Exhibit M: Class I Cultural Report
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A Class I Cultural Resources Records Review for the Southeast Metro Natural Gas Project, Arapahoe and Denver Counties, Colorado
Prepared for: Public Service Company of Colorado
Prepared by: Cara Lonardo and Steve Swanson
Summary: A review of cultural resource records for the Public Service Company of Colorado Southeast Metro Natural Gas Project identified seven historic properties within a mile of the project and no historic properties within the project area. EPG recommends a finding of no historic properties present for the project.
Xcel Energy EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas i July 2019
ABSTRACT
Project Title: Southeast Metro Natural Gas Report Title: A Class I Cultural Resources Records Review for the Southeast Metro Natural Gas Project, Arapahoe and Denver Counties, Colorado Report Date: July 2019 Agencies: US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT), Office of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (OAHP) Project Number: XCEL 0034 Project Sponsor: Public Service Company of Colorado
Regulations: Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act
Project The project consists of replacing approximately 5 miles of 20-inch Description: diameter steel natural gas transmission pipeline between an existing regulator station near the intersection of East Caley Avenue and South Troy Circle in the City of Centennial, Colorado, and an existing valve set, near South Yosemite Avenue and East Hampden Ave in the City and County of Denver. This section of pipeline is an integral portion of the larger pipeline system. This replacement section is part of an existing natural gas pipeline constructed in the 1950s and delivers natural gas between the same two project end points. Xcel Energy retained the services of Environmental Planning Group, LLC (EPG) to conduct a cultural records review as part of the submittal of a Section 408 application to the USACE. Location and The project area is in Section 34 of Township 4 South, Range 67 West; Jurisdiction: and Sections 3, 10, 11, 13, 14, and 24 of Township 5 South, Range 67 West (6th Principal Meridian), as depicted on the Fitzsimons, Parker, and Englewood, Colorado 7.5-minute U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle.
The proposed pipeline would traverse land that is managed or owned by the City and County of Denver, City of Aurora, unincorporated Arapahoe County, City of Greenwood Village, City of Centennial, Cherry Creek State Park, and the USACE, which has jurisdiction over real estate matters in Cherry Creek State Park. Approximately 36 percent of the project area is urbanized development. The remaining 64 percent of the project area is relatively undeveloped land within Cherry Creek State Park. Personnel and A Class I records review was conducted in June 2019, by EPG Dates of archaeologist Cara Lonardo. Steve Swanson served as senior reviewer Work: and project director.
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas ii July 2019 Results and The records review identified seven cultural resource surveys that Recommendations: intersect the project area, including the entirety of the undeveloped portions of the project area. A total of seven historic properties occur in the review area but do not intersect the project area. Two prehistoric artifact scatters may intersect the project area, but have been determined not eligible for listing on the NRHP and so are not historic properties. EPG recommends a finding of no historic properties present for the project. In the event that ground disturbing construction activities encounter archaeological remains, it is recommended that work in the area cease and the Section 106 lead and OAHP be consulted.
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas iii July 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ...... 1 Project Location ...... 1 Culture History ...... 1 Records Review ...... 9 Results and Recommendations ...... 14 References Cited ...... 15
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Project Location...... 2 Figure 2. Records Review Results...... 10
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Cultural Surveys within One Mile of the Project Area...... 11 Table 2. Cultural Resources within One Mile of the Project Area...... 12
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas iv July 2019 INTRODUCTION The project consists of replacing approximately 5 miles of 20-inch diameter steel natural gas transmission pipeline between an existing regulator station, (RS) F917 near the intersection of East Caley Avenue and South Troy Circle in the City of Centennial, and an existing valve set, near South Yosemite Avenue and East Hampden Ave in the City and County of Denver (project area). This section of pipeline is an integral portion of the larger pipeline system. This replacement section is part of an existing natural gas pipeline constructed in the 1950s and delivers natural gas between the same two project end points. The proposed pipeline would traverse land that is managed or owned by the City and County of Denver, City of Aurora, unincorporated Arapahoe County, City of Greenwood Village, City of Centennial, Cherry Creek State Park, and the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), which has jurisdiction over real estate matters in Cherry Creek State Park. Public Service Company of Colorado retained the services of Environmental Planning Group, LLC (EPG) to conduct a review of cultural resource records in support of the submittal of a Section 408 application to the USACE. Project Location The project area is in Section 34 of Township 4 South, Range 67 West; and Sections 3, 10, 11, 13, 14, and 24 of Township 5 South, Range 67 West (6th Principal Meridian), as depicted on the Fitzsimons, Parker, and Englewood, Colorado 7.5-minute U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangle (Figure 1).
