International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 4751-4756 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS IN PALLIKARANAI WETLAND, CHENNAI - A REVIEW

B.Pavithra1, ([email protected]), Civil Department, Saveetha University, Chennai, S.Swathy2, Civil Department, Saveetha University, Chennai, B. Subhashini3 (M. tech), Assistant Professor of Civil Department, Saveetha University, Chennai

Abstract: Water is the valuable and essential Electrical conductivity of water is based on the resource for the human life. So the maintenance dissolved ions exist in the water. Greater the of the quality of water is the first step to put concentration of dissolved solid, greater the forward. Water comprises of marine, freshwater, conductivity of water. estuarine, ground water etc., Healthy environment and the type of land use makes the 1.1.2 Total hardness – Calcium water quality to be rich. Water quality can be &Magnesium measured through many methods which includes Total hardness is simply the equivalent of the biological, physical, radioactive, aesthic calcium and magnesium hardness. It is the properties. Hence this paper flashes about the measurement of mineral content in water. quality of water. Hardness in water is not that harmful to human. Keywords: Still it should be considered in the level of industrial scale. Water quality, physical & chemical properties, effective land use. 1.1.3 Chloride, Alkalinity

1. INTRODUCTION Chlorine is one the most commonly found anion in the water. It often combines with the calcium, 1.1 Water Quality magnesium or sodium. Although the chlorine is less harmful, it still gives the unpleasant tastes to Water quality is closely linked with the the water, and damages the flora vegetation. The environment and the human activities. The recommended level should be no higher than the garbage wastes into the water spoils the quality 250 mg/l. Alkalinity- It refers to the water of water at the major end, also causes the capability to neutralise the acid. Capacity of pollution of water. This makes the flora and water to resist the pH that would make the water fauna around the wetlands, marshes exist low. more acidic. Water quality can be measured by the few test that includes the pH, electrical conductivity, total Few above test are followed to check the water harness, magnesium, sodium, silica ,alkalinity, eligibility standards. phosphorous, etc., These tests shows the standards of water that can be useful or not. 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

1.1.1 pH, Electrical conductivity R K Sharma, M Yadav, R Gupta (2017) studied about the water quality testing as One of the usual methods to find out the quality well as the effort they are taking to prove that of water is pH and electrical conductivity. To even wetland is useful to convert it as normal find whether the water is acidic or basic else water. The author is undergoing few tests in neutral the pH test is undertaken. 0-14 is the pH order to get the outcomes. They are using ion measuring range. Above 7 is the basic and below chromatography instrument for analysis of water 7 is acidic. Neutral is 7; Still water stream is quality. By this way they are trying to get a expected to be in the range of 6-8. conclusion in other to test the water stability.

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L.Serranoa, M. Reina (2017) studied the he suggested that maximum parameters where interaction between water and the sediment in not at the level of pollution and may not cause stratified water of wetland by using diagnostic any harm to consumers. tool based on chemical equilibrium of dissolved Smita Rout, Asit Kumar Behera, Aliva reactive P. Author used data’s from natural Patnaik (2016) studied about the physico- eutropic wetlands as negative controls of chemical properties of Mahanadi river by calibration and also provided lowly protected collecting waters from five different sites. The wetlands as positive controls to diagnose severe analysis were carried out by taking some of the anthropogenic eutrophication of the water. certain important parameters like Ph, Dissolved oxygen, Biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total hardness, nitrate, Abida Dost Mohammad, Maqsood Ahmad sulphates, as these parameters are solely Khan, Aamir Mahmood (2016) studied about responsible for water quality. The water the analysis of physicochemical drinking water collected were rinsed with distilled water and the quality parameters and checked the stability of Ph of water was been measured by Digital Ph zirat valley. From the four different sources that meter (systronics361). From this appraisal he include the ground water as well as the surface expressed that ascending of both natural and water, author collected the 16 drinking water inorganic waste caused by the human exercises is samples. All the samples were analyzed for unquestionably going to put down the water various notes which covers the odour, color, quality and biological system specifically or in temperature, taste, pH, total dissolved solids, an indirect way. Hence he revealed his point by chloride, alkalinity, etc,. All the values gathered telling to sustain the water quality health, we by the author was compared with the standards should be more concerned towards the waste and of WHO and found the result to be within the its disposal systems. permissible limits.

