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FICHA PAÍS Mali República De Mali

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FICHA PAÍS Mali República De Mali OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Mali República de Mali La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. FEBRERO 2021 ficado (0,7%), otros (6,3%) (estimación 2009). Mali Religión: 93% musulmanes, animistas 7%, cristianos 2%, ninguna 2%, (est 2018). Moneda: Franco CFA (1 euro = 655,957 FCFA). Forma de Estado: República multipartidista. Grupos étnicos: bambara (33%), peul (13%), sarakole/soninke (9%), senufo (9%), dogon (8%), malínke (8%), songhai (5%), bobo (2%), , tuareg (1%), otros malienses (6%), otros países de la CEDEAO (0,4%), otros (0,3%). (Fuente: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/#people-and-society) ARGELIA 1.2. Geografía La superficie del país es llana, con mesetas y llanuras en las que apenas destacan algunos promontorios. Las mesetas del sur y del suroeste alcanzan MAURITANIA los 640 m de altitud en Sabadugu y están surcadas por valles fluviales. Las del sureste y el este se caracterizan por pequeñas colinas que alcanzan al- titudes entre los 305 y los 520 m. Las amplias llanuras del Tanezruft y del Tombouctou Taudeni, en el norte, se adentran en el desierto del Sáhara. El suroeste y la Gao Ménaka región central del sur están formados por las llanuras del valle superior del río Níger. Aproximadamente una tercera parte del Níger circula por Mali, en Kayes Motpi una extensión de 1.800 kilómetros, y allí forma un delta interior. Las creci- NÍGER Ségou das periódicas y la formación de suelos fértiles han convertido el delta del Kita SENEGAL Níger en una zona de particular importancia agrícola. El río Senegal recorre BAMAKO Koutiala BURKINA FASO una porción del oeste de Mali. Bougouni Sikasso GUINEA BENIN El territorio del país cubre tres zonas muy diversas, tanto por sus condiciones GHANA SIERRA climáticas como por la vegetación característica en esas latitudes: la sudane- COSTA DE MARFIL TOGO LEONA NIGERIA sa, la saheliana y la sahariana. La primera zona, en el sureste, se caracteriza © Ocina de Información Diplomática. por un promedio anual de precipitaciones comprendidas entre los 500 mm Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. y 1.300 mm y por temperaturas medias que oscilan entre los 24 y los 30ºC. La zona del Sahel bordea el Sáhara al norte y se caracteriza por recibir una 1. DATOS BÁSICOS media 200-500mm de precipitaciones anuales y unas temperaturas que os- cilan entre los 23 y los 36ºC. En el norte predomina un clima desértico, con ausencia de lluvias, extrema sequedad y temperaturas que alcanzan los 47ºC 1.1. Características generales de día y descienden hasta los 4ºC por la noche. Nombre oficial: República de Mali (République du Mali). 1.3. Indicadores Sociales Superficie: 1.240.192 km2. Población: 19.553.397 (estimación 2020). Índice Desarrollo Humano (IDH): puesto 184 (2018). Límites: Situado en África occidental, sin salida al mar. Limita al Norte con Densidad de población (hab. por Km2): 15,6 (2018). Argelia, con Mauritania y Senegal al Oeste, con Guinea y Costa de Marfil al PIB per cápita (paridad poder compra): 2.280 US$ (2018). Sur y con Burkina Faso y Níger al Este. Índice de GINI: 33,02 (2010). Capital: Bamako 2.285.408 habitantes en el distrito de Bamako. Tasa de analfabetismo: 38,7 de la población mayor de 15 años sabe leer y Otras ciudades: Sikasso, Kayes, Mopti, Ségou,, Gao, Koutiala. escribir. 48,2% para hombres y 29,2% para mujeres (estimación 2015). Idioma: francés (oficial), bambara (46,3%), peul/fulfuldé (9,4%), dogon Tasa de natalidad: 42,2 nacimientos por cada 1.000 habitantes (estimación 2020). (7,2%), maraka/soninke (6,4%), malinke (5,6%), sonrhai/djerma (5,6%), Fuentes:https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-fact-book/geos/ml.html; www. minianka (4,3%), tamasheq (3,5%), senoufo (2,6%), bobo (2,1), no especi- unicef.org/informacionporpais/estadísticas; www.pnud.org; https://datos.bancomundial.org/ FICHA PAÍS MALI 1.4. Estructura del PIB. 2018 PRINCIPALES IMPORTACIONES EN MILLONES DE US$ Productos derivados del petróleo 918,7 DISTRIBUCIÓN POR SECTORES % DEL PIB TOTAL Bienes de capital 1.002,6 Agricultura 35,6 Bienes intermedios 880,1 Industria 20,6 Fuente: Economist Intelligence Unit 2019 Servicios 43,8 Fuente: Economist Intelligence Unit 2019 2 SITUACIÓN POLÍTICA 1.5. Coyuntura económica 2.1. Política Interior Mali es uno de los países más pobres del mundo, y ocupa el puesto 182/189 en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano 2018. Muy dependiente del sector primario La inestabilidad