelled to leave his home and this, and you can not point it out. I am talking to a few enter the camps of war or preparation for war. Altogether Senators who sit here, who represent as fine a quality of brains that means that we will have constantly under arms, counting as there is in ·the Senate or elsewhere, and I ask one of the Regulars and the Navy and the marines, more than 1,000,000 them to rise and show me the reservation that saves us from men, and all of this to redeem our obligations under this treaty that obligation. of peace, to redeem our obligations at a time when the lion and Again, somebody says that is fanciful, that it will never the lamb shall lie down together and there is none to make us occur. If it will never occur, why is the provision- written here? afraid. Why provide for a thing that will never occur? Why do we not add another reservation and say that the United States This will be the millennium, echoing with the clash of resound will never permit the foot of a foreign soldier to touch this ing arms, that is ushered in by the roar of cannon, that func soil, and that if he comes, to borrow the phrase of another, tions through"mighty armament. Ah ! what a contrast between "we will welcome him .with bloody hands to a hospitable that and the millennium of the Master that comes to the sound grave"? of hammers beating swords into plowshares and spears into Possibly I got a bad illustration when I suggested Germany pruning hooks, that brings us the vision of the sweetest face crossing this country to conquer Canada. Perhaps it is the that ever looked upon this earth, a Christ of peace! ·This is the Mikado, with an army of a million or a million and a half result of men undertaking to do what God alone can do. Every Japs, who are now pouring through the ports of New York and man who has ever undertaken it has made a botch of it. Boston and the ports of the South. Here they come, in long So, Mr. President, we have made all these agreements about trains that seem to never en~ pouring over the border of war, we have concentered in this body which we create these Canada to slit the throats of our Canadian neighbors, and mighty powers, we have agreed that the acts of a foreign we open our hospitable ports and welcome them in their quest nation can ipso facto plunge us into war, we have agreed that of slaughter. the council shall tell us how many men we shall furnish, and Where is your reservation that frees us from that? It is not we have agreed that foreign troops shall cross our foreign soil fanciful, sir. Danger lurks here as much as in any other part to attack a neighbor. of the treatY. Now, I want to inquire how the Lodge reservation takes us I would not attack Great Britain. I only speak of Great out of all those obligations? The Lodge reservation as originally Britain because of her position in the world. There she is, offered is broader than the substitute which has been offered, her dominions spread all over the earth. Her flag is planted and therefore I am discussing the original reservation. amidst the snows of the Arctics and the ice of the Antarctics. Let us see whether it is not limited in its operation simply to Her gallant soldiers are quartered in the towns and cities of the obligations of article 10. Let us see whether the obligations one-fourth of the habitable world. She holds beneath her sub of article 11, which touch every question that can possibly be jection men of every color, of every race, of every religion. Her considered under article 10, and the obligations of articles 13, borders touch almost every nation in the whole world, or if her 16, and 17, do not stand here unimpaired with the original Lodge borders do not actually touch, her islands guard theil· ports reservation before it was diluted, emasculated, hamstrung, as and hold mastery over their waters. sassinated, murdered by its own author, murdered not with a Such a nation is inevitably bound to ha\e controversies. I good murderous motive, which at least might strengthen the think I am safe in saying that there have not been 10 years o.f arm of the assassin, but murdered for no purpose, because they British history when the British battle flags have not at some tell us it does not change a single thing, and if, in their opinion, time been unfurled and British soldiers have not rallied be it does not change a single thing, why are they doing a single neath them on the fields of war. She is engaged in a race thing to it? I can tell you the reason. It is either because they to-day in the Orient for the complete domination of all oriental think they have fooled somebody or else they are changing it in countries, and the race happens to be between her and Japan. fact in order to get some votes, the vot-es of men whose con· To-day they are partners; to-morrow they may be enemies. A sciences will not permit them to really save the rights of Amer nation so situated, powerful, puissant, proud, will not brook an ica. That kind of a conscience finds its mainspring in the interference by the League of Nations with what she regards as political· hustings of the States of the gentlemen who would her manifest destiny. rather hold a seat in the Senate and draw a salary than to pro So it might well be England that would disregard the mandate tect their country, and who, instead of sitting here inquiring . of the league and move to war; and if she did, where would a " What is my duty to my country under my God? " are, rather, great enemy seek to strike her more quickly than Canada~- asking, " How can I get back here and draw my salary 1 " 4278 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE. ~lARCH 13, Let me tell the political artful dodgers that I am no prophet, own destiny; they know that the eyes of America turn in love to but I never saw a man yet who pursued the policy of the old the star of our national destiny, and that they will follow no line- vanishing will-o'-tbe-wisp into the mirage of international Writhed in and writhed out socialism nor into the grave of national death. So they say, And left the public still in doubt Whether the snake that made the track "Let us do. it now, before the American people have a chance." Was going out or coming back- The President, however, does not say that. The President said, "Let it go to the people." I want to read his words after a I haxe never seen a man pursue that policy very long who while. has not coutributed to his own political death. Sooner or later the people are gqing to make up their minds on this question. Now, let us see \\mat there is in the Lodge reservation that If the money of the New York bankers can keep up a propa saves all of the obligations of article 16, article 15, article 13, ganda that will befool them and befuddle them, it may be they and article 17, which I have taken so much time of the Senate will decide in favor of surrendering American sovereignty tem to portray. The Lodge reservation is limited to arUcle 10 and porarily ; but I know the American people well enough to know does not touch a single one of the other obligations. Let me that there will be no grave so deep that it will protect the dead read it: · body of t11e man who votes away the liberties of this Nation 2. The United States assumes no obligation to preserve the territo rial integrity or political independence of any other country or to from the indignation of the people when they once learn of his interfere in controversies between nations-whether members of the perfidy. league or not- The people of this country have the right to be represented here by men who are not looking after their political fortunes, If we had stopped there it might be claimed that ''"e were but looking after the people's interests. They have the right relieved from the other obligations, but what is the conciuding to expect from us the truth as we see it. They have the right pbrase?