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Landscape Pattern Changes at a County Scale: a Case Study in Fengqiu, Henan Province, China from 1990 to 2013

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Landscape Pattern Changes at a County Scale: a Case Study in Fengqiu, Henan Province, China from 1990 to 2013 Catena 137 (2016) 152–160 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Catena journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/catena Landscape pattern changes at a county scale: A case study in Fengqiu, Henan Province, China from 1990 to 2013 Qindong Fan a,b, Shengyan Ding a,⁎ a Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology For the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Ministry of Education, Kaifeng 475004, China b College of Art & Design, North China of University of Water Resource and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 460046, PR China article info abstract Article history: Human activities and natural factors drive landscape pattern changes and limit provision of ecosystem services Received 17 March 2015 (ES) for human well-being. The analysis of landscape pattern change is one of the most important methods to Received in revised form 26 August 2015 understand and quantify land use and land cover change (LUCC). In this study, a series of satellite images Accepted 22 September 2015 (1990, 2002, 2009, 2013) of Fengqiu County of Henan province in China and some social data were used for an- Available online 30 September 2015 alyzing landscape pattern changes and driving forces. Our results showed that landscape pattern and indices of – Keywords: Fengqiu County have serial changes during 1990 2013. From 1990 to 2013, the unused land (UL) nearly disap- 2 Landscape pattern peared (the area of UL changed from 19.1 to 1.06 km ) and the area of water area (WA) dramatically decreased 2 Land use transition matrix (from 71.41 to 11.4 km ). The mutual transformations among cultivated land (CL), forest land (FL) and settle- Landscape indices ments and mining sites (SMS) were relatively frequent. By further analysis of the number of patches (NP), largest LUCC patch index (LPI), perimeter–area fractal dimension (PAFRAC) and Shannon's evenness index (SHEI) both at class Driving forces and landscape scale, we found that anthropogenic influence increased gradually, intensity of land use is strength- ened, and landscape heterogeneity reduced. Human activity, especially population growth was the main driving force which impacted the landscape changes in studied area. The natural factors (temperature and precipitation) make a large impact on WA area. At last, we firstly introduce “Entropy model” to analyze the whole land use change. All the quantifications of LUCC and driving forces can reasonably provide basic information for government to guide the land use and ecological protection. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction land use change, etc. (Zhao et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2010; Verburg et al., 2002). In China, a number of studies have demonstrated the landscape Land use and land cover change (LUCC) is likely to be one of the pattern changes using LUCC data in urban areas (Zhang et al., 2014; most important factors affecting human well-being all over the Peng et al., 2013; Pan et al., 2012), watersheds (Wang et al., 2014), wet- world (Nahuelhual et al., 2013). Land cover provides necessary eco- lands (X. Liu et al., 2014; J.K. Liu et al., 2014; Hu and Y.P, 2014; Ao et al., system services (ES) for human beings, including the production of 2014), forests (Liang et al., 2013; Li et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2013), coastal food, energy resources and recreation. For centuries, there has been zones (Zuo et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2012), agricultural areas (Lu et al., a rapid and large scale changes of landscape pattern, which have re- 2013; Zhao et al., 2012), and grassland (Jiao et al., 2012; Wang et al., duced the function of ES, including production provision, environ- 2010; Wang et al., 2009). But, these studies were all based on data mental pollution control, biodiversity protection and human from relatively short period, which lacks comprehensive LUCC research vulnerability to the changing ecosystems (Napton et al., 2010; during long time periods. Studies on the driving mechanism of LUCC Lichtenberg and Ding, 2008). Quantitative information on historic with landscape patterns were especially needed at county scale. change of landscape structure and composition was considered the County is a middle scale landscape in China, like shire in England and first necessity for understanding consequences from landscape county in American. It contains artificial landscape and natural land- changes (Bender et al., 2005; Braimoh, 2006). scape, and it is also a basic administrative unit for implementing land Landscape pattern change is usually quantified by landscape indices use policy. Ecological studies of landscapes have to be closely linked in previous studies (Maleki Najafabadi et al., 2014; Dong et al., 2009; with the hierarchical structure of the administrative units (Bender Perry, 2002). In the last decades, numerous studies have focused