CULTURE HISTORY Human occupation of the region spans at least the last 12,000 years. The following narrative provides more detailed information for the prehistoric and historic periods described for central Colorado. Prehistoric Context The prehistory of the current project area begins near the end of the Pleistocene epoch. The series of cultural changes in the northern Colorado Plateau are classified into four general time frames or phases, each marked by a distinct lifeway. These phases are: Paleoindian (ca. 13,450 to 8,350 B.P. [Before the Present]). Era of hunting (and probably gathering) prior to the onset of hunting and gathering adapted to fully desert conditions. Archaic (ca. 8,350 to 2,350 B.P.). Era when small groups mostly depended on wild plants and animals. Formative (ca. 2,350 to 650 B.P.). Era of dependence on both horticulture and hunting and gathering and most commonly associated with the Fremont, Gateway, and Aspen traditions. Protohistoric (ca. 650 to ~140 B.P.). Era after the abandonment of agriculture and the appearance of hunting and gathering strategies practiced through historic times by Ute people in the region. Following is a brief summary of the archaeological and historical evidence of the groups that inhabited the region. Many descriptions of the archaeology and history of the region have appeared elsewhere, and should be consulted for a fine-grained and comprehensive description of each (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999); (Baker 1988), (Baker 1996); (Buckles 1971); (Cassells 1997); (Fiedel 1999); (Kelly and Todd 1988); (Leacock and Lurie 1971); (Lipe and Pitblado 1999); (Lipe, et al. 1999); (O’Neil 1993); (Pitblado 1994),(Pitblado 1999); (Stiger 2001); and (Willey 1966).
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 1 July 2019
Figure 1. Project Location.
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 2 July 2019 Paleoindian Era (ca. 13,450 to 8,350 B.P.) The Paleoindian Period is the earliest known and least understood period of demonstrated human occupation in the region. While there is little concrete archaeological evidence to date, and the precise timing and nature of human entry into North America remains a matter of considerable debate, it is likely the first inhabitants of the region were Paleoindians who arrived at least 13,000 years ago ((A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999); (Lipe and Pitblado 1999); (Grayson 1993); (Gilbert, et al. 2008). What is known about this period comes from very few surface sites and isolated finds of Clovis, Folsom, Goshen, Agate Basin, Angostura, Cody, Frederick, Hell gap, and James Allen projectile points (Lipe and Pitblado 1999); (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999). Sites and isolates attributed to Paleoindian occupation of the area are typically found along major rivers and streams, suggesting that riverine environments were particularly suited for megafauna and their acquisition (Schroedl 1991); (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):59). The relative absence of specialized tools for processing plant resources reinforces existing models of late Pleistocene- subsistence strategies (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999); (Schroedl 1991).
Paleoindian social organization consisted of small groups practicing a highly mobile subsistence strategy with an emphasis on large game mammals such as giant bison, mammoth, camel, and ground sloth (Grayson 1993):71-72). However, associations of large faunal remains with Paleoindian artifacts like those commonly found in the Great Plains are absent in the northern Colorado Plateau. Kelly and Todd (1988):233) stated that even though Paleoindians focused on the exploitation of large terrestrial mammals, they were also opportunistic in relation to all other accessible food resources. It was suggested, “they [Paleoindians] collected easily acquired berries, seeds, roots, nuts, and small game as opportunities arose” (Kelly and Todd 1988):233). Additional work conducted throughout the western United States, including other regions of Colorado, has shown that Paleoindians were also exploiting aquatic resources, waterfowl, insects, roots, and tubers, although on a much smaller scale than megafauna (Pitblado 1999); (Stiger 2001); (Graf and Schmitt 2007).
Archaic Era (8,350 to 2,350 B.P.) These first inhabitants were followed by Archaic groups, who occupied the region from about 8,350 B.P. to 2,350 B.P., when climate and vegetation regimes assumed essentially modern conditions. This period represents a significant span of time distinguished by a steady transition of lifeways and technologies. It is characterized by the disappearance of the megafauna at the end of the Pleistocene, and an increased focus on smaller game and the exploitation of plant resources (Cassells 1997); (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):71; (Jennings 1978):29). This dramatic shift can be partially explained by the change in environmental conditions, as an ameliorating climate after 8,000 B.P. created conditions that were considerably dryer than the preceding 4,000 years (Beck and Jones 1997). The Archaic tool set exhibits a significant diversification in projectile point types (including both stemmed and notched varieties) and an increased presence of ground stone artifacts (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):71; (Jennings 1978); (Cassells 1997).
In general, Archaic populations practiced a highly mobile hunter-gatherer lifeway, characterized by bands dispersed into smaller groups that relied on foraging for wild resources during the warmer months with reduced mobility and greater dependence on stored food at a residential base camp during cold weather seasons (Cassells 1997); (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):71-97). Subsistence practices involved broad-based procurement of mammals, varieties of birds, aquatic species, and plant processing. Numerous projectile point types, ground stone artifacts, roasting pits, storage cists, and architectural features are encountered in many Archaic sites, and are most likely the result of a shift toward increased sedentism and increasing population density (Cassells 1997); (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):71-97). Archaic projectile point types in the area include
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 3 July 2019 McKean Lanceolate, Duncan and Hanna points, Gypsum, Elko Series, Gatecliff Contracting Stem, Pinto-like points, Bitterroot Side-notched, Northern Side-notched, Hawken, Mallory, and Mount Albion.
