DOCSLIB.ORG

Live/Work/Play in Earth Orbit 01

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Earth/Space LWP-Earth-Orbit-01 Live/Work/Play in Earth Orbit 01 Bob & George • Bob Albrecht & George Firedrake • [email protected] This eBook is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license. You may give all or part of this eBook free to anyone. You may use it in other ways described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. Reality expands to fill the available fantasies. To expand your personal reality, fantasize, fantasize, and keep on fantasizing. – Bob & George This eBook is for teachers, tutors, librarians, parents, siblings, grandparents, and others who help learners learn math and science. It is A-OK to copy stuff from this eBook, modify it, enhance it, and paste it into your documents that you give free to students – or to anyone. IMAGINE/FANTASIZE Now: Live, work and play in Earth orbit in the International Space Station (ISS). Soon: Live, work and play in Earth orbit in resort hotels, research centers, factories, sports arena, junkyards and other space habitats. Far out: Millions of people live, work, and play in communities in Earth orbit. IMAGINE/FANTASIZE Today and tomorrow and beyond: You and your students imagine living, working and playing in a resort hotel, research center, factory, sports arena, junkyard or other community in Earth orbit. We will search the Internet for information and inspiration, and contrive mathemagical alakazams related to living, working and playing in Earth orbit. We are not experts, so much of this eBook will consist of links to Internet sites where we and you and your students can learn about living, working and playing in Earth orbit. Bob & George? Bob is a 90-year-old human (as of February 2020). George is a dragon. Read about Bob & George at Information Age Education (IAE): http://iae-pedia.org/Robert_Albrecht. Bob & George write math & science eBooks and post them on the Internet for free download and use as PDF files and Word files at http://i-a-e.org/downloads/cat_view/86-free-ebooks-by-bob-albrecht.html 1 Earth/Space LWP-Earth-Orbit-01 Table of Contents (TOC) Today in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO): The International Space Station (ISS) Live, Work and Play in Earth Orbit: On the Moon Things to Come in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) The High Frontier: 1976 and 2019 Appendix 01 Earth and Moon Data Appendix 02 Orbital Equations DragonFun image by Marcie Hawthorne http://marciehawthorne.com/ 2 Earth/Space LWP-Earth-Orbit-01 Today in Low Earth Orbit (LEO): International Space Station (ISS) | TOC Today astronauts and scientists (the ISS crew) live, work and play in the International Space Station (ISS) in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). • International Space Station https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html • Current ISS Crew http://www.ariss.org/current-iss-crew.html • International Space Station https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station • Low Earth orbit (LEO) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit Paraphrased from International Space Station https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station: The International Space Station (ISS) is a habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit (LEO). Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest human-made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth. Your students can spot the ISS and watch it as it traverses the sky above their neighborhoods. Imagine living/working/playing aboard the ISS. • Spot the ISS. Where? When? https://spotthestation.nasa.gov/ Table ISS-01 ISS size, mass, and pressure data from Wikipedia International Space Station https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station Data retrieved 2019-05-11. This data might be different today. Length: 72.8 m (meters) Width: 108.5 m (meters) Height: approximately 20 m (meters) Mass: 419,725 kg (kilograms) Pressurized volume (May 2016): 931.57 m3 (meters cubed – cubic meters) Atmospheric pressure: 1 atmosphere (1 Earth atmosphere at sea level) ISS picture purloined from Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station Thank you, Wikipedia. You are always there when we need you. Reality expands to fill the available fantasies. Your students can imagine living, working and playing as astronauts/scientists aboard the ISS. Spot the ISS https://spotthestation.nasa.gov/ 3 Earth/Space LWP-Earth-Orbit-01 Table ISS-01 up yonder presents data retrieved from Wikipedia, our favorite source of information. Table ISS-02 below displays data we found at NASA’s official ISS site. Table ISS-02 ISS facts and figures from NASA International Space Station facts and figures https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures Data retrieved 2019-05-11. It may change as ISS goes ‘round and ‘round Earth. Data from NASA ISS Facts and Figures 2019-05-11 Data in metric units ☺ Pressurized module length: 240 feet 73.2 meters Truss length: 357. 