DOCSLIB.ORG

Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Based on Geostationary Transmitters and Ground-Based Receivers Master Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Based on Geostationary Transmitters and Ground-Based Receivers Master Thesis Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging based on Geostationary Transmitters and Ground-Based Receivers Master Thesis Author: Ricard Pinar Riasol Supervisor: Dr. Antoni Broquetas Ibars March 2017 ABSTRACT This thesis belongs to the remote sensing field, particularly on the Geostationary Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging systems with on-ground receiver. These systems forms images taking the signals along the orbital track of one satellite while the receiver is placed on the Earth coherently processing the echoes received by the receiver. The study presented in this thesis is centered in an algorithm known as back projection algorithm that presents the main advantage that is possible to permanently acquire images from the same region thanks to the small motion of the platform with respect to the Earth. An introduction to all the important aspects of the GEOSAR mission is presented in order to let the reader known all the important information of why it is important to study the Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) mounted on geostationary satellite platforms. Moreover, an introduction to orbits, coordinates systems and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is essential in order to understand the algorithm developed in this thesis for obtaining SAR images from a geostationary orbit with the receiver placed on ground. So a detailed explanation of all this topics is developed during this thesis. The main section of this thesis presents the development of a back projection algorithm for a GEOSAR satellite with on ground receiver. Detailed explanations on how each block of the algorithm has been developed and which are the main functionalities of each block are explained and analysed. Finally, a test in order to prove that the algorithm works as expected has been performed in order to see if it is possible to obtain SAR images from a geostationary orbit using this geometry. ACKWONLEDGMENTS: First of all I would like to thank my master thesis advisor, Dr. Antoni Broquetas Ibars who has always helped me with the doubts and have try to clarify many aspects based on Synthetic Aperture Radars and imaging algorithms. CONTENTS 1. GEOSAR Mission:........................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.1. Introduction:.......................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2. GEOSAR Applications: .......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3. L-Band and X-Band Radars: ................................................................................................................................ 21 1.4. GEOSAR Mission Limitations:............................................................................................................................. 22 2. Satellite Orbits ............................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.1. History of Orbits.................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.2. Kepler’s Laws:........................................................................................................................................................ 26 2.3. Specifying Orbits:.................................................................................................................................................. 27 2.4. Earth Orbits:........................................................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.1. Low Earth Orbit (LEO): ................................................................................................................................. 29 2.4.2. Medium Earth Orbit (MEO): ....................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.3. Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO):.................................................................................................................... 29 2.4.4. Geostationary Orbit (GEO): ........................................................................................................................ 30 2.4.5. High Earth Orbit (HEO): ............................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.6. Polar Orbit:..................................................................................................................................................... 30 2.4.7. Eccentric/Inclined Orbit: ............................................................................................................................. 30 2.5. Orbital Perturbations:.......................................................................................................................................... 31 3. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)................................................................................................................................. 33 3.1. Geosynchronous SAR acquisition parameters: .............................................................................................. 34 3.1.1. Sphere’s Geometry Basis: ........................................................................................................................... 34 3.1.2. Geosynchronous Satellite Track: ............................................................................................................... 35 3.1.2.1 Longitude History of the Satellite Track: .......................................................................................... 37 3.1.2.2 Latitude History of the satellite track: .............................................................................................. 39 3.1.3. Satellite-targets Slant Range:..................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.4. Satellite Location: elevation and azimuth angles: ................................................................................. 43 3.1.4.1 Elevation angle: ..................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.4.2 Azimuth angle: ....................................................................................................................................... 45 3.1.5 Target Location: Look and Incidence angles: ........................................................................................... 47 3.1.5.1 Look Angle: ............................................................................................................................................. 47 3.1.5.2 Incidence Angle: .................................................................................................................................... 48 10 3.2 Geosynchronous SAR Coverage:......................................................................................................................... 49 3.3 Bistatic SAR: ............................................................................................................................................................ 