El Cuerpo Imaginario a Través De La Inmortalidad. Apuntes Sobre La Obra De Heinlein

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El Cuerpo Imaginario a Través De La Inmortalidad. Apuntes Sobre La Obra De Heinlein EL CUERPO IMAGINARIO A TRAVÉS DE LA INMORTALIDAD. APUNTES SOBRE LA OBRA DE HEINLEIN MARÍA PAULA GONZÁLEZ MUÑOZ TRABAJO DE GRADO Presentado como requisito para optar por el Título de Profesional en Estudios Literarios PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Carrera de Estudios Literarios Bogotá, 2020 PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES CARRERA DE ESTUDIOS LITERARIOS RECTOR DE LA UNIVERSIDAD Jorge Humberto Peláez Piedrahita, S.J. DECANO ACADÉMICO Germán Rodrigo Mejía Pavony DIRECTOR DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE LITERATURA Oscar Alberto Torres Duque DIRECTOR DE LA CARRERA DE ESTUDIOS LITERARIOS Liliana Ramírez Gómez DIRECTOR DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO Miguel Mendoza Luna Artículo 23 de la resolución No. 13 de julio de 1946: “La universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por sus alumnos en sus trabajos de tesis, sólo velará porque no se publique nada contrario al dogma y a la moral católica, y porque las tesis no contengan ataques o polémicas puramente personales, antes bien se vea en ellas el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia”. Agradecimientos A los profesores Maria Piedad Quevedo y Óscar Torres Duque, que me ayudaron y me motivaron para seguir adelante con este trabajo. Al profesor Luis Carlos Henao, que me tuvo una paciencia infinita. Al profesor Miguel Mendoza, que estuvo allí para guiarme en este proceso. A mis amigos, que estuvieron siempre pendientes de los descubrimientos hechos con mi trabajo. A Laura Sofía González, mi hermanita, que me escuchó leer repetidas veces cada uno de los párrafos aquí consignados. A Óscar Soto, que siempre ha creído en lo que hago, que me escuchó quejarme incontables veces y me motivó a no desistir. A mi familia, que estuvo allí para motivarme a terminar. A todos, muchas gracias. Tabla de contenido Introducción.................................................................………………………………...…......2 Capítulo 1. Robert Heinlein y el hombre imaginario………………………………....…........7 1.1 Robert Heinlein, breve biografía.............................................................................7 1.2 Obra de Heinlein.....................................................................................................8 1.2.1 Influencia...............................................................................................9 1.3 Un bocado de ciencia ficción................................................................................10 1.4 Presentación del corpus.........................................................................................12 1.4.1 Los hijos de Matusalén........................................................................12 1.4.2 Todos vosotros zombis.........................................................................15 1.4.3 Puerta al verano...................................................................................16 1.5 Temáticas...............................................................................................................19 1.5.1 El hombre imaginario...........................................................................19 1.5.2 Diversidad de mundos..........................................................................22 1.5.3 Influencia atómica................................................................................24 1.6 Reflexión................................................................................................................26 Capítulo 2. Paradojas espaciotemporales: de camino a la inmortalidad..................................28 2.1 Inmortalidad...........................................................................................................28 2.1.1 algunos tipos de inmortalidad..............................................................28 2.1.2 Transhumanismo..................................................................................32 2.1.3 Criogenia..............................................................................................34 2.2 Inmortalidad y ciencia ficción...............................................................................35 2.2.1 Paradojas espacio temporales..............................................................38 2.2.1.1 Paradoja 1...............................................................................39 2.2.1.2 Paradoja 2...............................................................................41 2.2.1.3 Paradoja 3 (Uroboros)............................................................42 2.3 Reflexión...............................................................................................................43 Capítulo 3. Los textos inmortales: la construcción del transhumano a través de la obra de Heinlein...................................................................................................45 3.1 Análisis de Puerta al verano.................................................................................45 3.1.1 Paradoja 1...........................................................................................45 3.1.2 Paradoja 2...........................................................................................51 3.1.3 Uroboros..............................................................................................53 3.1.4 Criogenia..............................................................................................54 3.1.5 La máquina del tiempo.........................................................................55 3.1.6 Transhumanismo..................................................................................57 3.2 Análisis de Todos vosotros zombis........................................................................57 3.2.1 Paradoja 1............................................................................................58 3.2.2 Paradoja 2............................................................................................59 3.2.3 Uroboros..............................................................................................61 3.2.4 La máquina del tiempo.........................................................................62 3.3 Análisis de Los hijos de Matusalén........................................................................63 3.3.1 Paradoja 1............................................................................................63 3.3.2 Criogenia...............................................................................................64 3.3.3 Transhumanismo...................................................................................65 3.3.4 Análisis de las diferentes inmortalidades en Los hijos de Matusalén...................................................................66 3.4 Reflexión................................................................................................................69 Conclusiones............................................................................................................................71 Anexo.......................................................................................................................................73 Referencias...............................................................................................................................74 Pues únicamente la paradoja es capaz de abarcar, de forma aproximada, la inmensidad de la vida. Carl Jung, Psicología y Alquimia 1 INTRODUCCIÓN De cómo la autora llegó a Heinlein Entre lectura y lectura, siempre llegamos a diferentes puntos. Un día nos encontramos con temas conflictivos, noticias desalentadoras, cuentos infantiles… Otro día, con textos de fantasía, historia mundial o filosofía. Así, entre tantas cosas por leer e interpretar, la autora de este texto se encontró, gracias a una de sus clases, con un texto de Slavoj Zizek titulado Mirando al sesgo: una introducción a Jacques Lacan a través de la cultura popular (2000). Allí empezó una gran historia de amor: ver que el hombre también puede ser un objeto de estudio desde la literatura y que esta puede tomar como aliada a casi cualquier disciplina, la motivó a seguir averiguando sobre los textos que allí eran referidos. La inquietud que le movió ese libro fue tal que empezó a profundizar en los temas, sin necesitarlo para su clase. Aunque fue difícil, comenzó por buscar en la web y, así, terminó leyendo los cuentos y novelas de un tal Robert Heinlein que aparecía citado por Zizek. De esa forma, llegó a la ciencia ficción. Este género literario, que antes solo le había sonado a mera fantasía, terminó por apasionarla tanto, que se convirtió en una fiel consumidora suya. La curiosidad jugó un gran papel, porque fue ella quien la alentó a investigar sobre las diferentes vertientes de literatura de ciencia ficción. Poco a poco, se interesó aún más por las similitudes y particularidades que se podían encontrar entre ellas; cada una apuntando a un universo distinto, a planetas diferentes, a humanos enfrentando situaciones inconcebibles. Fue tal el fervor que le causó, que se preguntó, más de una vez, por qué en su carrera de Estudios Literarios no existía una cátedra que mostrara la historia del género y sus autores más representativos, por qué se daba, solamente, una pequeña referencia en algunas clases. Siendo uno de los tres grandes autores de la Edad Dorada de la ciencia ficción estadounidense, Heinlein mostró la genialidad de sus obras y el fundamento de todo lo que escribía a la autora de este texto: ella estudió tantas cosas, que terminó por saber lo suficiente para especular sobre aquello que se pinta
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