persiste en el país desde 2012, donde existen principalmen- (agricultura y minería de oro suponen alrededor del 36% del PIB) y con unos te dos escenarios. Por un lado, un escenario en el norte del país, marcado por recursos naturales muy limitados, la economía maliense es el tercer productor las repetidas revoluciones tuaregs que, desde los años 60 y con postulados de oro de África, por detrás de Sudáfrica y Ghana, lo que supone 2/3 aproxima- en ocasiones favorables a la secesión, reclaman una mayor representación damente de sus exportaciones. El sector industrial genera solo el 4% del PIB del norte de Mali en las instituciones, una mayor presencia del Estado y la aproximadamente, Se trata de una economía básicamente rural e informal, prestación de servicios sociales de base para las poblaciones. La conflicti- con aproximadamente un 80% de la población residiendo en las áreas rurales. vidad del norte se trasladó, a partir del 2015, hacia el centro del país, que constituye el segundo de los escenarios indicados. En el centro y este de PRINCIPALES DATOS ECONÓMICOS Mali, el terrorismo yihadista de JNIM y del Estado islámico y los enfrenta- 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019* mientos intercomunitarios entre las etnias peulh y dogon, con sus propias Evolución del PIB (%) 7 6 5,8 5,4 4,9 4,6 milicias de autodefensa, marcan el día a día de las regiones afectadas. PIB por habitante ($) a) 847,2 751,2 779,9 828,5 899,7 PIB absoluto (M $) a) 14.411 13.107 14.103 15.337 17.163 16.500 El avance del yihadismo hacia la capital, Bamako, logró ser contenido con IPC (variación últimos la intervención francesa SERVAL, En la actualidad, las misiones ejecutivas 12 meses, %) 0,9 1,5 -1,8 1,8 2,2 -2 internacionales que se encuentran desplegadas en Mali son: Misión Multidi- Saldo por cuenta mensional Integrada de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Mali (MI- corriente (% PIB) -4,7 -5,3 -7,2 -7,9 -4,9 NUSMA), la operación Barkhane y la operación Takuba. La Unión Europea Saldo presupuestario (% PIB) -2,8 -1,8 -3,9 -2,8 -4,7 -1,6 cuenta con dos misiones de política común de seguridad y defensa (PCSD): Deuda externa (% PIB) 24,8 28,8 27,8 29,2 29,5 European Training Mission Mali (EUTM-Mali) y European Union Capacity Fuentes: https://databank.bancomundial.org *estimación; a) a precios actuales Building Mission (EUCAP Sahel Mali). 1.6. Comercio exterior Tras haberse avanzado hacia la paz con los Acuerdos de Uagadugú de 2013, en julio 2014, auspiciadas por la mediación argelina, se lanzaron negocia- ESTRUCTURA DE LA BALANZA COMERCIAL. (MILLONES $) ciones entre el Gobierno y los grupos armados del norte (Coordinación de Mo- 2015 2016 2017 2018* 2019* vimientos del Azawad -CMA- y Plataforma) para la adopción de un acuerdo Importación FOB 3.192,3 3.402,9 3.599,8 3.664 3.524,3 de paz. La culminación de tales negociaciones tuvo lugar en la firma diferida Exportación FOB 2.716,7 2.826 2.896,3 3.091,2 3.175,6 del Acuerdo de Paz y Reconciliación en Mali en mayo y junio de 2015, cuyo Balanza por cuenta seguimiento de ejecución ha sido asignado desde entonces al llamado Comi- corriente -697,4 -1.015,1 -1.209,9 -996,2 -736,4 té de Seguimiento del Acuerdo (CSA). Fuente: Economist Intelligence Unit 2019 *estimación Principales acontecimientos cronológicos 1.7. Distribución del Comercio por países. 2018 Golpe de Estado del 21 de marzo de 2012 y restauración progresiva al PRINCIPALES DESTINOS DE LAS EXPORTACIONES % TOTAL orden constitucional. Suiza 41,4 Sudáfrica 23,7 El 21 de marzo de 2012, el presidente de Mali, Amadou Toumani Touré (co- Bangladesh 7,9 nocido como ATT), fue depuesto por militares al mando del capitán Amadou Emiratos Árabes Unidos 6,9 Sanogo, que venían protestando por la falta de medios del ejército en su Costa de Marfil 10,6 lucha contra la rebelión tuareg del Movimiento Nacional por la Liberación del Azawad (MNLA). La Junta golpista declaró suspendida la constitución PRINCIPALES ORÍGENES DE LAS IMPORTACIONES % TOTAL y decretó un toque de queda. La Comunidad Económica de los Estados del Senegal 20,9 África Occidental (CEDEAO) condenó inmediatamente el golpe, amenazan- China 16,2 do con decretar sanciones económicas, comerciales y diplomáticas de no Costa de Marfil 10,5 volver el país al orden constitucional. El capitán Sanogo se proclamó jefe Francia 8,9 del Estado y promulgó una nueva Ley Fundamental de 69 artículos. Estados Unidos 4,4 Fuente: Economist Intelligence Unit 2019 El 6 de abril de 2012, tras la mediación llevada a cabo por Burkina Faso (entonces bajo la presidencia de Blaise Compaoré) en nombre de la CE- 1.8.
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