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National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form

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National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form NFS Form 10-900-b OMB No. 1024-0018 (Revised March 1992) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic -c 'mplete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the r additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items x New Submission Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Railroads in Colorado 1858 - 1948 B. Associated Historic Contexts The Historical and Technological Evolution of Colorado's Railroads 1858 - 1948 x See continuation sheet C. Form Prepared By name/title Clayton B. Fraser, Principal, and Jennifer H. Strand, Research Historian organization Fraserdesign date 31 August 1997 street & number P.O. Box 6025 telephone 970-669-7969 city or town Loveland state Colorado zip code 80537 D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secreiafv~«tthe Interior's Standards for Archeology and Historic Preservation. ( r-j See continuation sheet for additional comments.) ^a^^ Signati/re of certifying official Dale Sta\|:e Jflistoric Preservation office, Colorado Historical Society State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple properly documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing in the National Register. Signature of the Keeper of the National Register Date of Action Railroads in Colorado 1858 - 1948 Colorado Name of Multiple Property Listing State Table of Contents for Written Narrative Provide the following information on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and the title before each section of the narrative. Assign page numbers according to the instructions for continuation sheets in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Fill in page numbers for each section in the space below. section __ ____ _____ page number E. Statement of Historic Contexts 1. Introduction: The Geographic Irony 1 2. The Placer Years: 1858 - 1879 2 3. The Bonanza Years: 1880 - 1892 26 4. The Peak Years: 1893 - 1913 60 5. The Years of Retrenchment: 1913-1967 85 6. Colorado Railroad Summaries 92 7. Colorado Railroad Network Maps 118 8. Endnotes 126 F. Associated Property Types 1. Railroad tracks and roadbed 142 2. Miscellaneous right-of-way structures 148 3. Depots 156 4. Housing and maintenance structures 163 5. Drainage and separation structures 179 G. Geographical Data 191 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods 192 (Discuss the methods used in developing the multiple property listing.) I. Major Bibliographical References 194 (List major written works and primary location of additional information: State Historic Preservation Office, other State agency, Federal agency, local government, university, or other, specifying repository.) Primary location of additional data B State Historic Preservation Office Q Other State agency Q Federal agency Q Local government Q University [] Other Name of repository: Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting for this form is estimated to average 120 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet section number E page 1 RAILROADS IN COLORADO 1858-1948 ii Introduction: The Geographic Irony Before the discovery of gold near the site of present-day Denver in 1858, no pressing need exis­ ted in what is now Colorado for railroads. In the eastern United States numerous lines were by then well established, and the concept of railroads was already imbued in the American psyche. Once gold had been discovered, however, residents of Denver felt an immediate need for rail service. Before the spring 1859 gold rush, citizens and entrepreneurs held their first meeting for the purpose of somehow securing a rail line into Denver. Railroad followed mine, it seemed, as naturally as winter followed fall. That is, in concept railroad followed mine. The realization of the concept was another thing entirely. Colorado terrain is integral to the story of the state's railroads. The Rocky Mountains run through the state from north to south in a wide band, presenting what Robert Ormes has called a "geographical irony." Precious metals and mineral wealth resided in the mountains, drawing prospectors, populating the territory, tempting railroads. At the same time the forbid­ ding terrain, steep canyons, deep river gorges and rough, rocky landscape blocked many efforts to build through the mountains to the Pacific.1 The heart of the Colorado railroad story centers on building rails to the mines of the Rocky Mountains. Supply and shipping centers, agriculture and the tourist industry all followed the railroads to the mines. The following overview provides a history of railroad construction in Colorado. The story is complex, covering many different lines and regions, two distinctly differ­ ent track gauges, transfers of ownerships, bankruptcies, engineering challenges, and of course mountain passes, river valleys and awe-inspiring scenery. Colorado is fortunate in having a rich body of literature covering its railroads. Many books in the Colorado railroad lexicon focus on individual lines, their histories, their financial maneuver ings, their construction and the people who built them. Others focus on regions such as northern Colorado or the areas around Cripple Creek and Leadville. Still others focus on the narrow-gauge lines in particular, on lines built by a particular railroad personality, and on the complex financial transactions required by railroad building that gave rise to modern forms of big business and finance capitalism. What has been lacking in the literature of Colorado railroads is a narrative overview that pre­ sents a comprehensive picture of Colorado railroads and ties this history to the cultural fabric of the state's rail lines, both functioning and abandoned. This narrative is an attempt to fill that gap, and to provide a context for the documentation and preservation of historic Colorado rail­ road resources. It presents contextual information so that rail building does not seem to occur in a vacuum, but to cover the widespread story within a reasonable length, only limited in-depth information is provided on any single subject. The bibliography is representative and includes a sizeable number of sources on Colorado railroad history. FRASERDESIGN m see continuation sheet NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet section number E page 2 RAILROADS IN COLORADO 1858-1948 The following overview history of Colorado railroads is presented in four sections. The first covers the period from 1858 to 1879, when Colorado tried to lure the transcontinental railroad into building through the state, the first track was laid, independent entrepreneurs extended the flatland railroad net, and railroads made their initial forays into the mountains. The second tells the story of Colorado's bonanza years-the period between 1880 and 1892, when silver boomed and more miles of rail were constructed than during any other period. The third section covers 1892-1913, when the silver slump changed the economic climate, railroad lines begin to consol­ idate, and when the operated rail mileage of the state reached its peak. The final section dis­ cusses the post-1913 period, when Colorado finally achieved a mainline transcontinental connec­ tion, and when rail abandonments began to outpace construction.2 The Placer Years: 1858 - 1879 Before there were mines and before there were railroads, there was the land itself. The Colorado mountains make up the highest section of the Rockies between Canada and Mexico. More than 600 peaks in the state measure higher than 13,000 feet above sea level, and 53 peaks reach over 14,000 feet. Colorado has the highest mean altitude of any state in the union, yet it would be a mistake to think of Colorado topography in terms of mountains alone. East of the moun­ tains, a broad, dry plain
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