Parkinson's Disease Research by India

Gupta BM, et al., J Brain Neursci 2021, 5: 017 HSOA Journal of Brain & Neuroscience Research

Research Article

neurodegenerative disease [1-3]. As the PD disease worsens, non- Parkinson’s Disease Research by motor symptoms begin to impact the quality of life [4,5]. The pathological features of the Parkinson disease result from the India: A Scientometric Assessment substantial cell loss or cell deaths in the substantianigra (a region of the midbrain) [4] and the concomitant loss of Dopamine (DA) of Publications Output for the neurotransmitter or not enough dopamine in this region of the brain. Though the cause of cell death is poorly understood, but it does Period 1990-2019 involve the build-up or deposition of proteins within the brain as intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies in the neurons [4,6,7]. 1 2 Gupta BM * and Dhawan SM The disease is clinically manifested after the death of ~70% of these 1CSIR-NISTADS, New Delhi, India neurons [4,6]. The symptoms usually emerge slowly [4]. Early in the

2CSIR-NPL, New Delhi, India disease, the most obvious symptoms are shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty with walking [4]. Thinking and behavioral problems may also occur [2]. Dementia becomes common in the advanced stages of the disease [7]. Depression and anxiety are also Abstract common, occurring in more than a third of people with PD [5]. Other symptoms include sensory, sleep, and emotional problems [1,2]. The The paper analyzes Parkinson’s disease research publications main motor symptoms are collectively called “parkinsonism” or a output by India in the global context using bibliometric indicators “parkinsonian syndrome” [4,6]. with the purpose to assess and evaluate the research productivity and impact of the country in the subject. The publications data for Parkinson disease has been the subject of intense research across study was sourced from the Scopus database covering the 30-year the world ever since it was first discovered around 200 years ago. period 1990-2019. The study reveals that the global research in The literature in the subject has by far grown significantly in volume. the domain of Parkinsons’s disease is highly skewed. The top 15 Among the bibliometric studies at international level, Xue, Hu, Lai, most productive countries in the subject account for a 99.59% global Cai and Wen [8] studied 100 most-cited articles (receiving 669 to publications share. The USA is the world leader in the subject with 6902 citations per paper and appearing between 1996 and 2000) on a 31.71% global share, followed by U.K., Germany, Italy, Japan and China (from 6.16% to 10.20%), etc. India ranks as the 13th most Parkinson’s disease to evaluate research on metrics such as citation productive country in the world with a global publications share of number, publication time, journal, impact factor, authors, original 2.35% (3149 publications). India registered a 22% annual growth country, institution of corresponding author and study type. Li, rate in the subject, averaged citation impact of 19.08 citations Ho and Li [9] assessed quantitative and qualitative global trends per paper, and published 21.88% of its country output as a share in Parkinson’s disease literature 1991-2006 on measures such as of international collaborative papers. The paper identifies most scientific output, world collaboration, and the frequency of author productive organizations, most cited organizations, most productive keywords used. The keywords analysis helped to identify research authors, and most cited authors. The paper also identifies the most trends and recent hot spots. Yang, Wang, Tang, Wang and Bao [10] productive journals and the most cited journals. examined publication trends in stem-cell research in the context of Keywords: Bibliometrics; Indian publications; Parkinson’s disease; Parkinson’s disease and studied the bibliometric characteristics of Scientometrics top-cited articles, published between 1999 and 2018, on metrics such as annual outputs, distribution by journals, countries/regions, and institutions. The authors also studied global collaborations between Introduction publications and tracked the growing hotspots using MeSH terms. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is recognized as the most common At the national level, Gupta and Bala [11] examined the research age-related movement disorder and the second most common output of India in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) during 2002-2011. The bibliometric indicators used for analysis include: Research output, *Corresponding author: Gupta BM, CSIR-NISTADS, New Delhi, India, E-mail: [email protected] research growth, country rank in global publications, citation impact, international collaboration, major collaborators and publication Citation: Gupta BM, Dhawan SM (2021) Parkinson’s Disease Research by productivity. They also analyzed research output by subject sub-fields India: A Scientometric Assessment of Publications Output for the Period 1990-2019. J Brain Neursci 5: 017. and described bibliometrics characteristics of the leading institutions and authors and of highly-cited papers in the subject. Received: February 16, 2021; Accepted: February 22, 2021; Published: March 01, 2021 Materials and Methods Copyright: © 2021 Gupta BM, et al. This is an open-access article distributed The data for the present study was sourced from the Scopus under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the database. It is one of the most reliable international multidisciplinary original author and source are credited. citation databases (http://www.scopus.com) by Elsevier Science Citation: Gupta BM, Dhawan SM (2021) Parkinson’s Disease Research by India: A Scientometric Assessment of Publications Output for the Period 1990-2019. J Brain Neursci 5: 017.