The Archaic era features a much higher frequency of sites than the preceding Paleoindian era, with the majority of the cultural resources documented at caves and rock shelters. While it is possible Archaic groups used caves at a higher rate relative to open sites, these data may be biased in that sheltered localities offer better preservation of cultural remains (Janetski, et al. 2012); (Cassells 1997). Despite these marked differences with the earlier inhabitants of the region, the transition between the Paleoindian and Archaic periods is poorly defined in many areas. Archaic cultures expanded across the region, resulting in a multitude of projectile point forms, sites, and lifeways. As a result of Reed and Metcalf‘s (1999):6, 71-97) comprehensive analysis of the Archaic archaeological record in the Northern Colorado River Basin, a four period- scheme was delineated for Archaic adaptations in the region.
Pioneer (8,350 to 6,450 B.P.) The Pioneer Period is defined by the demise of highly mobile Paleoindian adaptations and the adoption of seasonal settlement systems in the major basins of the Northern Colorado River Basin. Subsistence practices targeted both floral and faunal resource acquisition, with faunal resources playing a central role. Greater numbers of ground stone artifacts are found in the archaeological record, as well as a diversity of stemmed and notched projectile points (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):79 19). Rock-filled features, as well as rock and slab-lined pits and roasting/boiling pits attained importance early in the Archaic, with additional increased frequency of use around 4,500 to 4,000 B.P. (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):82).
Settlement (6,450 to 4,450 B.P.) The Settlement Period is defined by a dramatic increase in sedentism (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):79). This period is characterized by a widespread use of processing features, the development or adoption of storage techniques, and the utilization of pit and basin structures for habitation. As noted by Reed and Metcalf (1999):79), Archaic people during this period may have a “central-place foraging strategy” based on predictable winter habitation areas.
Transitional (4,450 to 2,950 B.P.) The Transitional Period has a large degree of continuity with the Settlement Period, but trends in the archaeological record indicate a proliferation in projectile point forms and ground stone artifacts, decreased occurrence of cultural features and habitation structures, perhaps a less sedentary settlement pattern, and possibly greater seasonal use of higher elevations (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999). The Transitional Period is believed to represent a time of stress when people attempted to adapt to a shifting environment (Stiger 2001):94).
Terminal (2,950 to 2,350 B.P.) The Terminal Period is characterized by an increase in population, reduced residential mobility, and the intensification of subsistence practices. During this period, Archaic groups began experimenting growing corn to supplement their diets, and the introduction of bow and arrow technology gradually replaced use of the atlatl in the archaeological record (Reed and Metcalf 1999:79, 83). The archaeological record also reflects an increasing shift toward processing of seeds and other lower rate-of- return foods, suggested by an increase in the representation of ground stone artifacts. Archaic Period sites with reported stratigraphic contexts in the region include Hells Midden in Dinosaur National Monument, which helped to define an Archaic tradition in the area, and Deluge Shelter in Dinosaur National Monument, which has been referenced in several of the regional chronologies. Settlement and Transitional-Terminal Archaic architecture
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 4 July 2019 was also identified at Kewclaw in the Colorado River Valley near Battlement Mesa, Garfield County.
Formative Era (ca. 2,350 to 650 B.P.) The Formative era, as defined by Reed and Metcalf (1999:98-145), refers to the period of time when important shifts in the economic adaptations of prehistoric peoples occurred. Cultigens became an important source of food. This era also includes non-horticultural foraging groups, known as the Aspen Tradition, who occupied the mountains and higher elevations of the eastern portion of the Northern Colorado River Basin (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):98-145). Horticultural groups are divided into the Anasazi, Fremont, and Gateway traditions. Substantial habitation architecture, storage structures, high-quality ceramics, and rock art characterize sites within these traditions. Along with maize, there is evidence of other domesticated plants, such as beans and squash (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):98-145).
Fremont Tradition (1,760 to 450 B.P.) The Fremont occupied portions of the eastern Great Basin and northern Colorado Plateau. The Fremont archaeological complex has generally been characterized by a distinct coiled pottery tradition, one rod-and-bundle basketry, clay trapezoidal figurines with painted faces or ornaments, a distinctive rock art form, a characteristic moccasin style constructed from the hock of a deer or mountain sheep, and a combination of hunting and gathering with corn agriculture, depending on fluctuations in climate as well as the availability of wild foods (Jennings 1978); (Madsen and Simms 1998); (Barlow 2006). Most of the projectile points found in Fremont contexts include Rosegate Series projectile points and side-notched projectile points similar to the Uinta Side- notched type. The occurrence of the latter type is restricted to Rio Blanco and Moffat counties, most likely suggesting association with northern Fremont groups (Holmer and Weder 1980). Other points include a projectile point form similar to the Bear River Side-notched type, Bull Creek, Cottonwood Triangular, and Desert Side-notched projectile points.