- to expecf a leadership, if you please, not in the sense of anyone under the provisions of article 10. here undertaking to command the will of the people, but in the It is exactly as I said in the beginning of my remarks; it is sense that \Ve will bravely analyze each question, tell the peo exactly as though the article read, "The United Stutes assumes ple what we believe it involves, and having stated the question no obligation under article 10 to preserve the territorial integ to them in that way, let them ultimately decide. rity or political independence of any other country ; the United And yet here we are trying to get three or four votes by a States assumes no obligation under article 10 to interfere in change in phraseology which they tell us does not change the controversies between nations." The words "under the provi meaning. To what end, pray? That a little more dust may be sions of article 10 " qualify all that precede, so that the only thrown in the air? That an already obseure question may be thing we escape under this reservation to article 10, of all the made more difficult to understand? Thus we shall coin new obligations that we have assumed under all of these separate phrases that we ourselves can not interpret and lead the people articles, is the obligation of article 10 itself; but we do not into new mazes; but I ~ay that when we get through the peo escape all of them, because we do still accept the obligation to ple will take a big, broad view of this question, and they are respect the territorial integrity of other countries. uot going to pay any attention to the dotters of "i's" or the When we come to the second part of the reservation we The :flags they flung to the breezes still proudly float, proclaiming the maJesty of law and freedom. · Their deeds of· valor and devotion are _cratic army! I can see the privates holding a caucus every reverently discussed wherever brave men gather. night to elect their officers and say where they will go! Of course, I do not criticize the Army for that. We can not have So page after page. I concur in that statement. I believe in an army and have it democratic. An army is a fighting ma brave men and brave people, and I have not any use fot; .any chine, and somebody bosses it ; and he is a real boss, too-be nation on earth that will not fight for what it thinks is its rights. has to be. \Vhen you are going to tell men to walk up to their No more have I any use for a man who will not·defend his home. death, the man who gives the order has to have some authority. I do not ad-vocate war ; I would like to see war minimized and Let me I;ead on from the display. I am reading an article by mitigated. But if· there is a creature on earth that I bold in Col. J .. T. Conrad, chief of· the recruiting publicity, United profound and absolute contempt it is a pacifist. States Army : But while we read these words of the glory of the Infantry, An intensive recruiting campaign, backed by $125,000 worth of paid and while we inculcate in these boys a spirit of military valor, space advertising in the more than 900 newspapers in the substation behold the women of America are told that their sons will never cities, and engineered by the Advertising Agencies Corporation ot New York, will begin during tbe week of January 19 and will continue for have to fight, that war is at an end, that the League of Nations three months. It is believed that as a result of this plan many new is the voice of God proclaiming universal peace. recruits, who might 11ot otherwise have heard of the opportunities Let the fraud and chicanery cease. This has been a con offered by the new democratic peace-time Army will be brought into the fold. · temptible and fraudulent attempt to deceive the American peop~e. In this pamphlet there is a picture of beautiful barracks, and Listen to this : there stand the boys, ranged in martial array, a delight to the The " selling point" in this campaign is the fact that recruiters eye and an inspiration to the lover of manly courage. Then are offering something brand-new. Everyone knows something about there are pictures of the charge through the forest, where the the old army and the war army, while but few know anything about the new democratic peace-time army. That's it! The new democratic men, their heads bent low and guns at their sides, are rushing peace-time army, with its educational training schools offering the forward with high courage and with dauntless spirit. chance to the ave~age man to better his station in life. Then, again, the post school is pictured, where, seated in And so it proceeds. almost palatial quarters, the young gentlemen 'are lear.r;~g stenography and typewriting. There is the classroom, and It IS l\1r. President, I can not refrain at this point from putting into the RECORD the statement of one who speaks by authority about the handsomest school you ever saw. and not as the scribes, the grea advocate of a peace navy that Then, again, there is another picture of a young man talking is to sail the unruffled seas and not even get as much moisture the sign language of the flags. Then there is a field of war, as a wave on board, the gentleman who was the author of the where two men, solitary, except for their own company, are cros~ remarkable proposition that we ought to spend $91~,000,000 ing a field, their guns in hand, charging alone the breastworks building ships for the United States Navy and at the same time _of the.enemy. ~ sink $900,000,000 worth of German ships to the bottom of the So we find them, until at last we come to the bayonet drill, ocean after the war was all over, and who recommended this, where the soldier in battle poise is preparing to thrust his as I understand, in the interest of economy. Of course, to the bayonet through the quivering heart of an antagonist; and all plain, ordinary man whose soul has not been lifted to those this, that might be entirely appropriate in the habitations of sublime heights where dwells the spirit of the. master of the Mars, but behold, it is offered now on this terrestrial sphere, just American Navy, to just an ordinary glowworm of this earth, when war has come to its final end, tribulation is to be no more, it might have seemed the sensible thing to do to take the Ger disputes are to vanish, and the muffled (]rum will beat the funeral man ships and add them to our Navy and save the $913,000,000. march of the god of battles. But, of course, an ordinary man is not expected to pursue the Here is one of the inducements they offer: heights that are traveled by the really intellectual. . TRAVEL. • He is a great advocate of the League of Nations. He would The Infantry roll call daily circles the globe. '.rhe sun never sets on have been just as much an advocate of a league of war out its colors. Should you desire to see America first, you will find Infantry right and so-called if the President had said so. He would stationed from New England !