5 feet 109 meters Solar array length: 239.4 feet 73.0 meters Mass: 925,335 pounds (See Note 1) 419,725 kilograms (See Note 1) Habitable volume: 13,696 cubic feet 388.83 cubic meters Pressurized volume: 32,333 cubic feet 915.57 cubic meters Power generation by solar arrays 75 to 90 kilowatts Note 1: Oops, pound is a unit of force, not mass, in archaic US customary units. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_customary_units Mass is a unit of amount of matter in the International System of Units (SI). ☺ https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/si-units The ISS’s weight depends on its distance from Earth’s center: 925,335 pounds at Earth sea level. The ISS’s mass (419,725 kilograms) is the same at any distance from Earth’s center. Yeah! The unit of mass in US customary units is the slug https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slug_(unit). The mass of the ISS in US customary units is approximately 28,760 slugs. The Banana Slug is the mascot of the University of California, Santa Cruz. https://www.ucsc.edu/about/mascot.html Go, Banana Slug, Go! The mass of the ISS is 419,725 kilograms (2019-05-11). The mass of the water in a 1-liter bottle of water is 1 kilogram. The mass of the ISS is equal to the mass of the water in 419,725 1-liter bottles of water. • If you drink 3 liters of water a day (3 kilograms a day), how long will it take you to drink 419,725 kilograms (419,725 liters) of water in days? In weeks? In months? In years? The pressurized volume of the ISS is approximately 916 cubic meters (2019-05-11). The volume of one liter of water is 1000 cubic centimeters, or 1/1000 cubic meter. 1000 liters of water has a volume of 1 cubic meter. The ISS’s 916 cubic meters of pressurized volume can hold 916 cubic meters of water, or 916,000 liters of water. The mass of water that would fill the ISS’s pressurized volume is 916,000 kilograms. Are all those numbers correct? Your students can check and say yea or nay. Fantasize: Would a satellite full or partially full of water be a great aquatic environment for dolphins and bioengineered humans with gills? Imagine aquahumans and dolphins living, working and playing in an Earth-orbit habitat full or partially full of water. Supply water and life support from Earth? From the Moon? From the asteroid belt? Your students can investigate and fantasize. 4 Earth/Space LWP-Earth-Orbit-01 ISS, Snoopy and the Red Baron The ISS’s solar array wingspan is 73 meters (2019-05-11). The wingspan of Snoopy’s Sopwith Camel is 8.53 meters. How many Sopwith Camel wingspans placed end to end equals the wingspan of the ISS solar array? Sopwith Camel picture filched from Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Camel Snoopy’s Sopwith Camel The wingspan of the Red Baron’s Fokker DR 1 triplane is 7.19 meters. How many Fokker DR 1 wingspans placed end to end equals the wingspan of the ISS solar array? Fokker DR 1 picture pirated from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_Dr.I Red Baron’s Fokker Dr 1 The ISS’s solar arrays generate 75 to 90 kilowatts of electrical power (2019-05-11). • How many 20-watt LED light bulbs will 75 kilowatts (kW) light up? • How many 20-watt LED light bulbs will 90 kW light up? • How many laptop computers will 75 kW power? How many will 90 kW power? • How many smart phones will 75 kW power? How many will 90 kW power? The above comparisons are based on data posted by NASA 2019-05-11. As Earth and the ISS go ‘round and ‘round in their orbits, the ISS may change in size, mass, electrical power and other ways. To view the latest data, visit https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures. 5 Earth/Space LWP-Earth-Orbit-01 ISS Orbital Alakazams The International Space Station’s orbit is almost circular, slightly elliptical. The orbital plane is inclined 51.64 degrees to Earth’s equatorial plane. Table ISS-03 ISS Orbital Inclination: 51.64 degrees from Earth’s Equator Orbital inclination https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination Earth observatory https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsCatalog/ About the picture over yonder → The horizontal line labeled ‘Earth’s rotation’ is Earth’s equator. The rotation is from west to east as shown by the arrow (→). The line labeled ‘satellite orbit’ is the path of a satellite whose orbit is inclined to Earth’s equator. The satellite’s direction of motion is shown by the arrow (). Picture heisted from Earth observatory Catalog of Earth Satellite Orbits https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/OrbitsCatalog/ Great place to learn about low Earth orbit (LEO), mid Earth orbit (MEO), high Earth orbit (HEO), Global Positioning System (GPS) orbits and geostationary orbits.
Recommended publications
  • Astrodynamics

