John Locke and Immanuel Kant
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The British Empiricism Locke, Berkeley and Hume
The British Empiricism Locke, Berkeley and Hume copyleft: nicolazuin.2018 | nowxhere.wordpress.com 1 The problem of knowledge • Please, look out of the window (or into the box, or just in front of you…) and answer the following questions: ‣ What do you see? ‣ Are you sure that what you see is what truly exists out there? ‣ What do you know about it? ‣ How do you know it? ‣ What make you sure of it? • Here you are: this is the problem of knowledge! • Now try to formalise it in a single question or definition. copyleft:nicolazuin.2018 | nowxhere.wordpress.com 1 A long way behind In a certain way, we could say that the problem of knowledge is the problem of philosophy itself, since its birth. • Think for example on this quotations: Parmenides: «the same thing is for thinking as is for being” Eraclitus: «The things of which there is sight, hearing, experience, I prefer». (But he also says: «Poor witnesses for men are their eyes and ears if they have barbarian souls» Gorgia: «Nothing exists; Even if something exists, nothing can be known about it; and Even if something can be known about it, knowledge about it can't be communicated to others. Even if it can be communicated, it cannot be understood». • Or try to imagine the discussion between Plato and Aristotle in the famous Raffaello’s School of Athens. • Now try to build a mind-map of all the different answers to the problem of knowledge given by the philosophers you already know copyleft:nicolazuin.2018 | nowxhere.wordpress.com 2 The terrible heritage of Descartes: The modern problem of knowledge originates from the conclusions of Descartes’s research, which was inspired by the successful advancement of geometry and natural sciences and was aimed to find a certain knowledge for philosophy. -
Zeno of Elea: Where Space, Time, Physics, and Philosophy Converge
Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Honors College at WKU Projects Fall 2007 Zeno of Elea: Where Space, Time, Physics, and Philosophy Converge An Everyman’s Introduction to an Unsung Hero of Philosophy William Turner Western Kentucky University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses Part of the Other Philosophy Commons, Other Physics Commons, and the Philosophy of Science Commons Recommended Citation Turner, William, "Zeno of Elea: Where Space, Time, Physics, and Philosophy Converge An Everyman’s Introduction to an Unsung Hero of Philosophy" (2007). Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects. Paper 111. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses/111 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Capstone Experience/ Thesis Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. P │ S─Z─T │ P Zeno of Elea: Where Space, Time, Physics, and Philosophy Converge An Everyman’s Introduction to an Unsung Hero of Philosophy Will Turner Western Kentucky University Abstract Zeno of Elea, despite being among the most important of the Pre-Socratic philosophers, is frequently overlooked by philosophers and scientists alike in modern times. Zeno of Elea’s arguments on have not only been an impetus for the most important scientific and mathematical theories in human history, his arguments still serve as a basis for modern problems and theoretical speculations. This is a study of his arguments on motion, the purpose they have served in the history of science, and modern applications of Zeno of Elea’s arguments on motion. -
Aristotle & Locke: Ancients and Moderns on Economic Theory & The
Xavier University Exhibit Honors Bachelor of Arts Undergraduate 2015-4 Aristotle & Locke: Ancients and Moderns on Economic Theory & the Best Regime Andrew John Del Bene Xavier University - Cincinnati Follow this and additional works at: http://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/hab Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, and the Ancient Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Del Bene, Andrew John, "Aristotle & Locke: Ancients and Moderns on Economic Theory & the Best Regime" (2015). Honors Bachelor of Arts. Paper 9. http://www.exhibit.xavier.edu/hab/9 This Capstone/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Undergraduate at Exhibit. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Bachelor of Arts by an authorized administrator of Exhibit. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Aristotle & Locke: Ancients and Moderns on Economic Theory & the Best Regime Andrew John Del Bene Honors Bachelor of Arts – Senior Thesis Project Director: Dr. Timothy Quinn Readers: Dr. Amit Sen & Dr. E. Paul Colella Course Director: Dr. Shannon Hogue I respectfully submit this thesis project as partial fulfillment for the Honors Bachelor of Arts Degree. I dedicate this project, and my last four years as an HAB at Xavier University, to my grandfather, John Francis Del Bene, who taught me that in life, you get out what you put in. Del Bene 1 Table of Contents Introduction — Philosophy and Economics, Ancients and Moderns 2 Chapter One — Aristotle: Politics 5 Community: the Household and the Πόλις 9 State: Economics and Education 16 Analytic Synthesis: Aristotle 26 Chapter Two — John Locke: The Two Treatises of Government 27 Community: the State of Nature and Civil Society 30 State: Economics and Education 40 Analytic Synthesis: Locke 48 Chapter Three — Aristotle v. -
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics CAMBRIDGE TEXTS in the HISTORY of PHILOSOPHY
CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY IMMANUEL KANT Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics CAMBRIDGE TEXTS IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Series editors KARL AMERIKS Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame DESMOND M. CLARKE Professor of Philosophy at University College Cork The main objective of Cambridge Textsin the History of Philosophy is to expand the range, variety and quality of texts in the history of philosophy which are available in English. The series includes texts by familiar names (such as Descartes and Kant) and also by less well-known authors. Wherever possible, texts are published in complete and unabridged form, and translations are specially commissioned for the series. Each volume contains a critical introduction together with a guide to further reading and any necessary glossaries and textual apparatus. The volumes are designed for student use at undergraduate and postgraduate level and will be of interest not only to students of philosophy, but also to a wider audience of readers in the history of science, the history of theology and the history of ideas. For a list of titles published in the series, please see end of book. IMMANUEL KANT Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Come Forward as Science with Selections from the Critique of Pure Reason TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY GARY HATFIELD University of Pennsylvania Revised Edition cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521828246 © Cambridge University Press 1997, 2004 This publication is in copyright. -
Are Children ''Intuitive Theists''?
PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE General Article Are Children ‘‘Intuitive Theists’’? Reasoning About Purpose and Design in Nature Deborah Kelemen Boston University ABSTRACT—Separate bodies of research suggest that young chil- objects and behaviors as existing for a purpose (Kelemen, 1999b, 1999c, dren have a broad tendency to reason about natural phenomena 2003; but see Keil, 1992) and are also broadly inclined to view natural in terms of purpose and an orientation toward intention-based phenomena as intentionally created, albeit by a nonhuman agent (Evans, accounts of the origins of natural entities. This article explores 2000b, 2001; Gelman & Kremer, 1991). This article explores these these results further by drawing together recent findings from findings further by drawing them together with other recent cognitive various areas of cognitive developmental research to address the developmental research to address the following question: Even if following question: Rather than being ‘‘artificialists’’ in Pia- children are not artificialists, as Piaget conceived of the term, are they getian terms, are children ‘‘intuitive theists’’—disposed to view perhaps ‘‘intuitive theists’’—predisposed to construe natural objects as natural phenomena as resulting from nonhuman design? A re- though they are nonhuman artifacts, the products of nonhuman design? view of research on children’s concepts of agency, imaginary companions, and understanding of artifacts suggests that by the time children are around 5 years of age, this description of them PROMISCUOUS TELEOLOGY AND ‘‘CREATIONISM’’ IN may have explanatory value and practical relevance. CHILDREN Contemporary research on teleological reasoning—the tendency to Piaget’s (1929) claim that children are ‘‘artificialists’’ who draw on reason about entities and events in terms of purpose—was initiated in their subjective intentional experience to conclude that all things are the context of the debate on the origins of biological understanding. -
Concept of Idealism Philosophy in Islamic Education According to Imam Al-Ghozali
Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana ISSN: 1315-5216 ISSN: 2477-9555 [email protected] Universidad del Zulia Venezuela Concept of Idealism philosophy in islamic education According to Imam Al-Ghozali SUHAIMI, A. Concept of Idealism philosophy in islamic education According to Imam Al-Ghozali Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, vol. 24, núm. Esp.5, 2019 Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=27962050039 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Internacional. PDF generado a partir de XML-JATS4R por Redalyc Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto A. SUHAIMI. Concept of Idealism philosophy in islamic education According to Imam Al-Ghozali Artículos Concept of Idealism philosophy in islamic education According to Imam Al-Ghozali Concepto de filosofía del Idealismo en la educación islámica según el Imam Al-Ghazali A. SUHAIMI Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa? State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, id=27962050039 Indonesia [email protected] ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8337-3598 Recepción: 01 Octubre 2019 Aprobación: 07 Noviembre 2019 Abstract: e philosophy of Idealism is a philosophical system that emphasizes the importance of the superiority of the thoughts (mind). A mind is a form that can realize the world, even as a catalyst and driving force of all human behavior. roughout history, the philosophy of idealism is related to religion because they both focus on the spiritual aspect. us the study of the flow of philosophical idealism towards Islamic education includes issue objectives of Islamic education, Islamic education curriculum, the teaching methods of Islamic education, the learning material of Islamic education, learners’ position in Islamic education. -
Locke, Kant, and Synthetic a Priori Cognition
Brian A. Chance Locke, Kant, and Synthetic APriori Cognition Abstract: This paper attempts to shed light on threerelated issues that bear di- rectlyonour understandingofLockeand Kant.The first is whether Kant believes Lockemerelyanticipates his distinction between analytic and synthetic judg- ments or also believes Lockeanticipateshis notion of synthetic apriori cogni- tion. The second is what we as readers of Kant and Lockeshould think about Kant’sview whatever it turnsout to be, and the third is the nature of Kant’sjus- tification for the comparison he drawsbetween his philosophyand Locke’s. I argue(1) that Kant believes Lockeanticipates both the analytic-synthetic distinc- tion and Kant’snotion of synthetic apriori cognition, (2)thatthe best justifica- tion for Kant’sclaim drawsonLocke’sdistinction between trifling and instruc- tive knowledge,(3) that the arguments against this claim developed by Carson, Allison, and Newman fail to undermine it,and (4) that Kant’sown jus- tification for his claim is quite different from what manycommentators have thoughtitwas (or should have been). Introduction Kant’srelationship to his empiricist predecessors is complex, and this complex- ity is perhaps no more evident than in the caseofLocke, whose philosophyin- fluenced not onlythe likes of Berkeley,Hume, and Reid but alsoageneration of Kant’sGermanpredecessors.