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Signals of Belief in Early England

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Signals of Belief in Early England Signals of Belief in Early England Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited Signals of Belief in Early England Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited edited by Martin Carver, Alex Sanmark and Sarah Semple Oxbow Books Oxford and Oakville Published by Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK © Oxbow Books and the individual authors, 2010 ISBN 978-1-84217-395-4 This book is available direct from: Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK (Phone: 01865-241249; Fax: 01865-794449) and The David Brown Book Company PO Box 511, Oakville, CT 06779, USA (Phone: 860-945-9329; Fax: 860-945-9468) or from our website www.oxbowbooks.com A CIP record of this book is available from the British library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Signals of belief in early England : Anglo-Saxon paganism revisited / edited by Martin Carver, Alex Sanmark, and Sarah Semple. p. cm. Based on 2 conferences held 2005-2006 at Oxford University. ISBN 978-1-84217-395-4 1. Anglo-Saxons--Religion--Congresses. 2. Civilization, Anglo-Saxon--Congresses. 3. England--Religious life and customs--Congresses. 4. Paganism--England--History--To 1500--Congresses. 5. England--Church history--449-1066--Congresses. I. Carver, M. O. H. II. Sanmark, Alexandra. III. Semple, Sarah, 1973- BL980.G7S54 2010 293.0942’09021--dc22 2010017469 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Hobbs the Printers, Tott on, Hampshire We off er this collection to Audrey Meaney in appreciation of her studies of Anglo-Saxon paganism. Contents Preface .....................................................................................................................................ix List of Contributors ...............................................................................................................xi Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................xii Foreword: Heathen Songs and Devil’s Games (Neil Price) ........................................... xiii Chapter 1: Agency, Intellect and the Archaeological Agenda (Martin Carver) ..............1 Chapter 2: In the Open Air (Sarah Semple) .......................................................................21 Chapter 3: At the Water’s Edge (Julie Lund) .....................................................................49 Chapter 4: At the Funeral (Howard Williams) ...................................................................67 Chapter 5: In the Hall (Jenny Walker) ................................................................................83 Chapter 6: Animal Magic (Aleks Pluskowski) ..................................................................103 Chapter 7: Horses in Mind (Chris Fern) ..........................................................................128 Chapter 8: Living On: Ancestors and the Soul (Alexandra Sanmark) ..........................158 Chapter 9: Creating the Pagan English (Sue Content and Howard Williams) ..............181 Aft erword: Caveats and Futures (Ronald Hutt on) ...........................................................201 Index .......................................................................................................................................207 Preface Our aim in this book is to throw new light on the intellect of the earliest English – the way they thought, the way they viewed the world, and the way they viewed worlds other than this. Previous understanding of the topic, well rooted in the ideas of its time, regarded the English as adherents of two consecutive religions: Paganism governed the sett lers of the 4th–6th century, but was superseded in the 7th–10th century by Christianity. Of the two, Christianity, a religion of the book, documented itself thoroughly, while in failing to do so Paganism laid itself open to centuries of abuse, conjecture or mindless admiration. In developing new objectives, our premise is threefold: fi rstly, that our true quarry is a set of beliefs that varied from place to place. Secondly, that what people believed, whether pure reason or intellectual mish-mash, was expressed in their material culture – so that, thirdly, archaeology can rediscover them. We here align with the modern advocates of cognitive approaches, for whom the study of early thinking holds no terrors. However we know that even the best archaeology provides no open access to the mind. We begin from the material culture: landscapes, sites and objects, and extract from them those non-functional aspects that we ascribe to expressions of the imagination – but know that we cannot necessarily enter that imagination itself. We record, and study, signals of belief rather than what was believed. We know that this is only the beginning, although it is a new beginning. Since every community is likely to have its own take on cosmoslogy, there will be many hundreds of communities to study before an underlying system – if there was one – is to emerge. Our premise is therefore that paganism was not a religion with supraregional rules and institutions but a loose term for a variety of local intellectual world views (Martin Carver). More controversially, we extend the same courtesy to Christianity. Although insisting on its universality, Christianisation too hides a multiplicity of locally negotiated positions, that probably did not amount to a religion (in the orthodox sense) until the 8th century or later. Neither paganism nor Christianity are treated here as independent agents, out to confront and bett er each other. They are sources on which people, local people – the true agents of Anglo-Saxon England – eclectically drew. Those sources were themselves widely spread: on the shores of the Baltic, the North Sea and the Mediterranean. In seeking to discover and defi ne signals of belief, we roam widely across the range of material culture and widely too over Northern Europe. Our chapters explore signals from the landscape (Sarah Semple), water cults (Julie Lund), burial rites (Howard Williams), the hall (Jenny Walker), animals in life and art (Pluskowski) and the horse in particular, king of animals (Chris Fern). In the fi nal chapters, Alex Sanmark digs for the character of the Anglo-Saxon soul and Sue x Signals of Belief Content and Howard Williams review antiquarian and archaeological construction of Anglo-Saxon paganism from the sixteenth century to the present day. To these of course, we here add constructs of our own. Each of our authors looks across the sea to Scandinavia, as well as to the woods and fi elds, mires and mounds of Old England. The result, we hope, is a new appreciation of the intellectual preoccupations and anxieties of a crucial age. The idea for this book fi rst arose from a conference on Paganism and Popular Practice organised at Oxford in 2005 by Sarah Semple and Alex Sanmark. Two subsequent conferences, on Paganism and the Hall, hosted by the Sutt on Hoo Society, gave it a renewed impetus. We are very grateful to those who organised the conferences and to their numerous speakers, who, even where they have not contributed to the book in its fi nal form have helped to inspire its contents. We are particularly grateful to Neil Price and Ronald Hutt on for their Foreword and Aft erword, each of which lends our collection additional wisdom and authority. NOTE: In this book, early medieval in England means the 4th–10th century AD and the Late Iron Age is this same period in Scandinavia. Martin Carver, Alex Sanmark and Sarah Semple List of Contributors Martin Carver is Emeritus Professor of Archaeology at the University of York and current editor of Antiquity. [email protected] Sue Content is a doctoral student at the Department of History and Archaeology, University of Chester where she is pursuing research into the history of Anglo-Saxon archaeology. [email protected] Chris Fern is a free-lance archaeologist and Research Associate of the University of York, specialising in the early medieval period in Britain. He is particularly interested in the art and funerary customs of the Anglo-Saxons and other northern European cultures, as well as the study of animal–human relations in the period. [email protected] Ronald Hutton is Professor of History at the University of Bristol and author of the highly infl uential works The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles and The Stations of the Sun. R.Hutt [email protected] Julie Lund is a Senior Lecturer in archaeology at the University of Oslo and has writt en on the cognitive landscape of Viking Age Scandinavia, making a special study of the symbolism of bridges and crossing points in the early Middle Ages. [email protected] Aleks Pluskowski is Lecturer in Archaeology at the University of Reading. His research embraces the exploitation of animals and att itudes to animals in medieval Europe. [email protected] Neil Price is Professor of Archaeology at the University of Aberdeen, and author of The Viking Way. [email protected] Alexandra Sanmark is a Post Doctoral Research Associate at the Millenium Institute Centre for Nordic Studies and adjunct Lecturer at the Department of History, University of Western Australia. She is the author of Power and Conversion. [email protected] Sarah Semple, is Senior Lecturer in Archaeology at the Durham University and has writt en extensively on the wider functions and meaning of landscape in the early medieval period. [email protected] Jenny Walker is a recent graduate of the Department of Archaeology, University of York, studying the function and meaning of the hall in north-west Europe. jennywalker@swift
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