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and most widely used for bibliometric studies [12]. The Scopus

has a slight edge in the coverage of health sciences, medicine and Publication World India environmental science journals over the Web of Science or PubMed Period TP TP TC CPP TP (%) ICP ICP (%) [13]. The strategy applied for data retrieval was as follows. Here, 1990 1524 7 51 7.29 0.46 0 0 the keyword “Parkinson*” was suffixed to search tags -- “Key” 1991 1420 10 64 6.4 0.7 1 10 (Keyword) and “Title” (Title of Paper) -- and the time frame for 1992 1650 5 68 13.6 0.3 0 0 search output was limited to -- 1990 till June, 2019. This main search 1993 1738 3 19 6.33 0.17 1 33.33 strategy so formulated yielded a total of 208902 records as the world 1994 1724 7 195 27.86 0.41 3 42.86 output in the subject. The global search output was refined manually 1995 1908 11 291 26.45 0.58 1 9.09 to 133731 records. The final search output was further refined by 1996 1935 8 105 13.13 0.41 4 50 country of publication (including India) to identify the top 15 most 1997 2254 17 440 25.88 0.75 1 5.88 productive countries in the domain of Parkinson’s disease research. 1998 2296 13 312 24 0.57 1 7.69 The search string (shown below) for sourcing India’s output in the 1999 1638 13 325 25 0.79 3 23.08 subject yielded 3149 records. These records were further analyzed 2000 2884 25 593 23.72 0.87 1 4 by document types including original articles, reviews, letters and 2001 2887 24 401 16.71 0.83 5 20.83 editorials, etc [14-17]. 2002 3338 20 804 40.2 0.6 3 15 (KEY(Parkinson*) or TITLE (Parkinson*)) and PUBYEAR > 1989 2003 3839 43 1931 44.91 1.12 6 13.95 AND PUBYEAR < 2020 and (LIMIT-TO (AFFILCOUNTRY,”India”)) 2004 4126 40 1263 31.58 0.97 8 20 2005 4374 50 2804 56.08 1.14 14 28 Analysis and Results 2006 4739 63 2441 38.75 1.33 11 17.46 Overall publication output & growth 2007 5057 69 1850 26.81 1.36 12 17.39 2008 5280 76 1912 25.16 1.44 18 23.68 As seen from Scopus database, the global research in the domain of 2009 5620 104 4597 44.2 1.85 20 19.23 Parkinson disease accumulated a total of 133731 publications during 2010 6149 136 4204 30.91 2.21 23 16.91 the 30-year period 1990-2019, with an average of 4457.7 papers 2011 6456 141 2932 20.79 2.18 28 19.86 per year. During the period, India contributed a 2.35% share (3139 2012 6998 174 3471 19.95 2.49 36 20.69 publications) to the global publications output, with an average of 2013 7164 195 4467 22.91 2.72 44 22.56 104.6 papers per year, and registered 22% annual growth compared to 2014 7009 249 5445 21.87 3.55 50 20.08 world average of 7.06% in the subject. Compared to 15-year absolute 2015 7339 242 7213 29.81 3.3 54 22.31 growth (108.34%) registered by the world between 1990-2004 and 2016 7756 317 3204 10.11 4.09 66 20.82 2005-2019, the corresponding growth by India in the subject was ten times faster (1080.08%). This sort of growth trend in the data seeks 2017 7957 321 6002 18.7 4.03 71 22.12 to reveal that India’s growth in the 2nd half of the study period was 2018 8149 386 1924 4.98 4.74 99 25.65 significantly faster compared to itsst 1 half. The citation impact of 2019 8523 380 749 1.97 4.46 105 27.63 India averaged to 19.08 citations per paper (CPP) during 1990-2019 1990-2004 35161 246 6862 27.89 0.7 38 15.45 (Table 1, Figure 1). 2005-2019 98570 2903 53215 18.33 2.95 651 22.43 1990-2019 133731 3149 60077 19.08 2.35 689 21.88 Table 1: India Vs World - Publication Output and Citations Count in Parkin- son’s Disease Studies, 1990-2019. Note: TP-Total papers; TC-Total citations; CPP-Citations per paper; ICP-Inter- national collaborative papers.