~ California, from the Gulf of Mexico .to the Pacific Northwest; Hawau, famous in song and story, extends Its have been just as murh an advocate of an offensive and de hospitality. The Far East-china, Sib~ria~..and the Philippine Islands fensive alliance between this country and Great Britain and holds several re~ents. The call of the ~orth is answered by Alaska. France if the President had said so. The tonnage of the world files before its ranks in the Canal Zone. In France and on the Rhine, it keeps the American flag flying. He would with the same alacrity and the same suavity have The Infantry's opportunity for. travel is unsurpass~. Here, _agai~, advocated the complete disarmament of this country and the the advantage of size is emphasiZed. Infantry occupies a station m considerable numbers. Your chance for obtaining a particular station sinking of e-very battleship if the President had. so indicated. His mind "travels along" beautifully. He still holds his job. inCf;!~~~ ~ tga~f~t1~~~):· It broadens the mind, trains the powers of But, of course, he is in a little of an uncomfortable position. observation, and quickens the percept_ion. ~rav~ opens the road to !n'eater opportnnity. The hum of the little village 1s no longer the roar He advocates a big Navy because be is told to do that, and he of the world. The veil of the unknown is brushed aside. New scenes advocates the doctrine that we are not going tu have any more and new experiences compel attention. In the Infantry you are a citi use for a Navy because he is told to do that. Ah, these be days zen of the world. when giants walk the earth! But the clock of time bas rung the knell of war. The dove of S~ys the Secretary of the Navy: peace now covers the world with its white wings. The sound of No man is a stronger advocate of tbe league than I, but in the pres war no longer alarms the air. The League of Nations is here, ent perturbed condition of the world the league must have a police nnd there is to be only good will. force on the sea, and I want the United States to have a force in that Wbat .a nauseating thing to have these two propositions put police force as large as any other nation. forward at the same time! If there was a single man connected What? Is it possible that when th-ese diplomats sit down with tbis Government in ip1portant place who believed what you about a table beneath the magic influence of the league of peace have claimed about the League of Nations, they would be dis they will still bave the hearts of men and selfish instincts, some bandinO' their armies, they would be junking their battleships, times controlled? Is it true, then, that men are just as they they w~uld be teaching the boys not to leave the village, but to were before they sat down, that you can not change your Euro stay there and cultivate the arts of peace. They would not be pean or Asiatic diplomat into an angel by having him sign his endeavoring to seduce them from the protection of virtuous name to a peace document or the covenant of a league? If homes and good mothers into the armed camp, beneath foreign the world is in a perturbed condition, how long is it going to skies. They would not be trying to withdraw from them the love stay? Since the new millennium has come, how long will it of the old village, and to make them "citizens of the world," take this millennium to get it back? You can not build a bat and to give them a preference for the roar of the great metropo tlesbip and equip it in less than about five years. If the league lis over the hum of the little village where they were born and is of any use, if it really is going to produce peace, surely it reared. ought to do it in five years' time, and evidently we are building I hold in my band the Army News for January 16. It says: these vessels for some time--- Mr. GORE. For souvenirs. Army launches recruiting plan ; War Department to give school prizes; contest for Nation's students. · Mr. REED. Yes. We are going to have a Navy as big as Advertising campaign to swell new Army's ranks. · _ the biggest. . Nine hundred newspapers, through paid columns, to carry to Nation's What bas become of our disarmament theory? Where is young men message of peace-time democratic Army. the child disarmament? On whose doorstep has that waif been I do not say it in criticism, b-ecause an army has to be an dropped? We are to build a Navy as big as the biggest, and army, but most of the boys who served found out how democratic what does that mean? I have not the figures with me, but I a thing an army is. An army is the most autocratic machine think that the British Navy is five times as great as ours to-day. pn earth; it is the most despotic machine on earth. A demo- Perhaps the distinguished chairman of the Foreign Relations 1920. c·oNGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4281 Committee can tell ine, or perhaps the chairman of the ,;Naval · l\Ir. · SHERMAN. I myself think the Senator from Missouri Committee can tell me, or perhaps that is a question which we is performing a great public duty and one which· is needed. have not thought well to look into much. But what we do Mr. REED. I read the following telegram from Tokyo, dated know is that on the waves of the ocean England's floating Jan_uary 20: fortresses are omnipotent. What we know is that, although .J.APAN PREPARES FOR HUGE NAVY-AN EXTENSIVE BUILDING PROGRAM Germany strained every effort for many years to create a great ALREADY UNDER WAY. war fleet, the moment the British dreadnoughts began to nose TOKYO, Janum·y !0. out of the channel every German ship had to go to the cover of 9igantic arrangements. are being made at the naval port of Kure and the guns of German fortresses or go to the bottom, and only adJacent territory to facilitate the manufacture of warships seaplanes, an.d other weapons of naval warfare, according to a Kure dispatch re once did they essay battle, and that was when they could cerved here. make a running fight with a part of the British Navy and get AdiiD:ral Ide, director of naval affairs in the navy department, re away. We know, moreover, that Great Britain has asserted cently mspected the progress being made on the new buildings but re fused to make any statement regarding the naval work. It was that she will not reduce her navy by a single vessel; that learned, however, that the Government bas designed new works to she puts her confidence to-day not in leagues of nations, not in enable the naval dock yard to turn out big warships and seaplanes in wooden but in steel ·foi'tTesses of the waves. We know that view of the lessons learned in the Worlcl War. her statesmen have declared that Great Britain has the free .Docks on which the superdreadnought Nagato was built it is said, Will be extended by about 200 feet, and the construction of the Akagi dom of the seas and proposes to keep the freedom of the seas. of 40,000 tons, will begin next spring. ' We know tha her admiralty have already adYise gaging alone the others that were united and were, coru;equently, because we are the richest country in the world, and will come 1 more powerful. · over here to prey upon us. That is what the Senator sai ' 1920. CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-SENATE. 