on et al., 2005). In China, there is an urgent need to quantify landscape pat- land use status, the evolution of landscape pattern, forecasting future tern changes and driving mechanism at county scale. Fengqiu County is a typical agricultural landscape in the lower reaches of the Yellow River ⁎ Corresponding author. alluvial plain of Xinxiang city, in Henan province (Lu et al., 2014). Land E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Ding). use patterns have changed significantly in the study area during the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.09.012 0341-8162/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Q. Fan, S. Ding / Catena 137 (2016) 152–160 153 latest two decades. But quantified study of Fengqiu County landscape impacted by the monsoon. The original natural vegetation of pattern is still lacking. Fengqiu County is deciduous broad-leaved forest. Its population is This study evaluated the LUCC and its effects on landscape patterns about 750,000 and land area is about 122,500 ha. An accelerated ex- in the Fengqiu County over the last two decades. With the landscape pansion of intensive agriculture converted almost all deciduous pattern changes in the Fengqiu County, especially the rapid expansions broadleavedforestintocultivatedlandandartificial vegetation. of settlements and mining sites and the shrinkage of unused area, cer- At present, the main land use type in Fengqiu County is cultivated tain environmental issues emerged, such as nonpoint pollution and land. greenhouse gas emissions. To solve the problems resulting from LUCC, a quantitative analysis of the landscape pattern changes is necessary. 2.2. Data The main objectives of the study are: (1) to analyze the landscape pat- tern changes of Fengqiu County during the period 1990–2013 and Landsat TM remote sensing images in 1990, 2002, 2009 and 2013 (2) to identify the driving forces of these changes during the past 24 were used as the basic data which were got form Chinese Academy of years. Sciences. To acquire the accurate statistical data, 1:10,000 topographic maps and the digital maps of land use were used for geometric correc- 2. Material and methods tion. The topography maps and digital maps were obtained from Henan Province Resources Department of China. Image data pre- 2.1. Study area processing was performed by ARCGIS 10.0. We optimized the classifica- tion accuracy and adjusted it by field sampling. Both computer classifi- Fengqiu County is located in Henan province, China, from longi- cation and image visual interpretation were used to get the land use tude 114° 14′ to 114° 46′ E and latitude 34° 53′ to 35° 14′ N(Fig. 1), information. The final result showed that the spatial precision was with an average altitude of 67.5 m. It belongs to the alluvial plain of 92%, and the kappa index was 0.87. According to the National Standard the Yellow River and is famous for its agricultural production, just as of Land Use Classification of China (2007), we divided the research re- wheat and cotton (Lu et al., 2014). Alluvial soil is main soil type in gion into cultivated land (CL), including irrigated land and paddy Fengqiu County. It is a warm temperate climate and is strongly field; forest land (FL); water area (WA) including river, ditch and Fig. 1. Location of study area. 154 Q. Fan, S. Ding / Catena 137 (2016) 152–160 Fig. 2. The spatial pattern of the land use in Fengqiu County from 1990 to 2013. pool; settlements and mining sites (SMS) and unused land (UL) (Fig. 2 After that, a land conversion map was drawn to show the conversion and Table 1). position and area. Landscape indices are effective in studying landscape pattern (Wu, 2002). We use Fragstats 4.2 to calculate the landscape indices for 2.3. Method each period and to analyze change of Fengqiu landscape patterns. Based on prior studies (Lu et al., 2014), five relevant landscape indices 2.3.1. Landscape transition matrix, land conversion map and landscape were chosen to describe the landscape characteristics at county level indices in this study: number of patches (NP), largest patch index (LPI), land- Transition matrices have often been used to identify the land change scape shape index (LSI), Shannon's evenness index (SHEI) and perime- direction and quantify the change. This study analyzed the Fengqiu ter–area fractal dimension (PAFRAC). We also used patch density (PD), landscape pattern change in each period: 1990–2002, 2002–2009 and LPI, LSI, and PAFRAC to illustrate the landscape pattern at the class level 2009–2013. The change area and position analysis for a specificperiod (Table 1). The mathematical expressions of the landscape indices are was conducted by overlaying the land use maps of two discrete years. the following: (1) NP: Number of patches. Table 1 NP = n. Area statistics of different land types from 1990 to 2013. n = number of patches, NP ≥ 1. Area in different years (km2) (2) LPI: Largest patch index. Land use type 1990 2002 2009 2013 n i¼1 CL 878.89 886.49 930.61 923.16 max ðÞa LPI ¼ i¼1 i  100 FL 85.7 108.73 93.80 84.01 A WA 71.41 64.73 15.21 11.70 SMS 149 139.01 155.47 184.43 2 2 ai = area of patch i (m ), and A = total landscape area (m ), UL 19.1 5.17 8.97 1.06 0 b LPI ≤ 100.
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