Juniet M. Jose, John Milton M. C and Ganesh N. Rahmanian, Siti Hajar Bt Ali, M. J (2016) reviewed about the present status of Homayoonfard, N. J. Ali, M. Rehan, Y. Sadef Pallikaranai wetland. Due to the anthropogenic and A. S. Nizami (2015) studied about the pressure (vast urbanisation and industrialization) Analysis of Physiochemical Parameters to check the Pallikaranai marsh land has been reduced to the Drinking Water Quality in the State of Perak the one-tenth of its original extent, which leaded that comes under Malaysia. The test was been the high level threat to the bio-diversity. Hence carried out in different commercial and the author tried to pinpoint the pre-requisite residential areas of the state. Parameters such as baseline data on Pallikaranai marshland & solid pH, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, waste facility of Perungudi. He compared the also some heavy metals includesCu, Zn, Mg, Fe, papers that reveal the Pallikaranai wetland result Cd, Pb, Cr, As, Hg, and Sn were analyzed and from other author’s research also. compared with the National Drinking Water Quality Standards. After the analysis, it is found that all the standards were under the safe levels. Amanial Haile Reda (2016) studied about the Still author considered the other metrics physico-chemical parameters of water of including human fluids, potential water Arbaminch town. Drinking water were been contaminations such as chemical, radiological collected from three different sites and stored in and microbial materials to cover the overall a clean plastic polyethylene bottles. Then water quality of the Perak state and also found to maintained in an icebox jar for determining the be safe. alkalinity using phenolphthalein continued by the electrical conductivity, chloride, fluoride, Ph, TSS TS,TA,TH. Thus after the following test ,

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Pravakar Mishra, Uma Sankar Panda, 20 sample points were selected using GPS. In Umakanta Pradhan, C.Saravana Kumar, which sodium and Potassium concentration of Subrat Naik, Mehmuna Begum, J. Ishwarya water was been determined by flame emission (2015) studied about the quality of water at the spectrophotometer method and the reading was coastal region and the modelling of Chennai city. taken in flame photometer. Calcium and The tremendous impacts to the coastal water via Magnesium was determined by EDTA titration sewage, agricultural, industrial effluents causes method, chlorine was been determined by Mohr to lose its original quality. So the author, in his volumetric method, Iron, Zinc and copper paper he evaluated the quality of water at the samples was determined by atomic absorption coastal region by collecting the sample at the spectrometer. The analysis of water in Balu river monthly and seasonal variation. Then they shows that the water is harmful for human health undergone the test for salinity, pH, dissolved due to high contamination of various chemical oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll-a, primary components and metals. productivity, phyto-plankton and zooplankton, pathogen bacteria off Chennai metropolitan. Numerical modelling is the process he applied to M Sridevi Karpagavalli, P. Malini, A. access the transport of pollutants for the Ramachandran (2012) studied the analyses of development of water quality prediction system heavy metals in dying wetlands of Pallikarani, for the coast area and he found the high level of the author used the soil fertility to check the pathogens, eutrophication, and depleted oxygen stability of the water that will be useful for levels at the coast due to the input of untreated converting waste water in to a normal drinking sewage of Adyar and Cooum rivers. Hence he water of Pallikaranai, since its been more concluded by telling the regular monitoring and difficult after the flood affected the area. The forecast of the water quality has to be integrated main purpose of is to analyse the substance been with automatic sensor which would enhance the present in Pallikarani wetland. coastal community

S. P. Bhalme1, Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik Ms. E. R Dr. C. Nagamani, Dr. C. Saraswathi Devi, A. Raut (2012) studied about the analysis of water Shalini.(2015) studied about the water quality in educational institute Nagpur. Since there may analysis and the Water samples were collected be a chances of contamination of the water, thus from 4 different places, where each blocks of to verify the same, water quality analysis was water was been under studied for physico- been carried out. Water sample was collected chemical status. In this project various quality from three locations of Ambazari Lake and analysis were measured such as PH, specific undergone the pH, Iron, total conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, alkalinity, Chloride, DO, COD and hardness, sulphate, potassium, calcium etc. As MPN test. The physical, bacteriological per the parameters the water quality was been parameters were also been tested. By this project tested, then he concluded that the urban water is they narrates that the educational institute less harder and containing more Ions then the maintains the quality of water by providing rural water. reverse Osmosis unit, which brings all parameters within the range after the WTP unit.

Md. Khalid Hasan, Md. Razoanul Islam Khan, Mst. KarimonNesha, MasumaAkter BasavarajaSimpi, S. M. Hiremath, KNS. Happy (2014) studied about the chemical Murthy, K. N. Chandrasekarappa, Anil N. parameters and metal status of the water in Balu Patel, E. T. Puttiah(2011)studied about the river. The water samples were collected during physico-chemical parameters of Hosahalli water winter and rainy seasons of 2008 from the tank by analyzing both the physical and surface level and subsurface level, among them chemical changes like water temperature,