4283 is that Nation which has by rebellion wrested her own continent put his exact words in. I am abbreYiating that. He sa:id that from Great Britain; which has in the Spanish-American War this spirit was so manifest that unless they yielded on Fiume taken the Philippine Islands at our very door ; which, against we probably could not enter the league, as though yielding upon our protest, took the Hawaiian Islands ·and the Island of Fiume would change their spirit, as though if they were that Guam, and went down into the Samoan group and took pos kind of men, who believed in marauding, believed in the old sessions there; and then went into the Caribbean and invaded spirit, that the yielding under pressure on Fiume would change Colombia, and constructed the Panama Canal, took Cuba, Porto their spirit and transmogrify them into angels of light and evan Rico, and is now purchasing with ill-gotten wealth the islands of gels of the new day. the sea. We, as Japanese, must arm ourselves against this A day or two later he certified that in France the militarists predatory Nation." have gained the ascendancy, so that France was doubly com Will not the Senator take the point of view of other nations mitted to the old order. Yet these are to be the chief coun in the contemplation of this question? He assumes all virtue selors in this league that is to usher in the new day. The Presi- for ourselves, and denies it to all our neighbors. He should dent said: • travel abroad. He should broaden his vision. He should get Militaristic ambitions and imperialistic policies are by no means out of his environment and see that we are living in a world dead even in the counsels of the nations whom we must trust and with which is getting smaller and smaller every day. Then he would whom we most desire to be associated in the tasks of peace. be a better statesman, because he would be better able to under That was in his last letter. He also said: Throughout the sessions of the conference in Paris it was evident that stand Anierican needs and international problems. a militar,istic party, under the most influential leadership, was seeking Mr. REED. Now has the Senator answered my question? to gain ascendency in the counsels of France. They were defeated The trouble is, the Senator has· traveled abroad too much. then, but are in control now. [Laughter.] 1\Ir. President, before I close, in talking about the military The Senator can not dodge this question and envelop it in a preparations of Great Britain, I call attention to the fact that .mass of words. I did not say that these nations were pirate Lloyd-George on Jtinuary 19 made a statement which led to nations. The Senator said it. The Senator, in so many words, the understanding in Europe, as is covered by a dispatch, that asserted that if we did not jom the Leagu~ of Nations all of Great Britain proposed to raise an army at that time of a half these nations were likely to come here and despoil us, because we million men for service outside her own borders. were rich; and he proceeded to try to prove that that was still When will we ever get out of this witches' cauldron? We their spirit by citing the economic conference over there and went to Europe for a specific purpose, to punish Germany for telling how unjust it had already been to us. offending against our flag and insulting us on the high seas. I come back to my question : Does the Senator say we are to We did not go for any 14 points. They were dreamed of, or have an international force, or not? He did say, a while ago, thought of, long afterwards. The Congress of the United States that we were going to, and I want to know if he recedes from it. did not even declare war on Germany. It declared that Ger Mr. PHELAN. The Senator from California did not state many had made war on u , and that a state of war existed. that we were going to have an international force, but that these We did not go over there to democratize the world. No nation nations jointly would take up the question of treatment of any can democratize the world. People can only democratize them recalcitrant nation refusing to abide by its obligations under selves. We have no more right to force democracy on the world the pact, and then it will be time enough to consider how it than the world has to force autocracy on us. Every nation must should be disciplined, either by force or by economic pressure. settle those questions for itself. It has the right to settle them. Now, that does not admit of an international force. It may The government that suits us might not suit other countries.. admit of an international understanding which will be reached I believe, if I remember rightly, that over 60 per cent, per at some future time to meet a certain contingency. haps 70 per cent, of the Serbians are absolutely illiterate. Are Mr. REED. That is a different proposition. It is not what they capable of the same kind of government we set up? In the Senator stated. I asked him the question because I wanted Russia there is e\en a worse condition. The creation of govern to get an answer. ment is a matter of development, but the talk about democratiz Mr. PHELAN. I will stand by the RECORD. ing the world was utter and•sheer nonsense. Mr. REED. I wanted to know whether this international We should have fought this war, stayed by it to the end, force is to be great enough to control any nation. Then, I joined in a peace which would have protected America's rights wanted to know who was going to command the international and vindicated America's honor; then we should have recalled force that was great enough to crush the United States; but our troops and let the nations of the Old World conduct their the Senator is avoiding the question by taking an entirely dif own affairs. Every day we stay there is a day of menace. ferent ground, and so I decline to pursue it any further. We Every hour we continue to interfere in the affairs of Europe have enough, however, to show that no advocate of this league spells trouble for the United States. can stand on the same ground with any more stability than the How many wars will they have? I do not know. How long proverbial hen on a hot griddle. They have to keep moving to will they fight? I do not know. I only know this: That human save their lives. I am talking about these men who take the nature is the same to-day as it has always been, and I know position that the millennium is here, and yet that great arma there has not been a time in recorded history when... there has ments are necessary. I am talking about them just now. not been a war every few years between some of the peoples of Mr. President, here is another statement. I said that I would the world. These wars are the result of many causes, but deep have