    Astrodynamics

    Politecnico di Torino SEEDS SpacE Exploration and Development Systems Astrodynamics II Edition 2006 - 07 - Ver. 2.0.1 Author: Guido Colasurdo Dipartimento di Energetica Teacher: Giulio Avanzini Dipartimento di Ingegneria Aeronautica e Spaziale e-mail: [email protected] Contents 1 Two–Body Orbital Mechanics 1 1.1 BirthofAstrodynamics: Kepler’sLaws. ......... 1 1.2 Newton’sLawsofMotion ............................ ... 2 1.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation . ......... 3 1.4 The n–BodyProblem ................................. 4 1.5 Equation of Motion in the Two-Body Problem . ....... 5 1.6 PotentialEnergy ................................. ... 6 1.7 ConstantsoftheMotion . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 7 1.8 TrajectoryEquation .............................. .... 8 1.9 ConicSections ................................... 8 1.10 Relating Energy and Semi-major Axis . ........ 9 2 Two-Dimensional Analysis of Motion 11 2.1 ReferenceFrames................................. 11 2.2 Velocity and acceleration components . ......... 12 2.3 First-Order Scalar Equations of Motion . ......... 12 2.4 PerifocalReferenceFrame . ...... 13 2.5 FlightPathAngle ................................. 14 2.6 EllipticalOrbits................................ ..... 15 2.6.1 Geometry of an Elliptical Orbit . ..... 15 2.6.2 Period of an Elliptical Orbit . ..... 16 2.7 Time–of–Flight on the Elliptical Orbit . .......... 16 2.8 Extensiontohyperbolaandparabola. ........ 18 2.9 Circular and Escape Velocity, Hyperbolic Excess Speed . .............. 18 2.10 CosmicVelocities
  • AFSPC-CO TERMINOLOGY Revised: 12 Jan 2019

    AFSPC-CO TERMINOLOGY Revised: 12 Jan 2019

    AFSPC-CO TERMINOLOGY Revised: 12 Jan 2019 Term Description AEHF Advanced Extremely High Frequency AFB / AFS Air Force Base / Air Force Station AOC Air Operations Center AOI Area of Interest The point in the orbit of a heavenly body, specifically the moon, or of a man-made satellite Apogee at which it is farthest from the earth. Even CAP rockets experience apogee. Either of two points in an eccentric orbit, one (higher apsis) farthest from the center of Apsis attraction, the other (lower apsis) nearest to the center of attraction Argument of Perigee the angle in a satellites' orbit plane that is measured from the Ascending Node to the (ω) perigee along the satellite direction of travel CGO Company Grade Officer CLV Calculated Load Value, Crew Launch Vehicle COP Common Operating Picture DCO Defensive Cyber Operations DHS Department of Homeland Security DoD Department of Defense DOP Dilution of Precision Defense Satellite Communications Systems - wideband communications spacecraft for DSCS the USAF DSP Defense Satellite Program or Defense Support Program - "Eyes in the Sky" EHF Extremely High Frequency (30-300 GHz; 1mm-1cm) ELF Extremely Low Frequency (3-30 Hz; 100,000km-10,000km) EMS Electromagnetic Spectrum Equitorial Plane the plane passing through the equator EWR Early Warning Radar and Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity GBR Ground-Based Radar and Global Broadband Roaming GBS Global Broadcast Service GEO Geosynchronous Earth Orbit or Geostationary Orbit ( ~22,300 miles above Earth) GEODSS Ground-Based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance
  • USE of Gis for INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING in Fom PROVIDENCE, NOKI'hwest Terrltories

    USE of Gis for INTEGRATED RESOURCE PLANNING in Fom PROVIDENCE, NOKI'hwest Terrltories

    USE OF GIs FOR INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAG-T PLANNING IN FOm PROVIDENCE, NOKI'HWEST TERRlTORIES by Stephen A. Kilburn A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Regional Planning and Resource Development Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1997 @ Stephen A. Kilburn 1997 National Library Biblioth&que nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services seWsbibliographiques The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accord6 melicence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Lzl'brary of Canada to %iblioth&&enationale du Csmada de ~epfoduce,loan, distr'bute or sell reproduire, Ntet, distri'buer ou copies of bidher thesis by any means vendre des copies de sa thbde and in any form or fonnat, rnaking quelcp manib et sous -1que this thesis avaikble to interested forme que ce soit pour mettre des persons. exemplaires de cette th&e la disposition des personnes int&essies. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in hislher thesis. Neither bitd'auteur qui prot6ge sa Wse. Ni the thesis nor substantial extracts la these ni dm extraits substantiels de fiom it may be printed or otherwise cell-i ne doivent &re imprimes ou reproduced with the author's autrement reproduits sans son permission. atr~osatioon. The University of Waterloo requires the signatures of all persons using or photocopying this thesis. Please sign below, and give address and date. (iii) Geographic information systems ("GIs") are being adapted for use in a wide variety of ac- tivities involving management and analysis of spatial information- In the Canadian north, aboriginal communities engaged in integrated resource management have begun to use these systems.
  • GPS Applications in Space