The Fremont constructed substantial residential and storage structures, primarily granaries constructed from stone, jacal, or adobe. Sites attributed to the Fremont are highly variable, ranging from large residential villages along the Wasatch Front to short-term campsites with small quantities of Fremont ceramics and thermal features. The prevalence of short-term occupations suggests that foraging remained an important subsistence activity in the Fremont heartland, possibly indicating the co-occurrence of farming and foraging groups, or switching in subsistence and settlement behaviors as climates fluctuated (Madsen and Simms 1998).
Aspen Tradition (2,350 to 650 B.P.) The Aspen Tradition is proposed for the non-horticultural foraging occupations in the Northern Colorado River Basin during the Formative era ca. 2,350 to 650 B.P. (Reed and Metcalf 1999:140- 145). Aspen Tradition sites are believed to derive from hunter-gatherer groups who lived in Colorado during the Archaic era and continued to employ Archaic-like subsistence practices that intensively focused on localized resources ((A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):140–145). There are actually very few common traits that distinguish what can be considered “classic” Aspen. These include a shift in residential sites to lower elevations; the use of several types of structures, primarily pit and basin houses, wickiups, stone circles, and brush and rock structures; increase in the use of fire pits for food processing (primarily rock-filled basins); and subsistence patterns similar to the Uinta Phase in southwestern Wyoming (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999): 140-145). Although distinctive attributes of Aspen Tradition sites are often difficult to distinguish from other contemporaneous traditions or preceding Archaic occupations, the presence of small, corner-
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 5 July 2019 notched projectile points and generic gray ware ceramics are often used to delineate cultural boundaries (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):142).
Protohistoric Era (ca. 650 to ~140 B.P.) The Protohistoric era refers to aboriginal occupation of north-central Colorado between the end of horticultural-based subsistence practices of the Formative era around A.D. 1200 and the removal of the Ute to reservations in Utah and southwestern Colorado in ca. A.D. 1881 (Athearn 1982); (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):146-164). Formative era horticultural adaptations had essentially terminated ca. 650 B.P. (1300 A.D.), and subsistence practices were once again focused on hunting and gathering activities (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):146). Between A.D. 1540 and 1600, north-central Colorado was occupied by bands of Numic-speaking Eastern Ute and Shoshonean speakers to the north of the Yampa River (Church, et al. 2007):34).
Eastern Ute contact with Spaniards commenced in the early 1600s; and by approximately 1650, the Ute in the Northern Colorado River Basin had obtained enough horses to adopt an equestrian lifeway. With the adoption of the horse, the Ute became highly mobile, enabling them to interact with neighboring groups, especially the inhabitants of the Great Plains and the Pueblos and Spanish to the south. Later Protohistoric era components frequently contain small quantities of Euroamerican artifacts obtained in trade. The Ute acquired many of the traits of the Plains groups, such as the use of the tepee and wide-ranging pursuit of faunal and floral resources.
Other potential groups that may have used the area during Protohistoric and Historic times include the Comanche and Northern Arapaho (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999). These groups were exclusively highly mobile hunters and gatherers. Additionally, Cassells (1997):240) has noted that during the 1700s, an influx of Comanches, having moved down from the northern Plains and the Great Basin, and their Ute allies appear to have replaced most of the Apaches in Colorado, who became established farther to the south. Most subsequent historic records from the Northern Colorado River Basin indicate occupation by the Ute. Because of the vast historic data pointing to Ute occupation of the region, sites dating to the late eighteenth century and later are described as Ute. Diagnostic artifacts found at these late sites, such as brown ware ceramics and Desert Side-notched and Cottonwood Triangular projectile points, relate to the preceding centuries. As a result, sites yielding these artifacts, especially Uncompahgre Brown Ware, are frequently attributed to the Ute or their ancestors (A. D. Reed and Metcalf 1999):146).
In Colorado in general, territorial shifts and the extent of sociocultural interactions from the seventeenth through the early nineteenth centuries were largely fostered by the introduction of horses through trade from the Spanish settlers. A large body of ethnographic data supplements the archaeological record during this final phase or period of aboriginal prehistory. Cultural resource sites associated with the Protohistoric era include campsites, lithic and artifact scatters, open architectural sites, rock art, trails, culturally modified trees, and isolated architectural structures.
