The Plight of Our Planet the Relationship Between Wildlife Programming and Conservation Efforts
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! THE PLIGHT OF OUR PLANET fi » = ˛ ≈ ! > M Photo: https://www.kmogallery.com/wildlife/2 = 018/10/5/ry0c9a1o37uwbqlwytiddkxoms8ji1 u f f ≈ f Page 1 The Plight of Our Planet The Relationship Between Wildlife Programming And Conservation Efforts: How Visual Storytelling Can Save The World By: Kelsey O’Connell - 20203259 In Fulfillment For: Film, Television and Screen Industries Project – CULT4035 Prepared For: Disneynature, BBC Earth, Netflix Originals, National Geographic, Discovery Channel, Animal Planet, Etc. Page 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I cannot express enough gratitude to everyone who believed in me on this crazy and fantastic journey; everything you have done has molded me into the person I am today. To my family, who taught me to seek out my own purpose and pursue it wholeheartedly; without you, I would have never taken the chance and moved to England for my Masters. To my professors, who became my trusted resources and friends, your endless and caring teachings have supported me in more ways than I can put into words. To my friends who have never failed to make me smile, I am so lucky to have you in my life. Finally, a special thanks to David Attenborough, Steve Irwin, Terri Irwin, Jane Goodall, Peter Gros, Jim Fowler, and so many others for making me fall in love with wildlife and spark a fire in my heart for their welfare. I grew up on wildlife films and television shows like Planet Earth, Blue Planet, March of the Penguins, Crocodile Hunter, Mutual of Omaha’s Wild Kingdom, Shark Week, and others – it was because of those programs that I first fell in love with nature as a kid, and I’ve taken that passion with me, my whole life. I wanted to see how nature programming worked, what made it tick, and how it could be improved to inspire people everywhere to find compassion for wildlife and welfare. This paper is dedicated to all of my heroes and the work you have done to preserve life so that the next generation can experience the same awe and wonder that I did when I was young. “Fight for the things you care about, but do it in a way that will lead others to join you.” -Ruth Bater Ginsberg (166) Page 3 Project Summary Objectives This industry report's primary purpose is to examine current industry practices of nature programming utilized by major studios to determine the impact those methods have on real-world conservation efforts. This essay will explore the relationship between wildlife programs and conservation to shed light on the public's perceptions regarding the natural world and the issues threatening it. Understanding how these perceptions are formed makes it possible to shift the narrative in a productive way that forges a new path towards a more environmentally conscious public and answers the question: Can visual storytelling save our planet? Moreover, to discern the overarching message of this report, it is critical to understand that conservation efforts, the wildlife programming industry, and the issues facing them are diverse and multi-faceted. There is no one solution to the threats facing our world, and saying so would be short-sighted; the purpose of this essay is to explore the current practices, understand the current relationship between nature programming and conservation, and use that knowledge to suggest techniques that have the potential to impact conservation positively in the future. To fully understand the complexity of this topic, the following concepts must be analyzed. • Identify the major studies within the nature programming industry, their statistics, and their various structures. • Using existing literature and case studies, analyze the four models within the nature programming genre and how these sub-genres are formatted. • Seek to understand the relationship between the filmmakers and the wildlife subjects by examining the ethical proceedings observed by filmmakers when operating and producing wildlife and nature programs. • Review the most prominent theories that concern the effects that these programs have on conservation efforts. Page 4 • Examine case studies that support these concepts and provide alternate perspectives and determine the capability these programs have to influence future conservation efforts. Activities • A statistical analysis of the six major studios that mass produce nature programs. • A full analysis of three different modes of the documentary genre as it applies to the most prevalent methods of nature programming. • Relate this research to the ethical practices of the production and post- production process. • Comprehensive research into the literature surrounding three prominent theories concerning the relationship between nature programming and conservation efforts, including relevant case studies, further cementing these theories. • Conclude with a theoretical formula for success in the future of nature programming that positively reinforces conservation efforts. Findings • Nature programming has a long history with conservation efforts and scientific discovery and have been the largest informal arena for education regarding wildlife. (A) • Since the Industrial Revolution, the Western world has witnessed a growing perception that humanity and nature are separate – reinforced by specific ideals presented through mediated culture. (A) • Our planet is experiencing perhaps the most extensive environmental crisis in recent history; the impact of climate change, plastic pollution, the illegal wildlife trade, poaching, etc. (A) • Since 1970, the biodiversity of our planet has halved – since 2000, over 1.9 million square kilometers of land has been lost, and over one million species risk extinction in the coming years. (A) Page 5 • In the past two decades, wildlife programming has risen to popularity again because of innovations to technology that allow filmmakers to portray nature in ways that was never possible before. (A1) • Six major studios lead in producing high-quality nature programming content: Disneynature, National Geographic, BBC Earth, Netflix Originals, Discovery Channel, and Animal Planet. (A1) • Much of the nature programming produced by these conglomerations are mostly popular among Western world audiences, where these studios reside. (A1) • Across these six major studios most prominent in nature programming, four of them have separate conservation funds that work hand in hand with the nature productions to provide financial support to various conservation organizations. (A1) • There are six modes of documentary filmmaking as outlined by Nichols; wildlife programming persistently fits into these three modes, Expository, Participatory, and Reflexive. (A2) • In the frame of wildlife programming these modes can be broken down even further into specific sub-genres i.e. the Blue Chip, Formal Interview Documentary, Hosted Reality Television, and Behind The Scenes sub-genres. (A2) • Each sub-genre utilizes different techniques throughout the practice as far as production, distribution, target audience, and impact, but all have the same goal of connecting with audiences about wildlife. (A2) • Throughout the production process of nature programs, filmmakers must mind their relationship with not only their wildlife subjects but also the environment they are filming in. (A3) • Film crews have two guidelines to follow during the production process to maintain ethical viability: Putting the wildlife and habitat's welfare above the film's priorities and avoiding misleading the audience to the best of their abilities. (A3) Page 6 • The use of sentimentalism, dramatization, and anthropomorphism is considered an unscientific approach to wildlife documentaries. However, when done appropriately, these methods connect well with audiences and allow them to empathize with animals and the natural world. (A3) • These techniques play to our psychology as humans; when something is filmed, it is being shot, produced, and seen through a human lens, so it is impossible to show wildlife behaviors and not impart some amount of human ideals onto them. (A3) • There are three over-arching theories regarding the relationship between nature programming and conservation efforts: Western Ideals vs. Local Communities, Voyeurism, and Celebrity Heroes and Social Influence. (B) • Nature programming is produced primarily to target Western cultures, so it is common to present Western ideals, beliefs, conservation concepts, and distribution methods. (B1) • However, when filmmakers purposefully neglect engaging, interviewing, and distributing films to local communities in countries they are filming in, they miss one of the most significant opportunities to affect real change in places where it is so desperately needed. (B1) • There are seven steps of separation from wildlife and any given group of people showing the disconnect between wildlife and audiences in Western cultures (B1): 1. Wildlife and Habitat 4. Scientists and Researchers 2. Local Communities and 5. Filmmakers and Creators Indigenous Peoples 6. Audiences and General Public 3. Conservationists, Rangers, 7. Policy Makers and Guides • As proven with the case studies, The Cove and Blackfish, films that misrepresent certain cultures and neglect to portray local communities in documentaries filmmakers run the risk of negatively impacting conservation efforts in that specific region. (B1) Page 7 • The theory of voyeurism as it relates to the Blue Chip method and conservation efforts shows that when people are not alerted to environmental issues and are not given an outlet to contribute to conservation,