    GPS Applications in Space

    Space Situational Awareness 2015: GPS Applications in Space James J. Miller, Deputy Director Policy & Strategic Communications Division May 13, 2015 GPS Extends the Reach of NASA Networks to Enable New Space Ops, Science, and Exploration Apps GPS Relative Navigation is used for Rendezvous to ISS GPS PNT Services Enable: • Attitude Determination: Use of GPS enables some missions to meet their attitude determination requirements, such as ISS • Real-time On-Board Navigation: Enables new methods of spaceflight ops such as rendezvous & docking, station- keeping, precision formation flying, and GEO satellite servicing • Earth Sciences: GPS used as a remote sensing tool supports atmospheric and ionospheric sciences, geodesy, and geodynamics -- from monitoring sea levels and ice melt to measuring the gravity field ESA ATV 1st mission JAXA’s HTV 1st mission Commercial Cargo Resupply to ISS in 2008 to ISS in 2009 (Space-X & Cygnus), 2012+ 2 Growing GPS Uses in Space: Space Operations & Science • NASA strategic navigation requirements for science and 20-Year Worldwide Space Mission space ops continue to grow, especially as higher Projections by Orbit Type* precisions are needed for more complex operations in all space domains 1% 5% Low Earth Orbit • Nearly 60%* of projected worldwide space missions 27% Medium Earth Orbit over the next 20 years will operate in LEO 59% GeoSynchronous Orbit – That is, inside the Terrestrial Service Volume (TSV) 8% Highly Elliptical Orbit Cislunar / Interplanetary • An additional 35%* of these space missions that will operate at higher altitudes will remain at or below GEO – That is, inside the GPS/GNSS Space Service Volume (SSV) Highly Elliptical Orbits**: • In summary, approximately 95% of projected Example: NASA MMS 4- worldwide space missions over the next 20 years will satellite constellation.
  • Council Meeting Agenda - 25 November 2020 - Agenda

    Council Meeting Agenda - 25 November 2020 - Agenda

    Council Meeting Agenda - 25 November 2020 - Agenda Council Meeting Agenda - 25 November 2020 Meeting will be held in the Council Chamber, Level 2, Philip Laing House 144 Rattray Street, Dunedin Members: Cr Andrew Noone, Chairperson Cr Carmen Hope Cr Michael Laws, Deputy Chairperson Cr Gary Kelliher Cr Hilary Calvert Cr Kevin Malcolm Cr Michael Deaker Cr Gretchen Robertson Cr Alexa Forbes Cr Bryan Scott Hon Cr Marian Hobbs Cr Kate Wilson Senior Officer: Sarah Gardner, Chief Executive Meeting Support: Liz Spector, Committee Secretary 25 November 2020 01:00 PM Agenda Topic Page 1. APOLOGIES Cr Deaker and Cr Hobbs have submitted apologies. 2. CONFIRMATION OF AGENDA Note: Any additions must be approved by resolution with an explanation as to why they cannot be delayed until a future meeting. 3. CONFLICT OF INTEREST Members are reminded of the need to stand aside from decision-making when a conflict arises between their role as an elected representative and any private or other external interest they might have. 4. PUBLIC FORUM Members of the public may request to speak to the Council. 4.1 Mr Bryce McKenzie has requested to speak to the Council about the proposed Freshwater Regulations. 5. CONFIRMATION OF MINUTES 4 The Council will consider minutes of previous Council Meetings as a true and accurate record, with or without changes. 5.1 Minutes of the 28 October 2020 Council Meeting 4 6. ACTIONS (Status of Council Resolutions) 12 The Council will review outstanding resolutions. 7. MATTERS FOR COUNCIL CONSIDERATION 14 1 Council Meeting Agenda - 25 November 2020 - Agenda 7.1 CURRENT RESPONSIBILITIES IN RELATION TO DRINKING WATER 14 This paper is provided to inform the Council on Otago Regional Council’s (ORC) current responsibilities in relation to drinking water.
  • PNT in High Earth Orbit and Beyond

