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Notrc Dame Scholastic Dlsce-9Va5l-55Emp6ie- VICTVRV/S- •Viv£-9VASI- CRAS-Moieitv/R\/5' notrc Dame Scholastic DlSCe-9VA5l-55EmP6ie- VICTVRV/S- •ViV£-9VASI- CRAS-MOieiTV/R\/5' VOL. XXXVIII. NOTRE DAME, INDIANA, MAY 6, 1905. No. 29 tracts of land. The condition of society A Song of Leaves. during the Middle Ages, when feudalism— a natural and ordinary stage in the civiliza- THOJIAS E. BURKE, '07. tion of the Northern warriors was in full sway, and when might was more often ON a bough of oak there hung right—demanded that these lands be gov­ Sister leaves of green and gold, erned by men favorable to the king. Under One the springtime's tender j'Oitng, the feudal system bishops and abbots were One.the autumn's child grown old. Which ^vas fairer none could sa}"-. subject either personalty or by substitution One must leave and one must stay. to the obligations of temporal lords or Fairer grew the child of spring barons. As large landowners they were Sweet birds sang beneath its shade, reqtiired to do homage to their lord and to But a robin's passing wing render him serxdce. Now it not unfrequently ^Touched the gold and it was laid happened that the churchmen when united Low upon the meadows "green, were more pow^erful than the rulers; hence AVhere the snows had recent been. it was only natural and just that these men No\v another 3'ear is fled ruling the land should be friendlv to the lord. And the green leaf has grown gold; It was to insure themselves in this matter While the golden leaf is dead that caused the rulers to interfere in the Coffined in a tomb of mold, Other leaves of purest green freedom of elections, and to require the oath Flourish where the gold had been. of fealty from bishops or abbots elect before they could enter upon their duties. Although not sanctioned by the Church ^ St. Anselm and the English Kings. this practice would have been endured had it ended there. But soon the desire of wealth JOHN M. RYAN, '06. and the ambition of courtiers caused the rulers to abuse their privileges and entirely 0 understand the controversy ignore the formality of elections. The rich that distressed England at the sees and benefices were bestowed either upon close of the eleventh and the court favorites, or, as in England, kept beginning of the twelfth century vacant that the revenues might fill the coffers it is necessarj'^ to have a definite of the king. Favoritism, simony, black-mail, idea of the subject of investiture. and every other vice or irregularity, had According to the ancient practice the election now full play. No effort w^as spared by the" of bishops depended upon the united votes Church to do away with this evil which of the clergy and the people, including the w^as more injurious to her life than either consent of the provincials. After the conver­ persecution or heresy. But she had to sion of the barbarian nations, sovereigns oppose not only the kings, to w^hom the claimed, not altogether unjustly, a controll­ practice was a source of revenue, but also ing voice in these elections. The piety and the bishops, who were indebted to the system goodness of the wealthy had enriched the for their wealth and influence. These men, monasteries and churches with immense unworthy of the name, friistrated every 470 NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. effort of the Popes and persecuted those who plundered the clergy and monks, monasteries attempted to enforce papal decrees. It was and churches; the3'' extorted all the mone3'" an endeavor to put an end to this auction­ the3'- could from the tenants. Then the king eering of ecclesiastical offices and contempt auctioned the benefice to the highest bidder for paj)al authoritv- that caused the quarrel to fame. The successful purchaser w^as never between St. Anselm and the English kings. sure but that after the required amount Born at Aosta in 1033 of a verj- rich had been paid some one else might overbid IDatrician' famih^, Anselm at the age of him and receive possession. This fear of twentj--seven became a monk at Bee. In losing their monev made the collectors much earh' life he had lost his mother, a j)ious, w'orse than thev w^ould naturallv have been. high-minded woman, Eadmer tells us, and Through this odious practice sees were left soon after he left home. His father opposed vacant, or if an appointment was made, his entering a monaster^'-, and Anselm became it was to a mercenar3' courtier like Flambard a w^andering scholar, enjoj-ing the world. w-ho would obe3'' the king in all things. Attracted b3' the fame of Lanfranc he came Canterbury ^vas not the onl3'- victim of this