India collaborated with a total of 160 foreign countries in its research pursuits in Parkinson disease. It published 21.88% of its output (689) as a share of International Collaborative Publications (ICP). The citation impact of the ICP publications by India was 35.12 citations per paper, nearly twice that of the country average (19.08) during the period. The USA was the largest collaborating partner with India with a 46.08% share of total ICP publications by the country, Figure 1: Parkinson disease research studies- Global Vs India 1990 -2019. followed by U.K. (13.21%), Australia (9.72%), Saudi Arabia (9.43%) and others. During the period under study, the bulk of the publications output Of the 3198 publications by India on Parkinson’s disease during by India appeared as articles and reviews (61.19% and 22.61% share), 1990-2019, 3108 (98.70%) were the outcome from research projects and the rest was distributed across other publication types: conference supported by funding from 140 Indian and foreign funding agencies. papers, letters, book chapters, editorials, notes, short surveys, erratum CSIR funded for the largest number of papers (116), followed by etc. ICMR (102 papers), Kerala, DST, India (95 papers), etc. Among

Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 017 J Brain Neursci ISSN: HBNR, Open Access Journal Citation: Gupta BM, Dhawan SM (2021) Parkinson’s Disease Research by India: A Scientometric Assessment of Publications Output for the Period 1990-2019. J Brain Neursci 5: 017.

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the foreign funding agencies, Bangladesh Council of Scientific & by the Scopus classification across nine subject areas. Of these, Industrial Research funded 132 papers, National Institute of Health, medicine accounted for the largest publication share (45.47%), USA (48 papers), etc. followed by neuroscience (30.84%), biochemistry, genetics & molecular biology (26.42% share), pharmacology, toxicology & On classifying India’s Parkinson’s disease research output by age pharmaceutics (25.69% share) and the other five subjects (computer groups of target population, it was found that “Adults” constituted the science, engineering, chemistry, agricultural & biological Sciences largest research category of target population, followed by “Middle and immunology & microbiology) contributed between 1.97% to Aged” (13.02%), “Aged” (12.70%), “Adolescents” (3.24%) and 6.80% sharerespectivelys of the country output. Children’s (2.41%) during 1990-2019 (Table 2).