something to say about President 'Vilson's position. Gen. down in the human heart is a sentiment that perhaps is the March came before the House Military Affairs Committee, and mainspring, after all, of war. It is the desire of an individual asserted: not only to have all that he wants, but to control others. However that may be as to the individual, we do know that it The military authorities and the War Department have favored uni has been the clashing of the ambitions of people. ·whoever versal military training for years, but this is the first time an ad ministration has come forward in approval of the plan. Secretary of looks for the sources of this war can not find them alone in War Baker has indorsed it, and, because of the Secretary's position, German militarism. Back of that was the imperial policy of it is a fair assumption that the President approves it, although I can England, England's determination to control the seas. not quote the President. Accordingly Germany· attempted to make herself dominant That is sufficient. We know the President did approve it, and upon the land. She entered upon a militaristic policy anu an does approve, or it would not be put forward by the Chief of imperialistic policy. I do not doubt that Germany began on Staff or the Secretary of War. Since that he wrote a letter to account of England. The two races were run side by side. the Secretary of War expressly approving this plan, as I under Italy desired to extend her borders, and for many years she stand. has been fighting in not only her own wars, but the wars of So you are to have a standing .Army, which is asked for, as other nations and taking her pay in territory. I have said, of over half a million men, and a personnel of the France has sent her soldiers into northern Africa and carried Navy of a quarter of a million men, and universal military on war. There German and French ambitions came in conflict training, which will keep in the camps of America from 200,000 with the result that they were almost at the yerge of a wa1: to 250,000 young men all the time. A million men under some few years ago. arms, and the personnel of·the Navy greater than that of Great Japan is extending her dominions, trenchin upon the terri Britain. tory of her weaker neighbors. In addition to that, I cite the fact, and I will not stop to read So the race has been run. This nation wants supremacy in it into the RECORD, that only the other day, in discussing the trade; that one wants supremacy in some other respect· anu Fiume controversy, the President said that the old spirit of out of these ambitions of the peoples of the world grow conflicts. Europe was evidently rife and abroad in the land, and that they But they are not our conflicts. We are not a party to them. were governed by the old instincts and the old appetites. I shall As Washington said, Europe has a set of primary interests in . \ .4284 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SEN ATE . 1\LillcH 13, ~ r· which we haye little, if any, concern. We should get out of speak 15 minutes upon any amendment to the proposed reserva· lthose countries. We should not thrust ourselves into them or tion and on the reservation itself? It does not limit a Senator r stay in them. There will be wars there, in my opinion, as to 15 minutes on all? That is what I want to have made clear. long as men are men. The only thing thn.t will change that 1\lr. LODGE. I think it does. order of affairs is that the finger of the Divine Master may Mr. BRANDEGEE. I thought it read " or" instead of " and.'r be laid upon the hearts of men, melt the ice of human selfish Mr. OVERMAN. I suggest the absence of a quorum because nes into the gentle dew of kindliness, and make us all friends some Senators are not here who ought to know about the agree and brothers, indeed. That is a divine work. It can not be ment propo ed. accomplished by calling around a , table a lot of men representing Mr. LODGE. I talked with the Senator from Nebraska [Mr. selfish interests, whom the President himself denounces in HrTcncocrr] about it, and be agreed to it. language so severe that the Senator from Massachusetts [Mr. Mr. OVERl\L.lli. If the Senator from Nebraska has no ob LoDGE] felt obliged to mitigate it by a statement upon the floor jection to it, I withdraw my suggestion. of this body. • 'J'he PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from North The evening papers carry the headlines that the monarchists Carolina withdraws his suggestion of the absence of a quorum. are in revolt in Germany, that they are overthrowing Ebert's Mr. KING. l\Ir. President, let the entire proposed agreement go\ernment in Berlin, that the troops are moving, that the be r end. Socialists have called a general strike, and that the President The PRESIDETh.~ pro tempore. The Secretary will again of Germany and his wife ha\e quit the capital. state the proposed agreement. So those people may ha\e their internal wars, and if they The Assistant Secretary read as follows: desire to fight to settle their differences it is not our business That not later than 3 o'clock p. m., on the calendar day of Monday to spend our blood in their fights.• We did not make the condi 1\Iarch 15, 1920, the Senate will proceed to vote without further de~ bate upon any amendment that may be pending or that may be offered tions in Germany. The German people made them. We ha\e to reported reservation No. 2, and immediately thereafter upon the no more right to interfere in their affairs than a European na said r eported reservation No. 2, as amended or unamended; that upon tion ·had to interfere between the North and the South in 1860 the said calendar day no Senator shall speak more than once or longer than 15 minutes upon the reservation as reported or tlpon to 1864. any amendment proposed thereto. Suppose some European nation had come here then, with its mighty army, and joined either one side or the other. This 1\Ir. BRANDEGEE. That, as I understand the reading of it, Nation would have emerged probably a half subject nation, and would give a Senator 15 minutes upo:a any modification pro the wounds of that war nnd the hatreds of that war would exist posed thereto and 15 minutes upon the reser\ation itself, but for the next century of time. We settled our own difference. It he can not speak more than once ; that is, if he speaks 15 was a bloody price we paid, and yet it was worth the price, .for minutes on a proposed amendment to the reservation and some out of it in the end emerged the mightiest Nation of all time, one offers an entirely different one, tt.en he can r.ot say a word her sons indeed brothers; the boy of the South has married the upon the latter amendment. I would hardly like to agree to daughter of the North and the son of the North has united his that, 1\Ir. President. fortunes with the families of the South, so that we have here a Mr. REED. While we are discussing the matter, in order great homogeneous people. But we worked out our own salva~ that the Senator from Mass~;~.chusetts may have it in mind, I tion. 