Historic Context The history of north-central Colorado is typically divided into five major time periods or eras associated with significant events and activities:
Exploration Period (1765 to 1850s). Characterized by the earliest exploration of the area by Spaniards, Euro-American fur trappers, traders, and explorers Settlement Period (1850s to 1860s). Characterized by the arrival and settlement of pioneers
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 6 July 2019 Industry and Community Development Period (1869 to 1929). Characterized by the development of a vast railroad network and the mining/industrial boom associated with World War I. Depression Era. (1929 to 1940). Characterized by the bust of the local mining and agricultural industries as a result of the stock market crash World War II and the Post-War Era (1941 to the present). Characterized by the economic recovery resulting from the war overseas, the rise of defense-related industries in Colorado, and an increase in urbanization.
Like the prehistory of the region, the European-American history of the region has been well- documented by researchers (Athearn 1982); (Husband 1984); (Mehls 1982); (Church, et al. 2007); (Hoefer 2002); and (A. D. Reed, S., et al. 2008) whose works should be reviewed for a detailed description of the events and individuals relevant to this period. Following is a brief summary of the European-American history and development of north-central Colorado.
Exploration Period (1765 to 1850s) 1776. The Dominguez-Escalante Expedition is the earliest known exploration into the northeastern Colorado Plateau by nonindigenous peoples. In 1776, the route taken by the Spanish friars entered into present day Colorado near Carracas and then moved on the San Juan River. They passed through the San Juan Mountains to the junction of Uncompahgre and Dolores rivers and then to the Gunnison River and proceeded north to the White River (Warner 1995):12- 51). This expedition provided some of the first descriptions of the area. While the Spanish were exploring parts of Colorado, the Ute, Comanches, Arapaho, and Cheyenne occupied or used the mountain ranges and valleys in their subsistence rounds. Native culture and settlement systems were altered by the adoption of the horse, use of Euro-American material culture, and serious demographic shifts caused by disease. 1828 to 1840s. Fur trappers operated on the White and Yampa rivers, in Middle Park along the Colorado River, and east of the Continental Divide in North Park in the vicinity of the Medicine Bow Mountains. 1829 to 1848. The Old Spanish National Historic Trail was used during this time primarily as a commercial trade route between Mexican territories and California (Crampton 1979):361). The trail followed Indian trails and portions of the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition route. 1830s to 1869. The Oregon Trail is a 2,000-mile overland migration route from the Missouri River to valleys in present-day Oregon. It was used mostly between 1841 and 1869; use diminished greatly upon completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869. While the Oregon Trail was being established across southern Wyoming, others were attempting to establish wagon routes from the south to connect to the Oregon Trail from the Santa Fe Trail in the Bent’s Fort area in Colorado. That same year, an emigrant party from Peoria, Illinois, was the first known wagon caravan to depart via the Santa Fe Trail and travel northward to Oregon (Gardner 2002). The party traveled across the Continental Divide to the Yampa River, and then northwest across the Little Snake River and Vermillion Creek to Fort Davy Crockett (Gardner 2002). 1844 to 1845. John C. Fremont was charged with exploring, mapping, and describing the interior west. He journeyed into present-day Colorado, first in 1844 and again in 1845. In 1844, Fremont led a party from Fort St. Vrain in eastern Colorado to the Laramie Mountains alongside the Cache la Poudre River, then from North Park into the Yampa Valley. The 1845 expedition was entirely for military purposes (Athearn 1982). 1853. John W. Gunnison was commissioned by the U.S. Government to find a feasible and cost- effective railroad route across the mountains of Colorado. Gunnison’s path followed the general route of the Old Spanish Trail.
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 7 July 2019 Settlement Period (1850s to 1860s). 1859 to 1873. The discovery of gold on Cherry Creek, present-day Denver, precipitated a major but relatively short rush to Colorado (Athearn 1982):3). Numerous prospectors, miners, and entrepreneurs rushed into the area. The encroachment on Native American lands intensified the conflict between immigrants and the Ute peoples, and would eventually lead to conflicts. 1868. The Hunt Treaty of 1868 was signed between various Ute Indian tribes and the U.S. Government (Athearn 1982):4). This treaty established a single Ute reservation that lay mostly west of the Continental Divide and opened up lands for white settlements. Confusion over where the reservation boundaries were resulted in heated conflicts. 1869. After the Civil War, the federal government sent more troops from the U.S. Army and USGS personnel into the western territories to map and catalog the land (Gardner 2002). John Wesley Powell led an expedition down the Colorado and Green River directly through Brown’s Park, but Powell reported the area was of little value to the U.S. government.
