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(Oxon) Ard-Sha Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81364-8 - Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture Between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror Peter Fowler Index More information Index Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations. County names are as given in the text. Abbo of Fleury 61 Anglo-Norman 263 Abingdon (Oxon) field systems 159 ard-share 191, 197–8, 285 park/parc 127 butchery 246 Anglo-Saxon 7–10, 13, 16, 24, 28, 30, 33, 263, acer, ‘a field’ 127 288–92 Adomnan 46, 175, 290 animal bone and diet 232–4 adultery 265 animal diseases 231 adzes 168 archaeology 10 Aelfric 192, 221, 239, 241, 257, 259, 269 burghs 92 agricultural buildings 270–1; see also by name cemetery 39 agrimony 244 coins 30 air photography 11, 26, 34–5, 42, 45–6, 78, 82, 95, crops 16, 213 96, 148 diet 252, 254, 255 airlise 132 documents and sources 34, 47–8, 217; and see alder 70 charters All Saints’ Day 275, 314 estates 13, 26, 71, 80, 288–90, 291 Allt na Fearna Mor´ (Sutherland), narrow ridges feasts 250, 251 157 fields 15, 127, 129, 133, 147, 150–3, 159, amphorae 100 160 Ancholme valley 61 fishing 241, 242 Ancient Technology Centre (Dorset) 323 hunting 241 Angles 17, 18, 20, 233 land-units 69 Anglesey 263, 284 language (Old English) 21, 48, 288 Anglians (Anglian phases) 65, 79, 83, laws and codes 9, 47–8, 241, 258, 265–6 288 medicinal plants 244 settlements 100, 101, 107, 121, 233 oxen for ploughing 179 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81364-8 - Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture Between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror Peter Fowler Index More information Index Anglo-Saxon (cont.) sheep horn 237 ploughs 15–16, 30, 183–4, 186, 187, 188, 192–4, sheep/goat 105, 123, 233 195–6, 199, 200, 204 water vole 246 rye 215 wild pig 234 settlements 7, 11, 30, 67, 68, 69, 73, 77–8, 79–80, sites: 96–7, 100–1, 107, 288, 290–1, 292 Cadbury Congresbury 100 social status 31–2, 265 Castle Copse villa 99 sources 4 Clatchard Craig 124 spades 48 Flixborough 103, 105 towns 16, 97, 291 Green Shiel 125 villages (hamlets) 95, 96, 100–6, 120; see also Hamwic 234–8, 272–3 West Stow Watkins Farm 40–1, 123, 246 water-mills 176, 177, 178; see also Tamworth West Stow 101–2, 232–4 wine 178 Wharram Percy 247 woodland 59–60 Wraysbury 252 see also charters; Gr¨ubenhaus; timber buildings see also antler; cattle; horses; oxen; pigs; sheep; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 25, 29, 48, 181, 206, 208, and see bird bone; fish bone 230, 273, 293, 294 animal fats 254 Anglo-Scandinavian manor 105 animal fodder 171, 252, 311 animal bone 40–1, 61–5, 223, 246–7 animals (livestock) 5 badger 233 archaeological and documentary evidence for cat 105, 246 stock 230–9 cattle 99, 105, 123, 124, 125, 232, 233, 234, 235, Clatchard Craig, husbandry 124–5 236, 236, 246, 247 diet and nutrition 252–3, 254 cattle horn 237 diseases and pathology 230–1, 236 deer 105, 234, 240, 252 feed for 225–6 dog 123, 232, 234, 246 as food 240–1, 246–7 fallow deer 241 seasonal slaughtering 275, 276 field vole 246 stock and landscape 223–7 frog 246 used for traction 164, 178–9, 203, 223; see also goat 232, 235 oxen goat horn 237 Watkins Farm, husbandry 123 hare 105, 240, 246, 252 Wharram Percy, husbandry 247 hog/boar 240 antler horse 105, 123, 232, 233–4, 236, 246 artefacts 272 pig 99, 105, 123, 124, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, deer 237, 240–1 247, 252 handle 123 red deer 232, 240, 246 anvil 168 roe deer 232, 234, 240 arable farming 2, 5, 7, 19, 76, 128, 140, 205–21, sheep 40, 99, 105, 123, 124, 232, 233, 235, 236, 283, 285, 286–7, 292, 310–11 246, 247 farms 126 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81364-8 - Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture Between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror Peter Fowler Index More information Index fields 129, 131–2, 143, 148, 158, 159, 186 Ballinloan Burn (Perthshire) 150, 151 Flixborough 105 Bamburgh (Northumb) 14,79 Housesteads 153 hedge 155 pasture converted into 227 banks plant remains 62 earth 142 podsolisation 142 earth with stone faces (‘hedge’) 155 tools 174 as field boundaries 147, 149, 155 see also ards; ploughs stone 142 Arbeia (South Shields), granary 14, 214–15 stone-faced earthen 142 archaeology 7, 10–13, 25, 26, 27, 29–32, 35, 36–7, Bar Hill (Scotland), hedge 155 217 bark 245 excavation 37–9 barley 63, 206, 208, 212, 213, 214, 215, 218, 247, landscape 41–2 252, 257 ard-marks 156, 158, 209–10, 211, 212, 214, 316 as beer 250 ards 16, 42, 168, 169, 171, 179, 182–204, 183, 211, mills for 176 214, 285, 292, 308–10 Barnby Moor (Notts), fields 148 bow (composite) 16, 163, 170, 182–3, 185, 186, barns 109, 165, 173, 270 188, 189, 190, 191, 197–8, 