TIIE RECTORATE OF THE KARS KAFKAS UNIVERSITY, PUBLICATION NO: 22 Armenians in the History of Turks Basic Text Book Prof. Dr. Azmi Süslü Prof. Dr. Fahrettin KIRZIOGLU Prof. Dr. Refet YİNANÇ Prof. Dr. Yusuf HALLAÇOĞLU f $ PART ONE THE RULERS OF UP LANDS /URARTU/ARMENIA 1 1.1 FROM THE ARRIVAL OF CIMMERIANS TO THE SOVEREIGNTY OF PERSIANS (714-950 B.C.) 5 1.1.1. Proto Turk Kipchak Cimmers 5 1.1.2. The Arrival of Sycthians and Their Sovereignty in Near Asia (680-626 B.C.) 9 1.1.3. The Site And Tribe Names That Remained From The Sycthian Torcom/Torcomian/Turkomen/Oğuz Tribes 17 1.2. FROM PERSIAN TO SMALL ARSACIDES (550 B.C.. 51 A.D.) 24 1.2.1. The Usage of “Armenia" Instead of Urartu In the Persian Period, the “Armenians”, and the Tribes that have been seen by Xenophon betw een Mosul and Trabzon 24 1.2.2. Macedonian and Artaxians. Armenia/Up-Lands. Bulgar- Vanand and Balkars in the Roman-Arsacide Rivalry 29 All rights reserved. Under the law no 5846 this work ma\ not be 1.3.FROM SMALL-ARSACIDES TO ISLAM'S SOVEREIGNTY 33 translated 01 copied in whole or in part without the (w ritten) permission of 1.3.1. The frontier Princedom of Parthian Small Arsacidcs 33 Prof. Dr. Azmi Süslü. 1.3.2. Mannk-Konak Brothers (The Fathers of Karakuvunli) Christianity and Kamsarakanians (Kulbaşcs) 41 Prof Dr. Azmı Süslü 1.3.3. Mamikonians Religious Fight with Sassanians: The New' Turkish Tribes From North; The Invasion of Byzantine-Last Sassanians; “Armenia’’ Satraps. 46 1.4. FROM THE ISLAM SOVEREIGNTY TO SELJUKS (642-1064) 50 1.4.1. The Islam Sovereignty Until Sacoğluları The Welfare brought by Islam: Khazar Raid: Byzantine; Bagratians and their Principality ^ 1.4.2. From Sacoğulları to Seljukians: The Occupation of “Ermcniyyc" and Byzantine 55 PART TWO 2. THE ARMENIANS FROM SELJUKS TO OTTOMANS 61 ISBN 975-7617-18-3 2.1. Armenians at the time of Seljuks Conquests 61 2.2. Seljuks'Tolerance to Non-Muslims 62 Publisher : Rectorate of'the Kafkas University. Kars 2.3. Armenians during the Crusades 63 First Publication: Ankara, 1995 2.4. Armenians at the time of the Mongol-Conquest 65 Printed at : Levent ofsct Matbaacılık vc Yavincihk 2.5. The Dominance of Anatolian Princedom 66 Ltd. Ştı. A NKARA. PART THREE 3. THE ARMENIANS IN THE OTTOMAN ADMINISTRATION 69 5.3.6. The Events in Diyarbakir 150 5.3.7. The Events in Ma'müratü'l-Aziz (Elazığ) 152 3.1 The Armenians in the Ottoman Administration 69 5.3.8. The Events in Erzurum 153 3.2 Freedom of Religion and Conscience 85 5.3.9. The Events in Sivas 155 3.3 Freedom of Language and Culture 87 5.3.10. The Events in Trabzon 15 7 3.4 Equality in Justice 88 5.3.11. The Events in Ankara L 5 8 3.5 The Armenian Population in the Ottoman Empire 89 5.3.12. The Events in Adana 15 8 3.6. Status of Taxes 99 5.3.13. The Ev ents in Urfa 15 9 3.7. Commercial Facilities 100 5.3.14. The Events in Izmit and Adapazari 160 3.8. The Interference of the West to the Ottoman Armenians 101 5.3.15. The Events in Hidavendigär (Bursa) 160 3.9. Missionary Activ ities in the Ottoman Empire 105 5.3.16. The Events of the Musa Mountain 161 PART FOUR 5.3.17. The Other Armenian Events 162 . THE PROCESS OF ORGANIZATION REBELLIONS PART SIX AND BETRAYALS 107 6. IMMIGRATION (TRANSPORT AND SETTLEMENT, 4.1 The Role of the Patriarchate and Churches 107 REPRESSION) AND FACTS 163 4.1.1. The Activities of Patriarch Magırdıç PIrimya 108 6.1 The Term "Tcchir" (Immigration) 164 4.1.2. Narsaes Warjabetyan 1 10 6.2. [ncidents of Deportation and Genocide in the World 165 4.1.3. The Attitude of the Jerusalem Armenian Patriarch 1 1 1 6.3. Precautions Taken by the Ottoman State before 4.1.4. The Activities of Ianirliyan the Ottoman Armenian Immigration 167 Patriarch 1 1 1 6.4. Immigration (Transport and Settlement; Repression 4.1.5. The Cooperation of the Istanbul Armenian Patriarchate Law and its Application 173 with the Ecmiyazin Church During World War I 1 12 6.4.1. Deportation of Muslims in Caucasus by the Russians 4.1.6. The Betrayals of the Churches 1 15 and the Final Events Which Forced the Ottoman 4.2. Schools. Charity Organizations, Association. Committees 118 Government to “Immigration'’ 173 4.2.1. Schools 1 19 6.4.2. The Law of Immigration Book of Instructions 4.2.2. Charity Organizations Associations 122 and Dccrees 174 4.2.3. Committees 124 6.5. The Attitudes of the West and Armenians Towards 4.2.3.1. Annenakar Committee 124 Immigration 192 4.2.3.2. The Hmchak Committee 125 6.6. Turkish and Armenian Population at the End of the 4.2.3.3. Daşnak Committee 127 Immigration 