52 4. Coordinates Systems: ................................................................................................................................................... 54 4.1. Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed (ECEF): .................................................................................................................. 54 4.2. Earth-Centered Inertial (ECI): ............................................................................................................................. 55 4.3. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Coordinate System: ....................................................................... 57 5. Back Projection Algorithm: ......................................................................................................................................... 60 5.1. System Definition: ................................................................................................................................................ 60 5.2. Back Projection Algorithm Definition: ............................................................................................................. 61 5.3. Back Projection vs Frequency Domain Methods: .......................................................................................... 62 5.4. Description of the Algorithm: ............................................................................................................................ 65 5.4.1. Scene Definition:........................................................................................................................................... 65 5.4.1.1. UTM to LLA: ........................................................................................................................................... 67 5.4.1.2. LLA to ECEF: ........................................................................................................................................... 68 5.4.3. Ranges and Delay Calculation:..................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Astrodynamics
    Politecnico di Torino SEEDS SpacE Exploration and Development Systems Astrodynamics II Edition 2006 - 07 - Ver. 2.0.1 Author: Guido Colasurdo Dipartimento di Energetica Teacher: Giulio Avanzini Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aeronautica e Spaziale e-mail: [email protected] Contents 1 Two–Body Orbital Mechanics 1 1.1 BirthofAstrodynamics: Kepler’sLaws. ......... 1 1.2 Newton’sLawsofMotion ............................ ... 2 1.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation . ......... 3 1.4 The n–BodyProblem ................................. 4 1.5 Equation of Motion in the Two-Body Problem . ....... 5 1.6 PotentialEnergy ................................. ... 6 1.7 ConstantsoftheMotion . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 7 1.8 TrajectoryEquation .............................. .... 8 1.9 ConicSections ................................... 8 1.10 Relating Energy and Semi-major Axis . ........ 9 2 Two-Dimensional Analysis of Motion 11 2.1 ReferenceFrames................................. 11 2.2 Velocity and acceleration components . ......... 12 2.3 First-Order Scalar Equations of Motion . ......... 12 2.4 PerifocalReferenceFrame . ...... 13 2.5 FlightPathAngle ................................. 14 2.6 EllipticalOrbits................................ ..... 15 2.6.1 Geometry of an Elliptical Orbit . ..... 15 2.6.2 Period of an Elliptical Orbit . ..... 16 2.7 Time–of–Flight on the Elliptical Orbit . .......... 16 2.8 Extensiontohyperbolaandparabola. ........ 18 2.9 Circular and Escape Velocity, Hyperbolic Excess Speed . .............. 18 2.10 CosmicVelocities
    [Show full text]
  • AFSPC-CO TERMINOLOGY Revised: 12 Jan 2019
    AFSPC-CO TERMINOLOGY Revised: 12 Jan 2019 Term Description AEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency AFB / AFS Air Force Base / Air Force Station AOC Air Operations Center AOI Area of Interest The point in the orbit of a heavenly body, specifically the moon, or of a man-made satellite Apogee at which it is farthest from the earth. Even CAP rockets experience apogee. Either of two points in an eccentric orbit, one (higher apsis) farthest from the center of Apsis attraction, the other (lower apsis) nearest to the center of attraction Argument of Perigee the angle in a satellites' orbit plane that is measured from the Ascending Node to the (ω) perigee along the satellite direction of travel CGO Company Grade Officer CLV Calculated Load Value, Crew Launch Vehicle COP Common Operating Picture DCO Defensive Cyber Operations DHS Department of Homeland Security DoD Department of Defense DOP Dilution of Precision Defense Satellite Communications Systems - wideband communications spacecraft for DSCS the USAF DSP Defense Satellite Program or Defense Support Program - "Eyes in the Sky" EHF Extremely High Frequency (30-300 GHz; 1mm-1cm) ELF Extremely Low Frequency (3-30 Hz; 100,000km-10,000km) EMS Electromagnetic Spectrum Equitorial Plane the plane passing through the equator EWR Early Warning Radar and Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity GBR Ground-Based Radar and Global Broadband Roaming GBS Global Broadcast Service GEO Geosynchronous Earth Orbit or Geostationary Orbit ( ~22,300 miles above Earth) GEODSS Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance
    [Show full text]
  • GPS Applications in Space
    Space Situational Awareness 2015: GPS Applications in Space James J. Miller, Deputy Director Policy & Strategic Communications Division May 13, 2015 GPS Extends the Reach of NASA Networks to Enable New Space Ops, Science, and Exploration Apps GPS Relative Navigation is used for Rendezvous to ISS GPS PNT Services Enable: • Attitude Determination: Use of GPS enables some missions to meet their attitude determination requirements, such as ISS • Real-time On-Board Navigation: Enables new methods of spaceflight ops such as rendezvous & docking, station- keeping, precision formation flying, and GEO satellite servicing • Earth Sciences: GPS used as a remote sensing tool supports atmospheric and ionospheric sciences, geodesy, and geodynamics -- from monitoring sea levels and ice melt to measuring the gravity field ESA ATV 1st mission JAXA’s HTV 1st mission Commercial Cargo Resupply to ISS in 2008 to ISS in 2009 (Space-X & Cygnus), 2012+ 2 Growing GPS Uses in Space: Space Operations & Science • NASA strategic navigation requirements for science and 20-Year Worldwide Space Mission space ops continue to grow, especially as higher Projections by Orbit Type* precisions are needed for more complex operations in all space domains 1% 5% Low Earth Orbit • Nearly 60%* of projected worldwide space missions 27% Medium Earth Orbit over the next 20 years will operate in LEO 59% GeoSynchronous Orbit – That is, inside the Terrestrial Service Volume (TSV) 8% Highly Elliptical Orbit Cislunar / Interplanetary • An additional 35%* of these space missions that will operate at higher altitudes will remain at or below GEO – That is, inside the GPS/GNSS Space Service Volume (SSV) Highly Elliptical Orbits**: • In summary, approximately 95% of projected Example: NASA MMS 4- worldwide space missions over the next 20 years will satellite constellation.