to Bee, and there, conquering his love for S3^stem; no church escaped the ro3'al rapac- worldly things, he received the habit. As a it3'^, and William is said to have sw-orn soon disciple of Lanfranc he soon excelled his to have all the crosiers in England. This master. In 1063 upon Lanfranc's removal was the condition of the see and the king to the court of William of Normandy, Anselm under whom Anselm became archbishop. became prior of the monastery, and in 1078, In 10^3 while St. Anselm was in England upon the death of Herluin, abbot. In this upon business for his monaster3'- he w^as position famous for his charity and holiness, called to the bedside of William. The king, loved \y^ all wdio knew him, Anselm spent stricken with a sudden illness that to all the next fifteen j-ears. -In 1093, forced to appearances w^ould be fatal, was anxious become Archbishop of Canterburj'- under to appease tlie wa'ath of God. At Anselm's William Rufiis, Anselm began his glorious request he • righted b3^ means of an edict struggle for the freedom of the Church. man3'- of his wrongs. As this was a favor­ m AVilliam Rufus, the second son of "the able moment, the assembled bishoiDS and Conqueror," having sworn to Archbishop nobles asked and obtained the apj)ointment Lanfranc that he would fule justty .and of a successor for Lanfranc. It was Anselm, mercifulh^, became King of England u^Don his Abbot of Bee, but the holv monk absolutelv father's death in 1087. He also swore to refused. In vain the bishops and barons on defend the peace and libertv'- of the Church their knees represented to him the deplorable against all encroachments. While Lanfranc condition of the Church, and asserted that lived the Idng kept his promises, for in this -he alone could reform it. In vam William illustrious prelate " he had a counsellor pleaded his salvation depended upon the wdiom' he respected and w^hose good opinion apj)bintment of an Archbishop of Canter- he was careful to preserve. Hardty had bur3''. To all pra3^ers and entreaties-Anselm Lanfranc died, however, than all restraint turned a deaf ear. At last the barons losing was removed. The Church and people alike patience seized tlie unw^illing abbot- and groaned under his terrible exactions. The forced him to the king's side where, .while rights enjoA'-edby "the Conqueror" in church the Te Deum w'as sung, they j)ried open' matters became abuses in the hands of the his hand to receive the crosier. Still Anselm son. Not onh''w^ere the freedom of elections, protested sajdng: the riglit to excommunicate a'royal officer, "I am,an abbot of a foreign monaster3^ I or to appeal to Rome,-denied, but even the ow^C; obedience to iny archbishop, submission right - to acknowledge the - Pope at all. to niy prince, and help and counsel to mj Following the suggestions of. Flambard, a monks; I can not break these ties." courtier bishop and chancellor of-England, In tears he compared himself as an old "William Rufus refused to make appointments sheep to -William, the 3roung bull, and" for vacant sees or abbeys. liistead, w^hen- demanded why they linked them together ever an ecclesiastic died the roy'aT officers as William Avas not to die. But all remon-. took j)rompt. possession of the fief. They^ Tstrances were in vain. The Archbishop oi NOTRE DAME SCHOLASTIC. 471 Rouen commanded him to accept. Robert took place at Rockingham, and here William of Normandy and the monks at Bee gave induced the bishops to renounce Anselm's their consent. True to Anselm's prophecy 'authorit3^. The barons, however, remained William recovered. Ashamed of his \\'-eakness faithfiil to their father, saying: "As Chris­ he revoked the edict and all the pardons tians we must o^Q.j our archbishop." granted during his illness. William disconcerted postponed the decision For over six months Anselm, wdio foresa^x^ w-hile he sent secretlv to acknowledge the struggle he would have to ^\'age, put Urban's authority and obtain a pallium. off the consecration. It was only when The legate whom the Pope sent at first William, unde r pressure from the barons and seemed to favor the king, but when Urban the people, promised to acloiowledge Pope w-as publiclj'- acknowledged he refused to Urban and return the Canterbury'- estates do am'thing against Anselm. The king that the consecration took place. Immedi- seeing he could not get Anselm to receive ateh'- trouble began. The promises of the 'the pallium from him allowed the legate to king Avere no sooner made than broken. He place it upon the altar from which place encouraged ever\^ hostilitv against Anselm, Anselm took and assumed it.
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