200 4.3. Rebellions 128 6.7 Efforts of Finding the Guilty 207 PART FIVE 6.8. The Consequences of Immigration 209 ARMENIANS IN WORLD WAR I 133 6.9. The Attitudes of Mustafa Kemal and His Contemporaries 5.1. The Activities of the Annenian Committees and Volunteers133 About the Armenians and Accusations 213 5.2. The Intervention of the West 135 PART SEVEN 5.3. Annenian Rebellions, Cruelties and Massacres 7. THE ARMENIANS SINCE THE LAUSANNE TREATY 233 During the W ar 139 7.1. The Armenian Demands At the Beginning of Lauscnnc 5.3.1. Zeytun (Siileymanh) Events 140 Conference 233 5.3.2. The Events in Kayseri 141 7.2. The Armenian Issue Wanted To Be Discussed At The 5.3.3. The Events in Bitlis 142 Negotiations Of The Lausanne Conference 238 5 .3 .4. The Ev ents in Van 144 5 3 > The Events in Muş 148 7.3. Armenian Issue Discussed In The Lausanne Conference FOREWORD Minorities Subcommittee 251 7.4. The Remov al of the "Armenian Issue" from the Lausanne The arrival, passing, settling, and placement of Turks in Anatolia due Conference 256 to political and military reasons during the period before Christ and 7.5. Armenians from Lausanne till Today 261 afterwards is. as told by Atatiirk . a “forty centuries" long history w hich is 7.6. The New Armenian Demands During the World War 11 262 unknown for the most part. Even the histories of the Ottoman and 7.7. Ncvcrcnding Lies and Hatred: 24 Aprils: So -callcds Republican eras, which are said to be well-known by scientists, have been Massacre Monuments 263 tried to be shown as dark. 7.8. The New Armenian Terror 265 One of these stages is. without doubt, the Turkish-Armenian relations. 7.9. Diplomatic Manoeuvers-Scientific Activities 268 The Armenians who were exiled by Romans. Persians, and Byzantines 7.10. Armenians in Turkey- and Turkish Tolerance 272 from one place in Anatolia to another at the beginning of this era that CONCLUSION 279 lasted about a 1000 years and who were pushed into wars and treated as CHRONOLOGY 281 third class citizens most of the time, have found the opportunities to RESOURCES 291 benefit both from the just and humane Turkish customs and the tolerating, unifying policy of Islam. The age until the end of the 19th century when thcsi relations developed and reached their climcx. was a golden age for the Armenians. It was the Armenians who benefited the most from the facilities which the Ottoman State had provided to all industious. honest, capable, and skillful members of the non-Moslem peoples. Since they were exempted from military service and partially from taxes, they had the opportunity to rise in commerce, artianship. farming, and administrative works and they were rightfully qualified as the "faithful nation" or the "faithful people". Among this group that spoke Turkish cvcrwhcre and that even practiced its rituals in Turkish, were people who rose to important statuses in State posts. Some of them even had the post o f ministers. Consullarships in Public Works, the navy. Foreign Affairs, finance, treasury', post-cable administration and again some of these had written books in Turkish and foreign languages on the questions of the Ottoman State. On one hand the rights all the people benefited from, on the other hand almost all the rights confirmed by all Sultans and the new rights added to these -because of these royalties they had gained, the Armenians had become a privileged society among the non-Moslems and even among the Moslems in both active and w ritten law. But when the Ottoman State began to weaken and Europe interfered in almost all subject, a weakening and worsening in the Turkish-Armenian relations showed up . too. Both by the efforts of the Wcstcncrs to break away the Armenians from the Turkish society in religious, cultural, commercial, social and political matters, on the other side by the negative activities of the organized, equipped and armed Patriarch) , churches, and Armenian committees established in and outside of the country, the Armenians have been tried to be seperatcd slowly from the Turkish Armenians, the reasons of this hostility and the unknown or less known society. Thus, the bloody events in which mostly the Moslems lost and aspects of the displacement which though hardly examined-havc been were harmed had begun. Thousands of Moslems and Armenians lost their exploited a lot and we have used scientific data lor our work. The subject lives at the revolting movements that begun in East Anatolia and reached has man)' parts left in the dark.