    [Show full text]
  • PNT in High Earth Orbit and Beyond
    International Committee on GNSS-13 Focuses on PNT in High Earth Orbit and Beyond Since last reported in the November/December 2016 issue of Inside GNSS, signicant progress has been made to extend the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) in High Earth Orbit (HEO). This update describes the results of international eorts that are enabling mission planners to condently Artist’s rendering employ GNSS signals in HEO and how researchers are of Orion docked to the lunar-orbiting extending the use of GNSS out to lunar distances. Gateway. Image courtesy of NASA tarting with nascent GPS space to existing ones, multi-GNSS signal Moving from Dream to Reality flight experiments in Low- availability in HEO is set to improve Within the National Aeronautics and SEarth Orbit (LEO) in the 1980s significantly. Users could soon Space Administration (NASA), the and 1990s, space-borne GPS is now employ four operational global con- Space Communications and Naviga- commonplace. Researchers continue stellations and two regional space- tion (SCaN) Program Office leads expanding GPS and GNSS use into— based navigation and augmenta- eorts in PNT development and policy. and beyond—the Space Service Vol- tion systems, respectively: the U.S. Numerous missions have been own in ume (SSV), which is the volume of GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s the SSV, dating back to the rst ight space surrounding the Earth between Galileo, China’s BeiDou (BDS), experiments in 1997. NASA, through 3,000 kilometers and Geosynchronous Japan’s Quasi-Zenith Satellite Sys- SCaN and its predecessors, has sup- (GEO) altitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • Navigation Data— Definitions and Conventions
    Report Concerning Space Data System Standards NAVIGATION DATA— DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 500.0-G-3.21 GREEN BOOK April 2016 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING NAVIGATION DATA—DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS AUTHORITY Issue: Informational Report, Issue 3 Date: May 2010 Location: Washington, DC, USA This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and reflects the consensus of technical panel experts from CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS Reports is detailed in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. This document is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat Space Communications and Navigation Office, 7L70 Space Operations Mission Directorate NASA Headquarters Washington, DC 20546-0001, USA CCSDS 500.0-G-3 Page i May 2010 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING NAVIGATION DATA—DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS FOREWORD This Report contains technical material to supplement the CCSDS Recommended Standards for the standardization of spacecraft navigation data generated by CCSDS Member Agencies. The topics covered herein include radiometric data content, spacecraft ephemeris, planetary ephemeris, tracking station locations, coordinate systems, and attitude data. This Report deals explicitly with the technical definitions and conventions associated with inter-Agency cross-support situations involving the transfer of ephemeris, tracking, and attitude data. This version of the Green Book contains expanded material regarding spacecraft attitude data and radiometric tracking data. Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or modification of this document may occur. This Report is therefore subject to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.