Industry and Community Development (1860s to 1929) Late 1860s. The arrival of the railroad made the transportation of goods, including cattle and sheep, much easier and boosted the economy of north-central Colorado. By 1871, the cattle industry was established in Brown’s Park and along the Little Snake, Green, Yampa, and White river valleys (Athearn 1982):69-75). 1871 to 1874. The USGS Hayden Expeditions explored the upper Colorado River and Grand Valley. The expeditions provided information pertaining to local geology and topography, flora, fauna, and mineral deposits. The maps and natural history information provided by the expedition served as valuable resources for prospective settlers (Athearn 1982):59-60). 1873 to 1879. The Brunot Treaty of 1873 ceded to thousands of miners and settlers the San Juan mining areas for mineral exploration. Ute agencies were established at White River (Northern Ute) and Los Pinos (Southern Ute) (Athearn 1982):47-56). Hostilities resulted from continuous intrusion on the Ute Indian Reservation by settlers and failure of the government to keep promises. 1893. The Silver Panic of 1893 caused a crash in the mining industry and economic problems rippled into the cattle industry and silver mining efforts. 1918 to 1919. In the Rocky Mountain region, more than 100 companies were organized to develop and sell oil shale stock and most of the companies filed claims in Garfield County (Gulliford 1983):41). Agricultural and coal production increased sharply to aid war needs. 1921 to 1923. The General Assembly creates the State Highway Department and Colorado starts building roads on main traveled routes.
Depression Era (1929 to 1940) 1930s. During the Depression of the 1930s, the federal government established the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) as a relief measure. This provided work for unemployed individuals and enabled necessary improvement projects to be completed on state, federal, and municipal lands. Several CCC camps were established in the area, mostly associated with the National Park Service or the U.S. Forest Service.
World War II and the Post-War Era (1941 to Present) 1941-1946. During World War II, the agriculture industry had its greatest production in the history of the state and continued to be the state's dominant industry. Mining on a commercial scale largely declined during World War II, when a federal ban on nonessential mining was put into effect to focus extractive industries on production of the raw materials needed for the war effort. The peak of U.S. oil production was reached in 1970. The Oil Shale Corporation, Union Oil Company, and Exxon developed the area (Gulliford 1983).
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 8 July 2019 1950s to 1960s. Numerous water control works were constructed in response to increased population growth and agricultural demands, and tourism industry blossomed. Construction of Interstate 70 began in 1958. Cherry Creek Reservoir and State Park were established in 1959. 1980s. Coal mining production hit an all-time high, and the area became more dependent on energy resources. In 1982, the state economic structure was greatly and negatively affected when Exxon closed its oil shale development projects in Rio Blanco, Mesa, and Garfield counties (Hoefer 2002):37). Late 1980s to 1990s. During this time, there was a major growth of technological industries and further development of tourist-related recreation ranging from basic campgrounds to hotel complexes and ski areas.
RECORDS REVIEW EPG conducted a cultural resources records review to identify prior cultural resources projects and previously recorded historic properties within one mile of the project area (review area). The detailed records review was conducted in June 2019, by EPG archaeologist Cara Lonardo. Steve Swanson served as senior reviewer and project director. Records were examined at the following institutions: . Colorado Historic Society Office of Archaeology and Historical Preservation Cultural Records online database (Compass) . National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) . Colorado State Register of Historic Places (SRHP) . United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps . General Land Office (GLO) survey plats and patents
The OAHP database revealed 21 prior cultural resources studies in the review area (Figure 2; Table 1). These surveys were conducted for a variety of project types including water management, roads, and park improvements. Seven of the surveys intersect the project area. The most significant for this project is the pedestrian inventory conducted for the entirety of Cherry Creek State Park (Dominguez, et al. 2009), which encompasses 3.2 miles (approximately 64 percent) of the proposed pipeline corridor, including all of the undeveloped portions of the project area. Although there is very little survey coverage documented for the remaining approximately 1.8 miles of the project area, that is entirely within develop, urbanized contexts for which pedestrian inventory would not be an appropriate methodology for identifying historic properties. The records review identified 62 cultural resources, including 2 Archaic, 20 prehistoric, and 40 historic sites (Figure 2; Table 2). No historic properties or landmarks listed on the National Register of Historic Places are located within the review area; however, one historic property, the Cherry Creek School House (5AH.168), is listed on the State Register of Historic Places. Six sites have been determined eligible for listing on the NRHP, while 41 sites have been recommended or determined not eligible. For four sites, additional research was recommended. In addition, five sites have been destroyed and for six sites no recommendation has been made. Two of the sites, 5AH.157 and 5AH.2950, are located within the project area. One unnamed road is depicted on the 1865 GLO plat for Township 5 South, Range 67 West, though it does not cross the project area. The 1935 USGS topographic quadrangle of East Denver, Colorado shows numerous historic features including the “Interstate Gas Co Pipe Line”, the Colorado and Southern Railroad (RR), the Melvin School, and eight unnamed roads. Only the pipeline intersects the project area.
