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USAID/Jamaica Ridges to REEF: Assessment of Strategic Program Options

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USAID/Jamaica Ridges to REEF: Assessment of Strategic Program Options Final Report USAID/Jamaica Ridges to REEF: Assessment of Strategic Program Options October 9, 1998 Task Order No. 815 Contract No. PCE-I-00-96-00002-00 Final Report USAID/Jamaica Ridges to REEF: Assessment of Strategic Program Options By Glen D. Anderson Kjell A. Christophersen Peter Espeut October 9, 1998 For USAID/Jamaica Howard Batson, COTR Environmental Policy and Institutional Strengthening Indefinite Quantity Contract (EPIQ) Partners: International Resources Group, Winrock International, and Harvard Institute for International Development Subcontractors: PADCO; Management Systems International; and Development Alternatives, Inc. Collaborating Institutions: Center for Naval Analysis Corporation; Conservation International; KNB Engineering and Applied Sciences, Inc..; Keller-Bliesner Engineering; Resource Management International, Inc.; Tellus Institute; Urban Institute; and World Resources Institute. ii About the Authors Dr. Glen D. Anderson is an environmental economist and consultant to The Harvard Institute for International Development (HIID). He has 17 years of experience including seven years of long- and short-term international assignments. He served as Senior Policy Advisor to the Ministry of Environment in Poland between 1993 - 1996, and as Team Leader on the Egypt Environment Sector Assessment for the EPIQ consortium. He has consulted in the areas of environmental policy, strategic planning, and environmental finance in Central and Eastern Europe (five countries) and the former Soviet Union (three countries). In addition, he has considerable work experience in Indonesia, Colombia, and Egypt. (Address: 7812 Sutcliffe Dr., Raleigh North Carolina, 27613, phone/fax: 919-845-0063, e-mail: [email protected]. com). Dr. Kjell A. Christophersen is a Senior Economist and Natural Resource Management Specialist with IRG with over 25 years of international and domestic experience including six years of long-term field experience in West Africa (Senegal, Burkina Faso, and Côte d’Ivoire). He is currently the Senior Manager and Director of IRG’s West Coast Office (IRG/West) in Moscow, Idaho, established for the purpose of developing permanent and formal linkages between IRG and Washington State University (WSU) and the University of Idaho (U of I). He also has short-term experience in Africa, Asia and Europe having served as team leader on many assignments: project appraisal, planning, design, and evaluation, feasibility and recurrent cost studies, training needs assessments, and environmental assessments from the economics perspective. (Address: 2368 Arborcrest Road, Moscow ID, 83843, phone: 208-882-4842, fax: 208-882-2467, e-mail: [email protected]). Mr. Peter Espeut has an academic background in both the natural sciences (Chemistry, Zoology) and the social sciences (Sociology, Development Studies/Rural Development). He is a former Research Fellow at the Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica. He has done consulting work in fisheries, natural resource management, rural development and community empowerment for various agencies and institutions, including USAID, CIDA, IDRC, ICOD,UNDP, UNESCO, FAO, IDB, the PIOJ, the SDC and CARICOM. Currently he is Executive Director of the Caribbean Coastal Area Management (CCAM) Foundation, an environment and development NGO working in the Portland Bight area of Jamaica’s south coast with local communities towards the management of the natural resources there along co-management lines. He is the recipient of a Pew Fellowship in Conservation and the Environment (1996), and sits on the UNESCO Experts Group for Coastal Zone Management in Small Islands (CSI). [Address: 7 Lloyd’s Close, Kingston 8, JAMAICA, W.I.; Phone: (876) 978- 9286; Fax: (876) 978-7641; e-mail: [email protected]]. iii Table of Contents PREFACE …………………………………………………………………………. iv LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ……………………………………………… v LIST OF ACRONYMS …………………………………………………………… vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………….. viii 1. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Background ………………………………………………………… 1 1.2 Ridge-to-Reef Assessment …………………………………………. 1 1.2.1 Objectives ………………………………………………….. 1 1.2.2 Approach ………………………………………………….. 2 1.3 Methodology ……………………………………………………….. 3 1.4 Organization of the Report …………………………………………. 3 2. OVERVIEW OF RIDGE-TO-REEF PROBLEMS AND SOURCES …….. 4 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………… 4 2.2 Ridge ……………………………………………………………….. 4 2.3 Lowlands …………………………………………………………… 7 2.4 Coast ……………………………………………………………….. 9 2.5 Reef ………………………………………………………………… 9 3. CONSTRAINTS TO EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF RIDGE-TO- REEF RESOURCES ………………………………………………………. 