'Ve are pursuing the high path oi the most magnificent would not like to see an agreement made which would prevent destiny a nation has ever followed. The star of our empire a ·reasonable discussion of other amendments. shines brightly on the horizon. It is a national star-represents l\lr. LODGE. This covers only the one reservation. the national soul and the national conscience and the national l\Ir. REED. I thought the latter part of it, as I heard it, spirit which we call the American spirit. could be construed to cover others. I sey to you; sirs, there is but one cloud which obscures the 1\ir. LODGE. It covers only reservation No. 2 and amend future, .and that is the proposition to surrender the nationality ments pending thereto and other amendments that may be of America, and to enter an international government which offered hereafter. will be controlled by intrigue, by selfishness, and by the civil l\1r. KING. As I understood the proposed agreement, it pas. ·ions which have held this world in thrall for so many would include substitutes which might be offered for the year. reserra tion. 1\Ir. President, I hope I have said my last word on this treaty Mr. LODGE. Certainly; a substitute is an' amendment. in the Senate. I think that it is morally wrong. I hope that 1\lr. KING. So that if a half clozen or more substitutes were it will fail. Then the world can look across the seas and say offer<:<1 it ~ould preclude a discussion of them; or, at any rate, yondor stands the Nation pursuing her own course, whose peo all drscuSSlon would have to be comprised within the time ple are sovereign, whose flag represents equity and justice,. a before 3 o'clock. Nation that has never endeavored to place the hand of power 1\Ir. LODGE. Certainly, the discussion will ha\e to take upon the weak; a nation of people where the equality of man place before the final vote. and the sovereignty of the citizen are the cardinal doctrines of l\Ir. BRANDEGEE. Mr. President, I do not want to be at all its faith and practice. disagreeable about the matter. I ·know how anxious Senators Mr. LODGE. l\1r. President, I ask unanimous consent that are to vote on the reserYation, and I am one of them. I have the Senate vote on Monday, not later than 3 o'clock, upon the been put in the position here before on just such unanimous pending reservation, No. 2, with all amendments that may be consent agreements, where the 15 minutes allowed would be pending and all that may be hereafter offered. I send to the sufficient upon the pending proposition, but when that is set desk a draft of the proposed agreement. tled and voted down some one else offers a substitute that raises The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Secretary will read the an entirely different question, and then, if the Senator from proposed unanimous-consent agreement. Massachusetts bas placed the proper construction upon the The AssiSTANT SEcmETABY. The Senator from Massachusetts agreement, a Senator is driven to vote yea or nay without [Mr. LoooE) asks unanimous consent that at not later than 3 being able to explain his position upon the new proposition. I o'clock p. m. on the calendar day of Monday, March 15, 1920, do not want to agree to that. I am perfectly willing that it the Senate will proceed to vote without further debate upon any should be modified. amendment that may be pending or that may be offered to 1\.'Ir. LODGE. I shall be glad to modif-y it in any way the reported reservation No. . 2, and immediately thereafter upon Senator may s1..1ggest . . said reported reserration No. 2 as amended or unamended; that 1\lr. BRAl\TDEGEE. If it can be modified so that no Senator upon the said calendar day no Senator shall speak more than shall speak more than 15 minutes upon the pending modification once or longer than 15 minutes upon the reservation us reported or more than 15 minutes upon each substitute or further amend or upon any amendment proposed thereto. ment, I shall have no objection to it. Mr. OVERMAN. Does not that require a quorum under the 1\Ir. LODGE. Then we had better make the day for the final rule? vote, say, abont Wednesday. l\Ir. LODGE. No; only on an agreement upon the passage of :Mr. BRANDEGEE. I would not object to that. a bill. l\1r. LODGE. I do not like to delay a vote. There is a gm· The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The rule to which the Sena eral desire to reach a vote as soon as possible. tor f rom North Carolina refers relates, in the opinion of the l\1r. BRANDEGEE. I do not like to delay it either, but sim Chair, only to bills and joint resolutions. ply because I do not like to delay it I do not care to be driven 1\Ir. LODGE. That i all-to their passage. into what I do not think is a proper course. l\Ir. BRANDEGEE. Mr. President, I wish to ask the Senator 1\lr. WATSON. Do I nnderstand the Senator from Massa fr{)m Massachusetts if I correctly understand the intent of the chusetts to suggest that he will ask unanimous consent that the unanimous-consent agreement proposed, that any Senator can final vote shall be taken on 'Vednesday? 1920. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. 4285• Mr. LODGE. No; I said it would extend the debate very Mr. LODGE. That is precisely what it now is, in accordance mucb, but I am perfectly willing to fix the agreem€nt to suit with the suggestion of the Senator from Virginia. Senators. I am asking for unanimous consent that the vote Mr. KING. I have no objection to that. on reservation No. 2 may be taken upon Monday. Mr. Sll\fl\10NS. I ask that the Secretary read the proposed l\lr. BllANDEGEE. I am perfectly willing to make the de· agreement. bate for each Senator only five minutes upon each amendment The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Secretary will report the or substitute thereto. I can state any points I have to make proposed agreement as modified. on any of the propositions in five minutes, but I do not want The ASSISTANT SECRETARY. As now modified, the Senatol" to have my mouth closed entirely on a new proposition. from Massachusetts asks unanimous consent that on the calen· Mr. LODGE. Oh, no. dar day of Monday, March 15, 1920, the Senate will proceed to The PRESIDE~"T pro tempore. Is there objection to the pro. vote without further debate upon any amendment that may be posed unanimous-consent agreement? pending or that may be offered to the reported reservation No. Mr. LODGE. Wait a moment, ~fr. President. I think we can 2, and immediately thereafter upon the said reported reserva· arrange it. tion No.2, as amended or unamended; that upon the said calen· lli. LENROOT. Mr. President, I suggest that the agreement dar day no Senator shall speak more than once or longer than 15 be modified so as to read " not longer than 15 minutes upon the minutes upon the reservation as reported or more than once or reservation as reported or more than 5 minutes upon any amend· longer than 5 minutes upon any amendment proposed thereto. ment proposed thereto." The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection? l\Ir. BRANDEGEE. That would suit me. Mr. BR.ANDEGEE. May I ask the Senator what his inten Mr. LODGE. That is perfectly agreeable. tion is as to the time of meeting on Monday? Mr. KING. Do I understand that that would fix the time l\Ir. LODGE. I will agree to meet at any time the Senator when the fir.al