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 9 July 2019 Figure 2. Records Review Results has been removed to protect site location information. Table 1. Cultural Surveys within One Mile of the Project Area. Survey ID Survey Name Report Author AH.AE.NR4 Lone Tree Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant Expansion, Tucker Jr., Gordon C. Arapahoe County AH.AE.R10 Cultural Resource Inventory of the Cherry Creek Reservoir, Brodnicki, Edward Arapahoe County AH.AE.R12 Class III Cultural Resources Survey of Cherry Creek State Dominguez, S. et al. Park, Arapahoe County AH.AE.R2 Cherry Creek Recreation Area Real Estate Easement, Halasi, Judith A Arapahoe County AH.AE.R25 Cultural Resource Survey of the Cherry Creek Reach 2 to Gilmore, Kevin Reach 5 Project, Arapahoe County AH.AE.R8 Cultural Resource Inventory of 240 Acres, Section 14 of Tate, Marcia J. Cherry Creek Reservoir, Arapahoe County AH.CH.NR24 Cultural Resource Survey of Two Roadway Segments in Hand, O D Cherry Creek State Recreation Area, Arapahoe County AH.CH.NR28 Trex Dayton Station, Intensive Inventory for Cultural Brogan, John Resources, Arapahoe County AH.CH.NR31 Archaeological Resource Inventory within and South of Cherry Hand, O D Creek State Park along East Lakeview and South Jordan Roads, Arapahoe County AH.CH.NR39 Archaeological Resource Inventory for the Cherry Creek Wolff, Greg Bridge Replacement on Arapahoe Road, Arapahoe County AH.CH.NR9 Archaeological Survey of a Portion of Parker Road, Arapahoe Angulski, Debra and County Susan Thomas Baugh AH.NP.R2 Preliminary Appraisal of the Archeological and Paleontological Unknown Resources of Cherry Creek Reservoir, Arapahoe County DV.CH.R3 Survey Report Project M1661 (1) Quebec/Tamarac Street, Gambrill, Kim Girard To Yale DV.DE.R1 Historical and Architectural Survey of Ten Selected Denver Simmons, Laurie and Public Schools, 2007-08, Final Survey Report, Denver Thomas Simmons MC.CH.NR30 Cultural Resource Investigations for the Adesta/CDOT I- Moore, Gary L. 225 Cross Loop Fiber Optic Project, Arapahoe and Denver Counties MC.CH.R2 Archaeological Clearance of Project IR 225-4(40), from I- Chocol, Barbara and 70 To I-25, Adams, Arapahoe, and Denver Counties Debra Angulski MC.CH.R85 Cultural Resource Management Report: Southeast Newberry, Gregory Corridor EIS, Denver, Douglas, and Arapahoe Counties and Mark Sullivan MC.CH.R87 Historic Resources Survey Report, Southeast Corridor, I- Unknown 25 From Broadway South to Lincoln Avenue and I-225 From I-25 to Parker Road, Denver, Arapahoe, and Douglas Counties MC.CH.R96 Cultural Resource Survey of Interstates 25, 70, 225, and 270, Sherman, Stephen et U.S. Highways 34 and 160, and State Highways 13 and 470, al. for the Proposed Adesta Communications Fiber Optic System MC.FC.R2 Cultural Resources Inventory for the MFS Network McBride, Terri Technologies' Denver Metro Backbone Routes 2, 3 and 4, Douglas, Denver, Arapahoe and Adams Counties MC.LG.R6 Aurora Cultural Resource Survey, Arapahoe and Douglas Unknown Counties NOTE: Bold type indicates projects that intersect the project area.