201, 203 Barnsley Park (Glos) for ‘cord rig’ 158 manuring 156 coulter 188 Roman villa fields 14, 145, 147–8 crook 16, 163, 182, 186, 188, 197 Barton Court Farm (Oxon) 14, 77, 115 parts and types of 320–2 Bath (Somerset), St Peter’s 14, 269 sole 188–9, 190, 322 Bayeux Tapestry 27, 172, 186, 199, 202, 203, 310 types of 186–92, 191 Beamish (Co. Durham) 167 Aristotle 243 beans 212, 213, 249, 254, 257 Arran, Isle of, narrow ridges 157 Bearsden (Scotland) 14,57 ashlar masonry with mortar 165 beating the bounds 266 Asser 9 Bede, The Venerable 8, 19–20, 21, 29, 47, 48, 238, 257 Augustine, St 81, 275 on Canterbury 93 Ausonius, on fishing 241–2 on Eosterwine 161, 221, 259 autumn 276 on Jarrow 96 crops 50, 252 on Northumbrian kings 72, 78 food 242 on technology 161, 164 labours of the months 268 on Whithorn church 85 ploughing 212, 276 Bede’s World, Jarrow, ‘Anglo-Saxon farm’ 110, axe-head 166 180, 232, 236, 248, 323 axes 168, 172 Gr¨ubenhaus 289 Axholme valley 61 menus 251 see also Gyrwe bacteria 54 bee-keeping 46 Bagendon (Glos) 75 beer 250, 251, 252 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81364-8 - Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture Between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror Peter Fowler Index More information Index bees 61, 242 Bleadon Hill (Somerset) 14, 90,95 beeswax 242 bone artefacts 172 beetles see dung beetles at Hamwic 272 beliefs 274–8, 314; see also Christianity at Watkins Farm 123 bells, for animals 171 ‘bone-fire’ 252, 276–7 Beormingas 72 bone-working 104, 235, 237, 246, 247 ‘bercaries’ 121 Book of Iowerth 9 Berkshire Downs Bordley (Yorks), farms 121 ‘Celtic’ fields 137–8 Bosporthennis (Cornwall) 51 soils 208 Boston (Lincs) 14,60 Bernicia 72 boundaries 12, 73, 77, 291 berries 242, 254, 287 dyke 121 Bignor villa (W. Sussex) 324 enclosures 97 bill-hooks 105, 155, 168, 171, 172 hundredal 73 biographies 9, 46 of kingdoms 71 birch trees 63, 70 and Roman roads 82 bird bone 240 see also fences; field boundaries; hedges; parish buzzard 246 boundaries; walls chicken 105, 241 bow ards see ards crane 105 Box (Wilts) ducks (mallards) 105, 241, 246 bar-shares 184, 309 geese 105, 241, 246, 272 villa 86 guinea fowl 241 Boxmoor (Herts), villa 115 peacock 241 bracken 102, 244, 245 pheasant 241 Braerodolach Loch 14,63 pigeon 241 bread ovens 101 wildfowl 241, 252 Breamish valley (Northumb) 14, 139–41, 140 woodcock 105, 241 brewing 46 sites: bridges 165, 178 Gorhambury 241 Brighouse Bay, dune system 210 Hamwic 234 British Library West Stow 232 manuscripts 266, 268 Birdoswald (Cumbria), water-mill 174 wine-press 178 birds, hunted 241; see also bird bone; eggs; see also Harley Psalter wild-fowling British Museum 310, 324 blackberry 244, 245 spade 168 Black Death 17 see also Piercebridge; Sussex, ard Black Loch 14,63 Brixworth (Northants), villa 115 blacksmiths 163, 167 broadcasting seed 168, 218–19 patron saint of 276 broad rig see ridge and furrow royal 264 brochs 117, 118, 118, 316 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-81364-8 - Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture Between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror Peter Fowler Index More information Index Bronze Age 6,82 caput 74, 87 brooch production 124 Carlisle 14,92 Brough of Birsay (Orkney) 14, 106, 119 Carmarthen 263–4 buildings carpentry at farm sites 117–18, 125 ards 188 Flixborough 104 tools 15, 104, 172, 173, 174 organic materials 85, 87 carts 178 timber-framed 85 carucate 316 see also stone; timber buildings; and by name/type Cassivellaunus 13, 57, 91 bundles 129 Castell Henllys (Dyfed) 323 burghs 92 Castle Copse (Wilts), villa and fields 98–9, Burnham Deepdale (Norfolk), church 266 147 Buston crannog 117 Catholme 14 butchery 41, 101, 246 Cato 269 Butcombe (Somerset) see Westmead cattle 91 Butser Ancient Farm (Hampshire) 180, 232, arthritis 236 323 farms 121 byres 109, 118, 165 feeding 215 for meat 223, 247, 253, 272 Cadbury Congresbury (Somerset), hillfort 14, grazing 124, 132, 228, 229 99–100 Hamwic (Middle Saxon) 235, 236, 237, Caedmon manuscript 187, 194, 202 272 Caer Dynnaf (Glamorgan) 14, 93, 95 labours of the months 268 Caer Leb (Anglesey) 114 overwintering 228 Caernarfon (Gwynedd) 14, 91, 92 Roman 231 Caerwent (Monmouths) 92 sizes of 231 Caesar, Julius 5, 19, 21, 47, 57, 91, 206, 281 skins for parchment 235, 238 Cae Summerhouse (Glamorgan), farm 110–11 stock recorded 230 cairns 69, 135, 158 trampling by 171 clearance 158 types of 231 Caithness, brochs 118 uplands 230 Cambridge (Cambs) used for traction 164, 223, 235, 236, 247 settlement sites 68 uses of 169, 223, 235 University Museum 325 West Stow (Anglo-Saxon) 232, 233, 234 Camerton (Somerset) Wharram Percy 247 bow ards 14, 188, 191, 310 see also animal bone tools 166 Caussenard sausage 253 Canterbury
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