    [Show full text]
  • SATELLITES ORBIT ELEMENTS : EPHEMERIS, Keplerian ELEMENTS, STATE VECTORS
    www.myreaders.info www.myreaders.info Return to Website SATELLITES ORBIT ELEMENTS : EPHEMERIS, Keplerian ELEMENTS, STATE VECTORS RC Chakraborty (Retd), Former Director, DRDO, Delhi & Visiting Professor, JUET, Guna, www.myreaders.info, [email protected], www.myreaders.info/html/orbital_mechanics.html, Revised Dec. 16, 2015 (This is Sec. 5, pp 164 - 192, of Orbital Mechanics - Model & Simulation Software (OM-MSS), Sec 1 to 10, pp 1 - 402.) OM-MSS Page 164 OM-MSS Section - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 www.myreaders.info SATELLITES ORBIT ELEMENTS : EPHEMERIS, Keplerian ELEMENTS, STATE VECTORS Satellite Ephemeris is Expressed either by 'Keplerian elements' or by 'State Vectors', that uniquely identify a specific orbit. A satellite is an object that moves around a larger object. Thousands of Satellites launched into orbit around Earth. First, look into the Preliminaries about 'Satellite Orbit', before moving to Satellite Ephemeris data and conversion utilities of the OM-MSS software. (a) Satellite : An artificial object, intentionally placed into orbit. Thousands of Satellites have been launched into orbit around Earth. A few Satellites called Space Probes have been placed into orbit around Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc. The Motion of a Satellite is a direct consequence of the Gravity of a body (earth), around which the satellite travels without any propulsion. The Moon is the Earth's only natural Satellite, moves around Earth in the same kind of orbit. (b) Earth Gravity and Satellite Motion : As satellite move around Earth, it is pulled in by the gravitational force (centripetal) of the Earth. Contrary to this pull, the rotating motion of satellite around Earth has an associated force (centrifugal) which pushes it away from the Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Space Debris Proceedings
    THE UPDATED IAA POSITION PAPER ON ORBITAL DEBRIS W Flury 1), J M Contant 2) 1) ESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, 64293 Darmstadt, German, E-mail: [email protected] 2) EADS, Launch Vehicle, SD-DC, 78133 Les Mureaux Cédex, France, E-mail: [email protected] orbit, altitude 35786 km; HEO = high Earth orbit ABSTRACT (apogee above 2000 km). Being concerned about the space debris problem which After over 40 years of international space operations, poses a threat to the future of spaceflight, the more than 26,000 objects have been officially International Academy of Astronautics has issued in cataloged, with approximately one-third of them still in 1993 the Position Paper on Orbital Debris. The orbit about the Earth (Fig. 2). "Cataloged" objects are objectives were to evaluate the need and urgency for objects larger than 10-20 cm in diameter for LEO and 1 action and to indicate ways to reduce the hazard. Since m in diameter in higher orbits, which are sensed and then the space debris problem has gained more maintained in a database by the United States Space attention. Also, several debris preventative measures Command's Space Surveillance Network (SSN). have been introduced on a voluntary basis by designers Statistical measurements have determined that a much and operators of space systems. The updated IAA larger number of objects (> 100,000) 1cm in size or Position Paper on Orbital Debris takes into account larger are in orbit as well. These statistical the evolving space debris environment, new results of measurements are obtained by operating a few special space debris research and international policy radar facilities in the beam-park mode, where the radar developments.
    [Show full text]
  • Orbital Mechanics Joe Spier, K6WAO – AMSAT Director for Education ARRL 100Th Centennial Educational Forum 1 History
    Orbital Mechanics Joe Spier, K6WAO – AMSAT Director for Education ARRL 100th Centennial Educational Forum 1 History Astrology » Pseudoscience based on several systems of divination based on the premise that there is a relationship between astronomical phenomena and events in the human world. » Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and the Indians, Chinese, and Mayans developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. » In the West, astrology most often consists of a system of horoscopes purporting to explain aspects of a person's personality and predict future events in their life based on the positions of the sun, moon, and other celestial objects at the time of their birth. » The majority of professional astrologers rely on such systems. 2 History Astronomy » Astronomy is a natural science which is the study of celestial objects (such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, and nebulae), the physics, chemistry, and evolution of such objects, and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth, including supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation. » Astronomy is one of the oldest sciences. » Prehistoric cultures have left astronomical artifacts such as the Egyptian monuments and Nubian monuments, and early civilizations such as the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Indians, Iranians and Maya performed methodical observations of the night sky. » The invention of the telescope was required before astronomy was able to develop into a modern science. » Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy and the making of calendars, but professional astronomy is nowadays often considered to be synonymous with astrophysics.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing I: Basics