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 11 July 2019 Table 2. Cultural Resources within One Mile of the Project Area. Site ID Site Name Age Culture Site Type Assessment 5AH.33 Prehistoric Unknown Open camp Determined Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.34 Prehistoric Unknown Open lithic Determined Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.35 Prehistoric Unknown Open camp Unknown Aboriginal 5AH.36 Prehistoric Unknown Open camp Determined Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.37 Prehistoric Unknown Open camp Recommended Aboriginal needs data 5AH.39 Prehistoric Unknown Open camp Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.121 Twelve Mile House Site Historic Euroamerican Stage Determined station eligible 5AH.122 Prehistoric Plains Open camp Determined Woodland needs data 5AH.123 Prehistoric Unknown Isolated find Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.131 Prehistoric Unknown Isolated find Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.157 Stout Homestead Historic Euroamerican Homestead Determined not eligible 5AH.158 Prehistoric Unknown Isolated find Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.159 Prehistoric Unknown Isolated find Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.168 Cherry Creek School Historic Euroamerican School Listed on State House Register 5AH.208 Butterfield Overland Historic Euroamerican Stage route Determined Trail/Starvation Trail not eligible 5AH.210 Goodnight-Loving Trail Historic Euroamerican Cattle trail Recommended not eligible 5AH.211 Smoky Hill Trail - Historic Euroamerican Trail Recommended Southern Branch not eligible 5AH.212 Smoky Hill Trail - Middle Historic Euroamerican Trail Determined Branch not eligible 5AH.215 Trappers Trail Historic Euroamerican Trail Recommended not eligible 5AH.263.1 Melvin Siding, Denver Historic Euroamerican Railroad Unknown and New Orleans RR siding 5AH.263.2 Sand Spur, Denver and Historic Euroamerican Railroad Recommended New Orleans RR spur not eligible 5AH.263.3 Denver and New Historic Euroamerican Railroad Determined Orleans RR Segment not eligible 5AH.263.4 Denver and New Historic Euroamerican Railroad Determined Orleans RR Segment grade not eligible 5AH.277 Cherokee Trail Historic Native Trail Recommended American not eligible 5AH.577 Historic Unknown Isolated find Recommended Historic not eligible 5AH.1648 Melvin School Historic Euroamerican School Determined not eligible
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 12 July 2019 Table 2. Cultural Resources within One Mile of the Project Area. Site ID Site Name Age Culture Site Type Assessment 5AH.1649 Melvin Bridge Historic Euroamerican Bridge Demolished 5AH.1650 Arlington Grove Historic Unknown Townsite Demolished Subdivision. 5AH.1651 Melvin (Fohrer) Historic Unknown Creamery Demolished Creamery 5AH.1652 Melvin Road Historic Unknown Road Unknown 5AH.1653 Lake Melvin Site Historic Unknown Reservoir Unknown 5AH.1654 Melvin Store/Pettys' Historic Unknown Building Demolished Store 5AH.1658 Melvin Station Historic Unknown Depot Demolished 5AH.2900 Kenwood Park Site Historic Euroamerican Townsite Unknown 5AH.2947 Archaic Middle Archaic Open camp Determined eligible 5AH.2948 Prehistoric Unknown Open lithic Determined Aboriginal eligible 5AH.2949 Prehistoric Unknown Open lithic Determined Aboriginal eligible 5AH.2950 Archaic Middle Archaic Open lithic Determined not eligible 5AH.2952 Prehistoric Unknown Isolated find Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.2953 Prehistoric Unknown Isolated find Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.2954 Old Kerker Ranch Historic Euroamerican Ranch Determined complex not eligible 5AH.2956 Historic Euroamerican Isolated Recommended feature not eligible 5AH.2957 Historic Euroamerican Trash Determined scatter not eligible 5AH.2958 Historic Euroamerican Isolated find Recommended not eligible 5AH.2959 Prehistoric Unknown Isolated find Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.2960 Prehistoric Unknown Open lithic Determined Aboriginal eligible 5AH.2961 Historic Euroamerican Isolated find Recommended not eligible 5AH.2962 Historic Euroamerican Isolated find Recommended not eligible 5AH.2963 Prehistoric Unknown Open camp Determined Aboriginal not eligible 5AH.3281 Historic Euroamerican Stage stop Determined needs data 5AH.3342 Valley Country Club Historic Euroamerican Golf course Determined not eligible 5AH.3383 Prehistoric Unknown Isolated find Recommended Aboriginal not eligible 5DV.833 Butterfield Overland Historic Euroamerican Stage route Determined Trail not eligible 5DV.834 Goodnight-Loving Trail Historic Euroamerican Trail Recommended not eligible
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 13 July 2019 Table 2. Cultural Resources within One Mile of the Project Area. Site ID Site Name Age Culture Site Type Assessment 5DV.835 Cherokee Trail Historic Cherokee Trail Recommended not eligible 5DV.838 Smoky Hill Trail - South Historic Euroamerican Stage route Recommended Branch not eligible 5DV.840 High Line Canal Historic Euroamerican Canal Determined eligible 5DV.850 Highline Ditch Company Historic Euroamerican House Determined House not eligible 5DV.975 Trappers Trail Historic Euroamerican Trail Recommended not eligible 5DV.7087 Cherry Creek Bridge Historic Unknown Bridge Recommended Historic not eligible 5DV.10479 Hamilton Junior High Historic Euroamerican School Recommended School not eligible 5DV.11278 Prehistoric Unknown Open lithic Unknown Aboriginal NOTE: Bold type indicates cultural resources that intersect the project area.
RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The records review identified seven cultural resource surveys that intersect the project area, including the entirety of the undeveloped portions of the project area (Dominguez, et al. 2009). A total of seven historic properties occur in the review area but do not intersect the project area. Two sites may intersect the project area but have been determined not eligible for listing on the NRHP and so are not historic properties. EPG recommends a finding of no historic properties present for the project. In the event that ground disturbing construction activities encounter archaeological remains, it is recommended that work in the area cease and the Section 106 lead and OAHP be consulted.
Public Service Company of Colorado EPG Southeast Metro Natural Gas 14 July 2019 REFERENCES CITED
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