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turbidity, total dissolved solids, PH, carbon using many methods such as pH, chlorine, total dioxide, alkalinity, Phosphate, etc. and the hardness, sodium, etc., all the above papers water samples where been collected from two flashes the result of the quality of water by different stations . Then the water temperature comparing with the standard quality of the water. and Ph was tested using thermometer and pocket digital Ph meter, and the other parameters like 4. REFERENCES DO, TDS were also been tested by using Indian standard procedures. All the parameters where [I] R K Sharma, M Yadav, R Gupta, “Water found to be within the limits and indicated that Quality and Sustainability in India: Challenges the tank is non-polluted and can be used for and Opportunities” The Science Behind domestic, irrigation and fisheries. Sustaining the World's Most Crucial Resource (2017): 183–205. [2] L.Serranoa, M. Reina, Jules M. Blais, Jacob Kalff (1983) studied “A new tool for the assessment of severe anthropogenic about the physio-chemical properties of the elements, as it is more difficult to know about eutrophication in small shallow water Ecological Indicators, Vol 76, (2017): the anthropogenic elements present in metals. bodies” 324-334. In this project the author is using the lake segment to test the water stability. The main [3] Abida Dost Mohammad, Maqsood Ahmad purpose of the project is to investigate the Khan, Aamir Mahmood,“Analysis of various transition metals like (Zn, Fe, Mu, Cu, Physicochemical Drinking Water Quality Ni, Pb, Cr) differing in their geo-chemical Parameters of Ziarat Valley”, jounal of applied behaviour as well as to predict the physio- engineering sciences published by buitems,vol 6, chemical properties of the elements present in No 2 (2016): 69-73,ISSN: 2415-2633. the wetland that will be useful for water quality [4] Juniet M. Jose, John Milton, M. C. And analyzing. Ganesh, J, “Current status of Pallikaranai wetland: A review”, International journal of development research, (2016):9002-9007,ISSN: Kowsalya, A. Uma, S. Meena and K. 2230-9926. Saravanabava(1970) studied about the physico- chemical quality of water from Porur double [5] Amanial Haile Reda, “Physico-Chemical lake(Erettaieri).by collecting water samples on Analysis of Drinking Water Quality of weekly basis for a period of 3months between Arbaminch Town”, Journal of environmental & (2007Nov) –(2008Jan) from five different sites analytical toxicology (2016): Vol 6, Issue 2: and tested the electrical conductivity, calcium, 1000356, ISSN: 2161-0525. magnesium, Ion, nitrate, chloride, Flouride, [6] Smita Rout, Asit Kumar Behera, Aliva sulphate, phosphate dissolved oxygen, chlorine Patnaik, “Water Quality Analysis of River levels in various sampling and observed the Mahanadi in Sambalpur City”, International turbidity levels of the water, Thus to show the Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, water quality in the Porur double lake that Vol 6, Issue 2,(2016):266-270,ISSN 2250-3153. serves as a drinking water by observing the physico-chemical quality of water. [7] N. Rahmanian, Siti Hajar Bt Ali, M. Homayoonfard,N. J. Ali, M. Rehan, Y. Sadef and A. S. Nizami, “Analysis of Physiochemical 3. CONCLUSION Parameters to Evaluate the drinking water Quality of water is the major term that has to be quality in the State of Perak, Malaysia”, Journal considered at first. To put forward water is losing of Chemistry Volume 2015, Article ID 716125. its rich and healthy quality only because of the human activities. Water quality can be tested

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[8] Pravakar Mishra, Subrat Naik, Uma Sankar Panda, Umakanta Pradhan, J. Ishwarya, C.Saravana Kumar, Mehmuna Begum, “Coastal water quality monitoring and modelling off Chennai city”, Procedia Engineering, Vol 116 (2015): 955-962. Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 2, [9] Dr. C. Nagamani, Dr. C. Saraswathi Devi, Issue 3, May-Jun (2012): 3155-3158 A. Shalini, “ Physico-chemical analysis of water samples.”, International Journal of Scientific & [13] BasavarajaSimpi, S. M. Hiremath, KNS. Engineering Research, Vol 6, Issue 1, (2015): Murthy, K. N. Chandrasekarappa, Anil N. 2149-2155,ISSN 2229-5518. Patel, E. T. Puttiah , “Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-Chemical Parameters [10] Md. Khalid Hasan, Md. Razoanul Islam Hosahalli Tank in Shimoga District, Karnataka, Khan, Mst. KarimonNesha, MasumaAkter India” , Global Journal of Science Frontier Happy, “Analysis of Water Quality Using Research, Vol 11 2011: 30-34. Chemical Parameters and Metal Status of Balu River at Dhaka, Bangladesh” open journal of [14] Jacob Kalff, Jules M. Blais, “Atmospheric water pollution and treatment, ISSN(Print): loading of Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb and Cr, to lake 2374-6343, ISSN(Online): 2374-6351, Vol 1, sediments: The role of catchment, lake (2014), Number 2. morphometry, and physico-chemical properties of the elements”,Biogeochemistry, vol 22, [11] M Sridevi Karpagavalli, P. Malini, A. (1993): 1-22. Ramachandran, “Analysis of heavy metals in dying wetland Pallikaranai, Tamilnadu, India”, [15] Kowsalya, A. Uma, S. Meena and K. journal of environmental biology, (2012). Saravanabava, “Assessment of microbiological quality of porur double lake erettaieri, Chennai”, [12] S. P. Bhalme1, Dr. P. B. Nagarnaik Ms. Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology & E. R Raut, “Analysis Of Drinking Water Of Environmental Sciences Paper, Vol.12, Different Places- A Review.” International (2010):667-671. Journal of Engineering Research and

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