    PNT in High Earth Orbit and Beyond

    International Committee on GNSS-13 Focuses on PNT in High Earth Orbit and Beyond Since last reported in the November/December 2016 issue of Inside GNSS, signicant progress has been made to extend the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) in High Earth Orbit (HEO). This update describes the results of international eorts that are enabling mission planners to condently Artist’s rendering employ GNSS signals in HEO and how researchers are of Orion docked to the lunar-orbiting extending the use of GNSS out to lunar distances. Gateway. Image courtesy of NASA tarting with nascent GPS space to existing ones, multi-GNSS signal Moving from Dream to Reality flight experiments in Low- availability in HEO is set to improve Within the National Aeronautics and SEarth Orbit (LEO) in the 1980s significantly. Users could soon Space Administration (NASA), the and 1990s, space-borne GPS is now employ four operational global con- Space Communications and Naviga- commonplace. Researchers continue stellations and two regional space- tion (SCaN) Program Office leads expanding GPS and GNSS use into— based navigation and augmenta- eorts in PNT development and policy. and beyond—the Space Service Vol- tion systems, respectively: the U.S. Numerous missions have been own in ume (SSV), which is the volume of GPS, Russia’s GLONASS, Europe’s the SSV, dating back to the rst ight space surrounding the Earth between Galileo, China’s BeiDou (BDS), experiments in 1997. NASA, through 3,000 kilometers and Geosynchronous Japan’s Quasi-Zenith Satellite Sys- SCaN and its predecessors, has sup- (GEO) altitudes.
  • Guide to Apicultural Potential, Climate Conditions, Air and Soil Quality in the Black Sea Basin

    Guide to Apicultural Potential, Climate Conditions, Air and Soil Quality in the Black Sea Basin

    GUIDE TO APICULTURAL POTENTIAL, CLIMATE CONDITIONS, AIR AND SOIL QUALITY IN THE BLACK SEA BASIN COORDINATOR: ADRIAN ZUGRAVU Project: INCREASING THE TRADING AND MODERNIZATION OF THE BEEKEEPING AND THE CONNECTED SECTORS IN THE BLACK SEA BASIN ITM BEE-BSB Regions: South-Eastern Romania Severoiztochen Bulgaria TR90 (Trabzon, Ordu, Giresun, Rize, Artvin, Gümüşhane) Turkey Moldova Mykolaiv – Ukraine ITM BEE-BSB www.itmbeebsb.com 2020 Common borders. Common solutions 0 CONTENTS What is the Black Sea Region Chapter 1 THE IMPORTANCE OF BEEKEEPING AT EUROPEAN LEVEL (Adrian Zugravu, Constanța Laura Augustin Zugravu) Chapter 2 THE APICULTURAL POTENTIAL 2.1 Introductory notes – definitions, classifications, biological diversity, (Ionica Soare) 2.2. Important melliferous plants in terms of beekeeping and geographical distribution (Ionica Soare) 2.2.1 Trees and shrubs (Ionica Soare) 2.2.2 Technical plants crops (Ionica Soare) 2.2.3 Forage crops (Ionica Soare) 2.2.4. Medicinal and aromatic plants (Adrian Zugravu, Ciprian Petrișor Plenovici) 2.2.5 Table of honey plants (Ionica Soare) Chapter 3. CLIMATE CONDITIONS (Ionica Soare) Chapter 4 AIR AND SOIL QUALITY IN THE BLACK SEA BASIN 4.1 The impact of climate change on the environmental resources in the Black Sea Basin (Adrian Zugravu, Camelia Costela Fasola Lungeanu) 4.2 The state of environmental resources in the Black Sea Region (Adrian Zugravu, Camelia Costela Fasola Lungeanu) 4.3 The soil quality in the Black Sea Basin (Adrian Zugravu, Camelia Costela Fasola Lungeanu) 4.4 Actions taken and issues related to soil / land degradation and desertification (Ionica Soare) 4.5 Developments and trends on the market for phytopharmaceutical products Adrian Zugravu, Camelia Costela Fasola Lungeanu) Bibliography Common borders.
  • Navigation Data— Definitions and Conventions