Share of Papers Share of Papers Target Pop- Number of Papers Share of Papers Name of the S.No 1990- 2005- 1990- 1990- 2005- 1990- S.No ulation Age Country 1990- 2005- 1990- 1990- 2005- 1990- 2004 2019 2019 2004 2019 2019 Group 2004 2019 2019 2004 2019 2019 1 USA 11476 30936 42412 32.64 31.38 31.71 1 Adults 90 624 714 36.59 21.50 22.67 2 U.K. 3708 9939 13647 10.55 10.08 10.2 2 Middle Aged 48 362 410 19.51 12.47 13.02 3 Germany 2863 8356 11219 8.14 8.48 8.39 3 Aged 41 359 400 16.67 12.37 12.70 4 Italy 2111 7537 9648 6 7.65 7.21 4 Adolescents 20 82 102 8.13 2.82 3.24 5 Japan 3114 5313 8427 8.86 5.39 6.3 5 Children’s 15 61 76 6.10 2.10 2.41 6 China 505 7728 8233 1.44 7.84 6.16 6* TOTAL 246 2903 3149 100.00 100.00 100.00 7 Canada 1776 5237 7013 5.05 5.31 5.24 ACTUAL 7* 214 1488 1702 87 51.26 54.04 8 France 2161 4737 6898 6.15 4.81 5.16 TOTAL Table 2: Break-up of Research Papers by Age Groups of Target Population. 9 Spain 1318 4819 6137 3.75 4.89 4.59 10 Australia 682 3259 3941 1.94 3.31 2.95 11 Netherlands 886 2961 3847 2.52 3 2.88 Top 10 countries in research studies on Parkinson ’s disease 12 Sweden 807 2489 3296 2.3 2.53 2.46 More than 100 countries participated in global research in the 13 India 246 2903 3149 0.7 2.95 2.35 domain of Parkinson’s disease (133731 papers). Of these, the top 15 14 South Korea 214 2665 2879 0.61 2.7 2.15 countries contributed a 99.59% share to the global output in 30-year 15 Brazil 210 2230 2440 0.6 2.26 1.82 Total of top 15 during 1990-2019. The USA contributed a 31.71% global share, 32077 101109 133186 91.23 102.58 99.59 followed by U.K., Germany, Italy, Japan and China (from 6.16% to countries 10.20%), Canada, France and Spain (from 4.59% to 5.24%), Australia, Total of world 35161 98570 133731 Netherlands, Sweden, India, South Korea and Brazil (from 1.82% to Table 3: Top 15 Most Productive Countries on Parkinson’s disease during 1990-2019. 2.95%) during 1990-2019. During the 15-year study period (1990- 2004 and 2005-2019), 11 of top 15 countries (namely China, India, South Korea, Brazil, Italy, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, The research activity index of each subject, computed for two Canada and Sweden) witnessed marginal jump in their global share select periods viz 1990-2004 and 2005-2019, was found to differ by 0.23% to 6.40%, where as 4 other countries (namely U.K., USA, quantitatively. The world average AI for a given subject is always France and Japan) witnessed marginal dip in their global share by 100. With reference to the world average index, the activity index in 0.46% to 3.47%. (Table 3, Fugure 2). three subject areas (medicine, neuroscience, agriculture & biological science) dipped from a high level between (110.78 - 148.39) in 1990- 2004 to a level below the world average between (95.9 - 99.09) in 2005-2019. In 6 other areas, their activity index spiked from a low- end level between (5.98 - 87.68) in 1990-2004 to a level well above the world average between (101-04 -107.97) in 2005-2019. This shows that research activity in all of the nine subject areas has been dynamic and changing with the changing times. The 5-yearly average growth was the lowest in engineering discipline (95.47%) and the highest in computer science (275.10%) (Figures 3 and 4). Distribution of research output by Types of Parkinson’s disease: Parkinson’s disease has been classified as primary and secondary. The primary Idiopathic disease yielded only 75 records and the main Figure 2: Distribution of Parkinson’s Disease by Country of Publication 1990- emphasis was on Secondary Atypical disease in India. A break-up of 19. India’s publication on various types of Parkinson’s disease is shown in Figure 5. Subject-wise distribution of research output Significant keywords In all, Parkinson’s disease research studies by India are distributed As seen from the Scopus database, a total of 269 keywords seem