    Remote Sensing I: Basics Kelly M. Brunt Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland Cryospheric Science Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center [email protected] (Based on Nick Barrand’s UAF Summer School in Glaciology 2014 lecture) ROUGH Outline: Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Spectrum NASA Satellites and the Electromagnetic Spectrum Passive & Active instruments Types of Survey Methods Types of Orbits Resolution Platforms & Sensors (Speaker’s bias: NASA, lidar, and Antarctica…) Electromagnetic Radiation - Energy derived from oscillating magnetic and electrostatic fields - Properties include wavelength (, in m) and frequency (, in Hz) related to (speed of light, 299,792,458 m/s) by: Wikipedia Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Spectrum NASA (increasing frequency…) Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Spectrum NASA (increasing wavelength…) Radiation in the Atmosphere NASA Cryosphere Specular: Smooth surface; energy reflected in 1 direction (e.g., sea ice lead) Diffuse: Rough surface; energy reflected in many directions (e.g., pressure ridges) Nick Barrand, UAF Summer School in Glaciology, 2014 NASA Earth-orbiting Satellites (‘observatory’ or ‘bus’) NASA Satellite, observatory, or bus: everything (i.e., instrument, thrust, power, and navigation components…) e.g., Terra Instrument: the part making the measurement; often satellites have suites of instruments e.g., ASTER, MODIS (on satellite Terra) NASA Earth-orbiting Satellites (‘observatory’ or ‘bus’) Radio & Optical; weather Optical;
    [Show full text]
  • Types of Orbit
    Types of Orbit drishtiias.com/printpdf/types-of-orbit An orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. An object moving around a planet in an orbit is called a satellite. According to the height of satellites from the earth, the orbits can be classified as High Earth orbit, Medium Earth orbit, and Low Earth orbit. High Earth orbit begins about one-tenth of the way to the moon. Many kinds of weather and some communications satellites tend to have a high Earth orbit, furthest away from the surface. Satellites that orbit in a medium (mid) Earth orbit include navigation satellites, designed to monitor a particular region. Most scientific satellites, including NASA’s Earth Observing System fleet, have a low Earth orbit. Path of a Satellite in an Orbit Together, the satellite’s height, eccentricity, and inclination determine the satellite’s path in an orbit. Height of Satellite The height of the orbit, or distance between the satellite and Earth’s surface, determines how quickly the satellite moves around the Earth. Higher a satellite’s orbit, the slower it moves. 1/6 An Earth-orbiting satellite’s motion is mostly controlled by Earth’s gravity. As satellites get closer to Earth, the pull of gravity gets stronger, and the satellite moves more quickly. For Example, NASA’s Aqua satellite requires about 99 minutes to orbit the Earth at about 705 kilometres height from Earth’s surface. A communication satellite about 36,000 kilometres from Earth’s surface takes 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds to complete an orbit.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellites and Orbits
    Name___________________________________ Directions: Color pink any information below that describes the 3 kinds of Earth’s orbits. Color blue any information below that describes the manmade objects found in each orbit. Satellites and Orbits October 4, 1957, Russia launched Sputnik and in February 1958, the U.S. sent its own Explorer 1 into space and they began the Space Race. Since then, humans have launched over 2500 satellites into Earth orbit. Among these satellites and other orbiters have been: The Hubble Space Telescope; The International Space Station (ISS); Russia’s Mir Space Station; a 27 satellite GPS system as well as numerous communications, weather, broadcast TV and radio satellites. We have turned the space surrounding our Earth into a very busy place. In order to keep all of these satellites in orbit and useful to us on the planet’s surface, we need to understand a bit more about them. Different Earth orbits give satellites and other orbital bodies different perspectives and abilities to perform their jobs. Some orbits allow these objects to hover over a particular point of the Earth, others allow them to quickly circle the Earth and see many places. The purpose of the satellite or other orbital body is what determines which orbit type is best suited. The motion of the satellite is greatly controlled by the Earth’s gravity. When things are closer to Earth, the pull of gravity is stronger and the object must move faster to counter that pull and stay in orbit. The farther away from Earth the object is, the slower it can move and still remain in orbit.
    [Show full text]
  • Debris Assessment Software User’S Guide
    JSC 64047 Debris Assessment Software User’s Guide Version 2.0 Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate Orbital Debris Program Office November 2007 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, Texas 77058 Debris Assessment Software Version 2.0 User’s Guide NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Houston, TX November 2007 Prepared by: John N. Opiela Eric Hillary David O. Whitlock Marsha Hennigan ESCG Approved by: Kira Abercromby ESCG Project Manager Orbital Debris Program Office Approved by: Eugene Stansbery NASA/JSC Program Manager Orbital Debris Program Office Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................................... iii List of Tables..................................................................................................................................... iii List of Plots ........................................................................................................................................iv 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 1.1 Major Changes since DAS 1.5.3 ..........................................................................................1 1.2 Software Installation and Removal ......................................................................................2 2. DAS Main Window Features ....................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]