    Navigation Data— Definitions and Conventions

    Report Concerning Space Data System Standards NAVIGATION DATA— DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS INFORMATIONAL REPORT CCSDS 500.0-G-3.21 GREEN BOOK April 2016 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING NAVIGATION DATA—DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS AUTHORITY Issue: Informational Report, Issue 3 Date: May 2010 Location: Washington, DC, USA This document has been approved for publication by the Management Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and reflects the consensus of technical panel experts from CCSDS Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS Reports is detailed in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. This document is published and maintained by: CCSDS Secretariat Space Communications and Navigation Office, 7L70 Space Operations Mission Directorate NASA Headquarters Washington, DC 20546-0001, USA CCSDS 500.0-G-3 Page i May 2010 CCSDS REPORT CONCERNING NAVIGATION DATA—DEFINITIONS AND CONVENTIONS FOREWORD This Report contains technical material to supplement the CCSDS Recommended Standards for the standardization of spacecraft navigation data generated by CCSDS Member Agencies. The topics covered herein include radiometric data content, spacecraft ephemeris, planetary ephemeris, tracking station locations, coordinate systems, and attitude data. This Report deals explicitly with the technical definitions and conventions associated with inter-Agency cross-support situations involving the transfer of ephemeris, tracking, and attitude data. This version of the Green Book contains expanded material regarding spacecraft attitude data and radiometric tracking data. Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion, deletion, or modification of this document may occur. This Report is therefore subject to CCSDS document management and change control procedures, which are defined in the Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.
  • Nutrient Transport from a Small Boreal Agricultural Watershed: Hydrological Control and Potential of Retention Ponds

    Nutrient Transport from a Small Boreal Agricultural Watershed: Hydrological Control and Potential of Retention Ponds

    water Article Long-Term (2001–2020) Nutrient Transport from a Small Boreal Agricultural Watershed: Hydrological Control and Potential of Retention Ponds Sari Uusheimo * , Tiina Tulonen, Jussi Huotari and Lauri Arvola Lammi Biological Station, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Helsinki University, FI-16900 Lammi, Finland; tiina.tulonen@helsinki.fi (T.T.); jussi.huotari@helsinki.fi (J.H.); lauri.arvola@helsinki.fi (L.A.) * Correspondence: sari.uusheimo@iki.fi Received: 3 August 2020; Accepted: 24 September 2020; Published: 30 September 2020 Abstract: Agriculture contributes significantly to phosphorus and nitrogen loading in southern Finland. Climate change with higher winter air temperatures and precipitation may also promote loading increase further. We analyzed long-term nutrient trends (2001–2020) based on year-round weekly water sampling and daily weather data from a boreal small agricultural watershed. In addition, nutrient retention was studied in a constructed sedimentation pond system for two years. We did not find any statistically significant trends in weather conditions (temperature, precipitation, discharge, snow depth) except for an increase in discharge in March. Increasing trends in annual concentrations were found for nitrate, phosphate, and total phosphorus and total nitrogen. In fact, phosphate concentration increased in every season and nitrate concentration in other seasons except in autumn. Total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations increased in winter as well and total phosphorus also in summer. Increasing annual loading trend was found for total phosphorus, phosphate, and nitrate. Increasing winter loading was found for nitrate and total nitrogen, but phosphate loading increased in winter, spring, and summer. In the pond system, annual retention of total nitrogen was 1.9–4.8% and that of phosphorus 4.3–6.9%.
  • SATELLITES ORBIT ELEMENTS : EPHEMERIS, Keplerian ELEMENTS, STATE VECTORS