¹ The “famous Locke” is the first philosopher Kant mentionsinthe Critique of Pure Reason (CPR), but he is also critical of Locke’s “physiology of the human understanding” and contrasts his transcendental de- Citations from the Critique of Pure Reason use the standardA/B formattorefer to the pagesof the first (A) and second (B) editions. Citations from Kant’sother worksuse the volume number and pagination of KantsgesammelteSchriften,edited by the Royal Prussian(laterGerman, then Berlin-Brandenburg) Academy of the Sciences. -
Philosophy.Pdf
Philosophy 1 PHIL:1401 Matters of Life and Death 3 s.h. Contemporary ethical controversies with life and death Philosophy implications; topics may include famine, brain death, animal ethics, abortion, torture, terrorism, capital punishment. GE: Chair Values and Culture. • David Cunning PHIL:1636 Principles of Reasoning: Argument and Undergraduate major: philosophy (B.A.) Debate 3 s.h. Undergraduate minor: philosophy Critical thinking and its application to arguments and debates. Graduate degrees: M.A. in philosophy; Ph.D. in philosophy GE: Quantitative or Formal Reasoning. Faculty: https://clas.uiowa.edu/philosophy/people/faculty PHIL:1861 Introduction to Philosophy 3 s.h. Website: https://clas.uiowa.edu/philosophy/ Varied topics; may include personal identity, existence of The Department of Philosophy offers programs of study for God, philosophical skepticism, nature of mind and reality, undergraduate and graduate students. A major in philosophy time travel, and the good life; readings, films. GE: Values and develops abilities useful for careers in many fields and for any Culture. situation requiring clear, systematic thinking. PHIL:1902 Philosophy Lab: The Meaning of Life 1 s.h. Further exploration of PHIL:1033 course material with the The department also administers the interdisciplinary professor in a smaller group. undergraduate major in ethics and public policy, which it offers jointly with the Department of Economics and the PHIL:1904 Philosophy Lab: Liberty and the Pursuit of Department of Sociology and Criminology; see Ethics and Happiness 1 s.h. Public Policy in the Catalog. Further exploration of PHIL:1034 course material with the professor in a smaller group. Programs PHIL:1950 Philosophy Club 1-3 s.h. -
Individuality in John Locke and John Stuart Mill: a Response to Michael J
Individuality in John Locke and John Stuart Mill: A Response to Michael J. Sandel by Cara Camcastle BA. Hon. Econ., University of British Columbia, 1995 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Political Science We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1998 © Cara Camcastle, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada DE-6 (2/88) Abstract This thesis examines from a philosophical and theoretical standpoint, the validity of the communitarian claim that liberalism promotes an abstract, asocial, and atomistic conception of the self. To better understand the inner logic of Lockean and Millian arguments, I analyse 'individuality' the concept at the centre of the dispute between liberals and communitarians. The thesis illustrates the essentially contested nature of this concept, and the complexity and diversity of the liberal tradition which has been generally overlooked by communitarian critics. Locke's conception of individuality is morphological because it emphasises how an individual assisted by the right kind of education constructs his individuality through deliberation and self-control. -
Leibniz: the Last Great Christian Platonist