10 3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………… 10 3.2 Government Management Capabilities …………………………….. 10 3.2.1 Implementation problems ………………………………….. 10 3.2.2 Enforcement Problems …………………………………….. 12 3.3 Devolving Management Authority to NGOs ………………………. 14 3.3.1 General Issues ……………………………………………… 14 3.3.2 Weak NGO Management Capability ………………………. 15 3.3.3 Weak Community Participation in Planning and 15 management……………………….……………….…… 3.4 Barriers to Environmentally-Friendly Practices in Agriculture 16 and Forestry ………………………………………………………… 16 3.4.1 Barriers to Appropriate Technologies ……………………… 16 3.4.2 Barriers to Reforestation …………………………………… 16 3.4.3 Lack of Appropriate Incentives ……………………………. 17 3.4.4 Praedial Larceny ……………………………………………. 17 3.4.5 Inadequate Access to Financing ……………………………. 17 i 3.4.6 Poor Access to Marketing Information …………………….. 17 3.5 Pricing of Natural Resources and Environmental Services ……… 17 3.5.1 Ridge-to-Reef Resources not Fully Valued ……………… 18 3.5.2 Public Timber and Seedlings Underpriced ………………. 18 3.5.3 Water Capture by Forests not Priced ………………………. 19 3.5.4 Wastewater Pricing not Based on Cost-Recovery …………. 19 3.5.5 Lack of Incentives for Connections ……………………… 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR A RIDGE-TO-REEF ASSISTANCE STRATEGY ……………………………………………………………… 20 4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………. 20 4.2 Lessons Learned from USAID Assistance Programs …………….. 20 4.2.1 Institutional Strengthening ……………………………….. 20 4.2.2 Implementation Issues ……………………………………. 22 4.2.3 Private Sector Initiatives ………………………………….. 23 4.3 Motivation for the Ridge-to-Reef Approach ……………………… 24 4.4 Design Criteria for a Ridge-to-Reef Strategy …………………….. 25 4.5 Overview of Goals and Proposed Activities ……………………… 26 4.6 Ridge-to-Reef Management Programs ……………………………. 27 4.6.1 Overview ………………………………………………….. 27 4.6.2 Selection of Ridge-to-Reef Management Areas …………… 29 4.6.3 Supporting Activities ………………………………………. 38 4.7 Technical Assistance and Special Studies ………………………….. 40 4.7.1 Technical Assistance ……………………………………….. 40 4.7.2 Training …………………………………………………….. 42 4.7.3 Special Studies …………………………………………… 42 4.8 Relationship of Proposed Activities to USAID’s Strategy for Jamaica …………………………………………………………… 46 4.8.1 Promotion of SO2 ………………………………………… 46 4.8.2 Linkages to SO1 and SO3 ………………………………… 49 4.8.3 Crosscutting Themes ……………………………………… 49 4.9 Prospects for Cooperation and Coordination with other Donors … 50 ii REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………. 51 ANNEX A: STATEMENT OF WORK …………………………………………… 55 ANNEX B: USAID/JAMAICA ACTIVITY PORTFOLIO ………………………. 63 ANNEX C: LIST OF INDIVIDUALS CONTACTED …………………………… 71 ANNEX D: DESCRIPTION OF ACTIVITIES IN SUPPORT OF RIDGE-TO- REEF MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS ……………………………… 75 iii Preface The assessment team members are grateful for the excellent and much appreciated logistics, administrative, and professional support provided by USAID/Jamaica, in particular from the SO 2 team (Howard Batson, Greg Booth, Joan Crawford, and Laverne Joseph) and the Program Office (Joanne Feldman-Lawrence), and members of the USAID Activity portfolio (from DEMO, CWIP, and EAST) in the completion of this assessment of strategic program options for the Mission. We would also like to acknowledge the logistical and professional support provided by various Government of Jamaica (GOJ) institutions and individuals during the field trips, particularly Mr. Durval Grapine from the Forestry Department, who led us on a tour of the Negril Watershed. In addition, we would like to thank several environmental NGOs which assisted in organizing meetings and field activities. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to the many Jamaicans we met along the roads, in fishing beaches, and in the forests and fields who took the time to talk with us. The team has reviewed a considerable body of reports and documents and talked to over one hundred individuals. As best we could, we have tried to corroborate information we received from these sources and have avoided using information for which we could not obtain verification as to its accuracy or veracity. In addition, the team received valuable comments on the draft report from USAID and participants in a workshop convened by USAID to discuss the report. To the extent possible, we have modified the final report to reflect these comments. The views expressed in this report are those of the assessment team and do not reflect those of USAID or any other persons or institutions. Any remaining errors in the report belong to the authors and not to any of the above-mentioned institutions or individuals. iv List of Figures and Tables Figure 2.1 Ridge-to-Reef Problems ………………………………………… 5 Table 4.1 Watershed Criteria ………………………………………………… 31 Table 4.2 Rankings of WMUs ………………………………………………. 31 Table 4.3 Evaluation of Geographical Areas ………………………………… 34 Table 4.4 A Gallery of Ridge-to-Reef Interventions
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