    SATELLITES ORBIT ELEMENTS : EPHEMERIS, Keplerian ELEMENTS, STATE VECTORS

    www.myreaders.info www.myreaders.info Return to Website SATELLITES ORBIT ELEMENTS : EPHEMERIS, Keplerian ELEMENTS, STATE VECTORS RC Chakraborty (Retd), Former Director, DRDO, Delhi & Visiting Professor, JUET, Guna, www.myreaders.info, [email protected], www.myreaders.info/html/orbital_mechanics.html, Revised Dec. 16, 2015 (This is Sec. 5, pp 164 - 192, of Orbital Mechanics - Model & Simulation Software (OM-MSS), Sec 1 to 10, pp 1 - 402.) OM-MSS Page 164 OM-MSS Section - 5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 www.myreaders.info SATELLITES ORBIT ELEMENTS : EPHEMERIS, Keplerian ELEMENTS, STATE VECTORS Satellite Ephemeris is Expressed either by 'Keplerian elements' or by 'State Vectors', that uniquely identify a specific orbit. A satellite is an object that moves around a larger object. Thousands of Satellites launched into orbit around Earth. First, look into the Preliminaries about 'Satellite Orbit', before moving to Satellite Ephemeris data and conversion utilities of the OM-MSS software. (a) Satellite : An artificial object, intentionally placed into orbit. Thousands of Satellites have been launched into orbit around Earth. A few Satellites called Space Probes have been placed into orbit around Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, etc. The Motion of a Satellite is a direct consequence of the Gravity of a body (earth), around which the satellite travels without any propulsion. The Moon is the Earth's only natural Satellite, moves around Earth in the same kind of orbit. (b) Earth Gravity and Satellite Motion : As satellite move around Earth, it is pulled in by the gravitational force (centripetal) of the Earth. Contrary to this pull, the rotating motion of satellite around Earth has an associated force (centrifugal) which pushes it away from the Earth.
  • A Blueprint for Alaska's Broadband Future

    A Blueprint for Alaska's Broadband Future

    A Blueprint for Alaska’s Broadband Future Updated and Revised 2019 The Denali Commission | www.denali.gov Connected Nation | www.connectednation.org December 11, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 04 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 05 Alaska’s Unique Challenges 06 The 2014 Alaska Broadband Plan 07 Updating the Plan 08 THE CURRENT STATE OF BROADBAND IN ALASKA 09 Understanding the Challenge: Federal Data on Last-Mile Broadband Availability 11 Improvements in School Connectivity 13 MOVING THE NEEDLE: FIVE YEARS OF PROGRESS 14 “Middle-Mile” Infrastructure 20 Long-Haul Infrastructure 20 Provider Investment 20 Federal Permitting 21 State Leadership 22 Federal Investments: A Compendium 33 LOOKING AHEAD: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE NEXT FIVE YEARS 34 Measuring Success 35 Guiding Principles – Infrastructure Deployment & Prioritization 37 2019 Updated Recommendations 41 CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND A BLUEPRINT FOR ALASKA’S BROADBAND FUTURE | UPDATED AND REVISED 2019 03 Released nearly 10 years ago, the Federal Communications Commission’s National Broadband Plan outlined the vital importance of broadband to communities of everywhere: “Like electricity a century ago, broadband is a foundation for economic growth, job creation, global competitiveness and a better way of life. It is enabling entire new industries and unlocking vast new possibilities for existing ones. It is changing how we educate children, deliver health care, manage energy, ensure public safety, engage government, and access, organize and disseminate knowledge.” 1 A decade later, this statement still holds true—only more so. As connectivity in the United States has become increasingly pervasive and robust, so too have the applications that have been designed to ride upon it—applications and services that now impact nearly every aspect of daily life.
  • Space Debris Proceedings

    Space Debris Proceedings

    THE UPDATED IAA POSITION PAPER ON ORBITAL DEBRIS W Flury 1), J M Contant 2) 1) ESA/ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Str. 5, 64293 Darmstadt, German, E-mail: [email protected] 2) EADS, Launch Vehicle, SD-DC, 78133 Les Mureaux Cédex, France, E-mail: [email protected] orbit, altitude 35786 km; HEO = high Earth orbit ABSTRACT (apogee above 2000 km). Being concerned about the space debris problem which After over 40 years of international space operations, poses a threat to the future of spaceflight, the more than 26,000 objects have been officially International Academy of Astronautics has issued in cataloged, with approximately one-third of them still in 1993 the Position Paper on Orbital Debris. The orbit about the Earth (Fig. 2). "Cataloged" objects are objectives were to evaluate the need and urgency for objects larger than 10-20 cm in diameter for LEO and 1 action and to indicate ways to reduce the hazard. Since m in diameter in higher orbits, which are sensed and then the space debris problem has gained more maintained in a database by the United States Space attention. Also, several debris preventative measures Command's Space Surveillance Network (SSN). have been introduced on a voluntary basis by designers Statistical measurements have determined that a much and operators of space systems. The updated IAA larger number of objects (> 100,000) 1cm in size or Position Paper on Orbital Debris takes into account larger are in orbit as well. These statistical the evolving space debris environment, new results of measurements are obtained by operating a few special space debris research and international policy radar facilities in the beam-park mode, where the radar developments.