chapter 3 Leibniz: The Last Great Christian Platonist Jack Davidson Many of the Platonic doctrines are … most beautiful.1 ∵ Leibniz (1646–1716) was the last great philosopher in the rich tradition of Christian Platonism that began before Augustine (354–430) and ran through Pseudo-Dionysius (early sixth century), John Scottus Eriugena (c. 800– c. 877), Anselm (1033–1109), Nicholas of Cusa (1401–64) and Marsilio Ficino’s (1433–1499) Florentine Academy. With the advent of figures like John Locke (1632–1704), David Hume (1711–1776), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), philosophy became both mundane and largely secular. This chapter focuses on the most influential of the 17th-century German Platonists, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. As anyone who knows of the history of Platonism from Plato onward realizes, classifying Leibniz as a Platonist is to place him in the company of philosophers who hold (sometimes wildly) different views, so some specifi- cation is necessary. These days, “Platonism” is used by scholars of ancient philosophy to describe what they take to be actual doctrines in the Platonic canon, doctrines Plato developed or continued to hold in the dialogues after the early, Socratic dialogues, e.g., the theory of the Forms.2 In contemporary metaphysics, “Platonism” refers to the view that certain abstract truths, like those of mathematics and logic, exist independently of time and space and human thought. Frege, Gödel, and Russell were all Platonists in this sense, as 1 D ii 222/l 592. Leibniz citations in the text and notes are by abbreviation keyed to the bibli- ography. -
David Hume Foundations of the Classical School of Economics
Economic Insights FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF DALLAS VOLUME 8, NUMBER 1 David Hume Foundations of the Classical School of Economics Adam Smith is the founder of the nomic essays] are all clearly written classical school of economics, but eco- and often contain an excellent sum- nomic theorizing predates Smith. The mary and synthesis of the ideas of his philosophic foundations of classical eco- predecessors. In that respect, how- nomics are found in the work of the ever, Cantillon’s Essai sur la nature Scottish Enlightenment thinkers of the du commerce en général, published early to mid-18th century, centered in 1755, but written over twenty years David Hume is primarily known as around the University of Edinburgh. previously, is superior. a philosopher and chronicler of English Notable among these great thinkers and writers is David Hume. It is impossible to know whether history. Less well known is his work on eco- Hume was born in Edinburgh, Smith was more influenced by Can- nomic theory and several political econ- Scotland, on May 7, 1711. The extent to tillon’s book or by personal discussions which Hume influenced Smith, his close with Hume. Schumpeter (1954, 124) omy issues, some of which remain salient friend, has to be inferred from their argues that Hume did influence Smith, today. Studying his economic work respective writings, but the warmth and and Rothbard (1995, 430) suggests that depth of their relationship is incon- Hume was one of Smith’s mentors. enables us to see how he reshaped John testable. Smith said of Hume: O’Brien (1975) gives Hume a large role Locke’s quantity theory of money and how in the development of classical econom- Upon the whole, I have always con- ic thought because of his participation he influenced the great Adam Smith, sidered him, both in his lifetime and in spreading natural law philosophy. -
15. URAM Archive in Progress
1 15. URAM Archive in progress 1.URAM Archival Material includes the collection of all the articles published in journal form during the past thirty years following the Outline of the planned Encyclopedia of Human Ideas on Ultimate Reality and Meaning. It includes articles related to: VOL.I Prehistoric and Non-literate Stage Sect 1.1 Prehistoric Stage Sect. 1.2 Non-literate Stage Part 1. Africa Part 2. Asia Part 3. Australia Part 4. Europe Part 5. North America Part 6. South America VOL. II Historical Age: From the 30th Century B.C. till the 1st Century B.C. VOL. III Historical Age: From the 1st Century. A.D. till the 19th Century A.D. VOL. IV Historical Age: 20th Century A.D. 1. Individuals 2. Arts 3. Countries 4. Religions 5. Sciences 6. States of Human Beings 7. Systems VOL. V: U.R.A.M. Science of Ultimate Reality and Meaning Our readers may find a concrete system for naming items followed by numbering volumes and pages on the home page in section no. 5. 2. Boxes A.B.C.D. with their contents presently at 2 Dale Ave., in due time to be transferred to Jesuit Provincial Archives, in agreement with Jean Marc Laporte, S.J. Provincial and Jacques Monet, S.J., Archivist A Box URAM Project 1967- 1. History of the Outline 2. Information 3. Structures 3.1. Institute for Encyclopedia of Human Ideas on Ultimate Reality and Meaning 3.2 Association of Concern for Ultimate Reality and Meaning. Incorporation and Registration 3.3 International Society for the Study of Human Ideas on Ultimate Reality and Meaning since 1985- (founded by Dr.