vote shall be taken? suggests. We have a meeting of the Committee on Foreign Re- Mr. LENROOT. At 3 o'clock on Monday. lations Monday morning. • Mr. SW.ANSON. Under that provision, when 3 o'clock comes Mr. BRANDEGEE. Of course, I do not want to assume that we would be compelled to take the vote? responsibility. Mr. LODGE. That is the object, to bring the Senate to a vote. The PRESIDENT pro tempore. Is there objection to the Mr. SWANSON. I wish to suggest this difficulty. Promptly proposed agreement as modified? The Chair hears none, and the agreement is entered into. at 3 o'clock the S€nator from Massachusetts could offer a s~ stitute, and we would be bound to vote at 3 o'clock and there The unanimous-consent agreement is as follows:, could be no discussion whatever. It is agreed by unanimous consent that on the calendar day of Mon· day, March 15, 1920, the Senate will proceed to vote, without further Mr. LODGE. The object is to try to get an agreement to vote debate, upon any amendment that may be pending or that may be at some time. Of course, the Senator's objection is to any form offered to reported resf"rvation No. 2, and immediately thereafter upon of an agreement at any time. the said reported reservation No. 2, as amended or unamended; that upon the said calendar day no Senator- shall speak more than once or lli. SWANSON. In most agreements we have fixed a time at longer than 15 minutes upon the reservation a.s reported, or more than which substitutes or amendments could be offered, so that they once or longer than 5 minutes upon any amendment proposed thereto. could be discussed, but under this proposed agreement the Sen ator could offer promptly at 3 o'clock a substitute to his present EXECUTIVE SESSION. reservation and there could be no discussion of it, because the Mr. LODGE. I move that the Senate proceed to the consid '"ote would have to be taken at 3 o'clock and that would preclude eration of executive business with closed doors. any discussion. In such agreements we have generally provided The motion was agreed to, and the doors were closed. After that amendments must be filed before a certain time. five minutes spent in executive session the doors were reopened. Mr. BRANDEGEE. l\Iay I make this suggestion to the Sena~ tor from Massachusetts? The Senator from Virginia has stated RECESS. an objection. Would it not accomplish the purpose if we limit Mr. LODGE. I move that the Senate take a recess, as in open Senators to five minutes apiece without fixing a definite time to executive session, until Monday at 12 o'clock noon. vote on that calendar day? If every one of the 95 Senators took The motion was agreed to; and (at 5 o'clock and 20 minutes his five minutes it would only mean a session of seven or eight p. rn.) the Senate, in open executive session, took a recess until I hours, but I do not suppose all Senators will want to talk. Monday, March 15, 1920, at 12 o'clock meridian. 1\Ir. OWEN. Why not? Mr. LODGE. That is a hasty assumption. Mr. BRANDEGEE. It may be unwarranted. NOMINATIONS. Mr. LODGE. I am perfectly willing to make the agreement Executive nominations 1·eceived 1Jy the Senate Mat·ch 13 (legis read that we shall vote before the end of the calendar day. lati-ve day ot March 11), 1920. Mr. BR.ANDEGEE. That is perfectly satisfactory. We can sit until midnight if we desire. SECRETARY OF EMBASSY OR LEGATIO~. The PRESID~"T pro tempore. The Chair inquires again if CLASS 4. there is objection to the proposed unanimous consent agree ment! Wallace S. Murray, of Columbus, Ohio, to be a secFetary of Ur. LODGE. We are trying to modify it, Mr. President, and embassy or legation o.f class 4 of the United States of America. get some agreement if we can. COMMISSIONERS OF hiMIGRA.TION. Mr. Sll\IMONS. Mr. President, I was not in the Chamber Edward White, of California, to be commissioner of immigra when the Senator from Massachusetts offered this unanimous· tion at the port of San Francisco, Calif. consent agreement. I should like to inquire of him whether Bertram N. Stump, of Maryland, to be commissioner of immi· there is anything in it that would limit the time in which amend· gration at the port of Baltimore, Md. ments may be offered in the Senate? Henry J'. Skeffington, of :Massachusetts, to be commissioner of Mr. LODGE. No; not now. As it stands, under the sugges immigration at the port of Boston, Mass. tion of the Senator from Virginia [Mr. SwANsON]. there is no Henry 1\I. White, of Washington, to be commissioner of immi limit on the time in which to offer amendments. gration at the port of Seattle, Wash. Mr. KING. Will the Senator from Massachusetts accept this modification, that all amendments or substitutes shall be offered RECEIVER OF PuBLIC MONEYS. on or before 2 o'clock, and that-- William Heru·y Treichler, of Sacramento, Calif., to be re Mr. LODGE. That only makes it worse. The object, as I cei'"er of public moneys at Sacramento, Calif., vice Samuel But· understand it, of the Senator from Virginia is to leave it free ler, deceased. and open to offer amendments at any time. Mr. SnDIONS. At the last minute? U:r..TITED STATES CoAsT AND GEoDETic SURVEY. Mr. LODGE. Yes; to offer amendments at any time and vote William Hu.mphreys Overshiner, of Cilifornin, vice Francis L. on that calendar day. If the Senator expects the session to go Gallen, promoted, to be reinstated as junior hydrographic and beyond midnight, of course we shall have to put it over until geodetic engilieer, United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in Tuesday. the Department of Commerce. Mr. KING. I will offer the suggestion that we modify the Benjamin Haines Rigg, of New J'ersey, vice Cornelius D. proposed agreement so that we may vote during the calendar Meany, promoted, to be aid (by promotion from deck officer), day, but not fix an hour at which the voting shall take place. United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, in the Department of Commerce. 4286 CONGRESSIONAL RECOR.D-HOUSE. ~lARCH 13, I • CONFIRMATIONS. The SPEAKER pro tempore. On this roll call 281 Members . BxeC'lttive 1101ninaUons confirmed by the Se11ate March 13 (legis hal'e an. wered to their names. A quorum is pre ent. lative clay of March 11), 1920. 1\~r. KAHN. 1\lr. Speaker, I move to dispense with further proceedings under the call. ~!EMBEJ.t OF THE UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD. The motion was agreed to. Admiral WilliamS. Benson to be a member of the United States The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Doorkeeper will open the Shipping Board. doors, and the gentleman from California calls up the confer PURCHASING AGENT FOR THE POST OFFICE DEP..ulTMENT. ence report, which the Clerk will again report by title. Robert L. Maddox to be purchasing agent for the Post Office The Clerk read as follows : I Department. . A bill (II. R. 902~) to giv-e effect to certain provisions of the conven~ UNITED STATES 1\IABSHAL. t~!pl fot: the pro.tection of trade-marks and commercial names, made and signed m the c1ty of Buenos Aires, in the Argentine Republic August John D. Lynn to be United States marshal, western district of 20, 1910, and for other purposes. ' New York. l\lr. NOLAN. l\lr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent that the statement may be read in lieu of the report. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. The SPEAKER. pro tempore. The gentleman from California asks unanimous consent that the statement be read in lieu of SATURDAY, March 13, 19EO. the report. Is there objection? [After a pause.] The Chair The House met at 11 o'clock a.m. hears none. The Chaplain, Rev. Henry N. Couden, D. D., offered the fol- The conference report is ns follows: lowing prayer : The committee of conference on the disagreeing l'otes of the 0 Thou God and Father of us all, upon whom we are de two Houses on the amendments of the Senate to the bill {H. R. pendent for life, health; and strength, impart unto us wisdom, 9023) to give effect to certain provisions of the convention for strength, and courage to meet the obligations of another day, the protection of trade-marks and commercial names made that om; acts may be well pleasing in Thy sight and promote and signed in the city of Buenos Aires, in the Argentine Re the good of mankind. In the spirit of the Master. Amen. public, August 20, 1910, and for other purposes, having met, The Journal of the proceedings of yesterday was read and ap after full and free conference have agreed to recommend and prol'ed. do recommend to their respective Houses as follows: That the House recede from its disagreement to the amend PROTECTION OF TRADE-MABKS, ETC.-CONFERE ~cE REPORT. ment of the Senate numbered 1, and agree to' the same. Mr. NOLAN. Mr. Speaker-- Amendment numbered 2: That the House recede from its dis The SPEAKER pro tempore. For what purpose does the agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 2 and gentleman rise? agree to the same with an amendent as follows: In lieu ~f the Mr. NOLAN. To call up the conference report on the bill matter proposed by the Senate amendment insert the following: .H. n. 9023 and ask for its immediate consideration. "(b) All other marks not registerable under the net of February The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentleman from Cali 20, 1905, as amended, except those specified in paragraphs (a) fornia calls up the conference report on the bill which the and (b) of -section 5 of that act, but which have been in bona Clerk will report by title. fide use for not less than one year in interstate or foreign com l\Ir. GARD. What is the report? merce, or commerce with the Indian tribes by the proprietor The Clerk read as follows: thereof, '!pon or in connection with any goods of such proprietor A bill (H. R. 9023) to give effect to certain provisions of the con upon which a fee of $10 has been paid to the Commissioner of vention for the protection of trade-marks and commercial names made ancl signed in the city of Buenos Aires, in the Argentine Republic Patents and such formalities as required by the said commis- . August 20, 1910, and for other purposes. ' sioner have been complied with: Provided, That trade-marks l\Ir. GARD. 1\fr. Speaker, there seems to be a very inade which are identical with a known trade-mark owned and used in interstate and foreign commerce, or commerce with the In~ quate number of Members present, and I make the point of dian tribes by another and appropriated to merchandise of the order that there is no quorum present. . ' same descriptive properties as to be likely to cause confusion or The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentleman from Ohio mistake in the mind of the public or to deceive purchasers shall makes the point of order that there is no quorum present and not be placed on this register" ; and the Senate agree to the evidently there is no quorum present. ' same. l\Ir. MONDELL. Mr. Speaker, I move a call of the House. Amendment numbered 3: That the House recede from its The motion was agreed to. disagreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 3 and The SPEAKER pro tempore. The Doorkeeper will close the agree to the same with an amendment as follows: In lieu df the doors, the Sergeant at Arms will notify absentees, and the matter proposed by the Senate amendment insert the following: Clerk will call the roll. " 28 (as to class (b) marks only)" ; and on page 4, line 6 of the The Clerk called the roll, and the following Members failed to engrossed bill, after "act," insert "of a mark falling within answer to their names: c~ass (a) of section 1"; also, on page 4, line 19, of the engrosseQ. Andrews, Md. Eagan Johnson, S.Dak. Rainey, II. T. b1ll, after "date," insert "and the ·provisions of section 2 of Bacharach Eagle .Johnson, Wash. Ramsey Baer Edmonds Johnston, N.Y. Reed, N.Y. the act entitled 'An act to amend the laws of the United States Begg Ellsworth Kelley, Mich. Riordan relating to the registration of trade-marks,' approved l\lay 4, Benson Ferris Kennedy, Iowa Rowan 1906 " ; and the Senate agree to the same. Booher Fields Kennedy, R.I. Rucker Brinson Flood Kettner Sabath Amendment numbered 4: That the House recede from its dis .Britten Fordney Knutson Sanders, La. agreement to the amendment of the Senate numbered 4 and 'Browne Frear Kraus Schall agree to the same with an amendment ns follows: In lieu ~f the Browning French Kreider Scott Buchanan Gallivan Lampert Scul1y matter proposed by the Senate amendment insert the followin"': ·Burdick Garland Layton Sells " SEc. 9. That section 5 of the trade-mark act of Februa~y Burke Goldfogle Lea, Calif. Siegel 20, 1905, being Thirty-third Statutes at Large, page 725 as Burroughs Good Lee, Ga. Slemp Butler Goodall IA>ngworth Smith, 1\lich. amended by Thirty-fourth Statutes at Large, page i251 Campbell, Kans. Gould McAndrews Smith, N.Y. Thirty-sixth Statutes at Large, page 918, Thirty-seventh Stat: Carew Graham, Pa. McCulloch Snell utes at Large, page G49, is hereby amended by addin"' the Carter Green, Iowa McDuffie Steagall Chindblom Greene, Mass. McPherson Steele following words thereto: 'And if any person or corpo;ation Christopherson Hamill MacGrt>gor Stephens, Ohio shall have so registered a mark upon the ground of said use Clark, Fla. Hamilton Mann, S.C. Sullivan for 10 years preceding February 20, 1905, as to certain articles Classon Hastings Mapes Sumner~ Te..~. Cooper Hawley Mason Taylor, t..:olo. or classes of articles to which said mark shall have been ap Copley Hayden Montague Taylor, Tenn. plied for said period, and shall have thereafter and subse Costello Hays Morin Towner quently extended his business so as to include other articles Cramton Hersman Neely Vare Crowther Hill Nichols, Mich. Vinson not manufactured by said applicant for 10 years next preced Curry, Calif. Holland O' Connell Willters ing February 20, 1905, nothing herein shall prevent the reg Davey Howard O'Connor Weaver istration of said trade-mark in the additional classes to which Davis, Minn. Huddleston Osborne Webster Denison Hudspeth Overstreet Williams said new additional articles manufactured by said person Dewalt Hulings Phelan Wilson, Pa. or corporation shall apply, after said trade-mark has been Dickinson, Mo. Husted Platt Winslow used on said article in interstate or foreign commerce or with Dooling Hutchinson Porter Dunbar Ireland Rainey, Ala. the Indian tribes for at least one ye1tr, provided another person