• Page 4 of 3 • to define and identify India’s literature on Parkinson’s disease as well contributed 62.95% share (1982) to the country output in the subject. as give some idea about the broad research trends in the treatment Their productivity varied from 16 to 210 publications per organization. and investigation of the disease (Table 4, Figure 6). These keywords have been classified under broad subject headings along with the Neuroprotection (453), Neurodegenerative Diseases (357), Degen- frequency of keyword occurrence. erative Disease (294) Neurologic Disease (166) Neuroprotective Broad Term Agent (164) Neurotoxicity (183) Neurodegeneration (124), Par- kinsonism (560), Parkinsonian Disorders (190) Specific to Parkinson’s Parkinson Disease (2118), Parkinson's Disease (1106) disease Oxidation Oxidative Stress (547) Anti-oxidants(250), Anti-oxidant Activity Related (243) Reactive Oxygen Metabolite (182) Pahology Related Pathophysiology (277) Pathogenesis (165)) Neuropathology (85) Protein Expression (276), Alpha Synuclein (276), Protein Aggregation Protein Related (153) Enzyme Activity (235) Glutathione (220), Superoxide Dismutase Enzyme Related (189) Enzyme Inhibition (84), Catalase (169) Levodopa (408) Carbidopa Plus Levodopa (88) Rotenone (107) Ox- idopamine (108) Haloperidol (107) Carbidopa (74) Monoamine Ox- Medications idase Inhibitor (37) Bromocriptine (71) Pramipexole (77) Ropinirole Figure 3: Parkinson’s Disease Research - Change in Activity Index between (82) Apomorphine (52), Selegiline(85) Rasagiline (47) Amantadine 1990-2004 & 2005-2019. (82) Genetics (221) Gene Expression (124) Gene Mutation(115), Gene Ex- pression Regulation (58), Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (56) Ge- Genetic Related netic Association (50), Messenger RNA (50), Genetic Predisposition (49) Genotype (45), Genetic Variability (44) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (210) Magnetic Resonance Im- aging (90) Neuroimaging (99) Positron-Emission Tomography (36) Imaging Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (21) Computer As- sisted Tomography (67) Dopamine (398), Brain (253), Dopaminergic Nerve Cell (245) Nerve Brain & Parts Degeneration (186) SubstantiaNigra (213) Neurons (151) Dopaminer- gic Neurons (110) Nerve Cell (117) Basal Ganglion (71) Alzheimer Disease (593) Diabetes Mellitus (152) Schizophrenia Other related (152), Epilepsy (134) Multiple Sclerosis (124) Amyotrophic Lateral Diseases Sclerosis (173) Cerebrovascular Accident (93) Motor Dysfunction (203), Motor Activity (106) Bradykinesia (119), Motor Dyfunc- Dyskinesia (116) Cognitive Defect (146) Tremor (169) Muscular Dys- tions trophy (16) Spinal Muscular Atrophy (10) Postural Balance(9) Figure 4: Parkinson Disease Research - 5-Yearly Growth in Related Subject Dementia (120), Dystonia (118) Olfactory Bulb (12) Speech Disor- Areas 1990-2019. der (27) Restless Legs Syndrome(22) Impulse Control Disorder (15) Non-Motor Memory Disorder (43) Respiratory Chain (18) Autonomic Dysfunc- Dyfunctions tion (22) Mental Disease (32) Depression (226) Anxiety (56) Sleep Disorder (62) Psychosis (75) Orthostatic Hypotension (9) Surgery Brain Depth Stimulation (104) Neurosurgery (34) Apoptosis (203) Corpus Striatum (197) Signal Transduction (172) Mitochondria (137) Drug Delivery System (128) Tyrosine 3 Monoo- Others xygenase (128) Mitochondrion (124) Hypertension(120) Risk Factor (113) Catalase (169) Animal Model (152) Table 4: Significant Keywords Distributed by Broad Categories defining Parkin- son’s disease Literature from India during 1990-2019.

Institutional Collaboration among Top 15 Indian Organizations: On studying collaborative linkages among top 15 organizations, it Figure 5: Distribution of Parkinson Disease Research by Parkinson Disease was noticed that organizations having highest number of linkages Type - 1990-2019. were: IITR-Lucknow, AIIMS-New Delhi and NIMHANS-Bangalore) (51, 35 and 29) and having least linkages were: Annamalia University, Top 10 most productive & cited organizations in India AMU –Aligarh and CFTRI – Mysore (3, 3 and 1). Across top 15 organizations, the largest number of collaborative linkages (16) is The scientometric profile of top 10 most productive and top 10 between AIIMS - New Delhi and University of Delhi, followed by most cited organization is presented in Table 5. In all, a total of IITR-Lucknow and BHU – Varanasi (14 linkages), IITR-Lucknow 700 organizations from India participated in Parkinson’s disease and KGMU – Lucknow (11 linkages), NIMHANS - Bangalore - research during 1990-2019. The top 50 most productive organizations AIIMS - New Delhi (9 linkages), etc (Figure 7).

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T.Manivasagam and K.P. Mohanakuma (1, 4 and 8). Across top 15 authors, the largest number of collaborative linkages (33) is between P.K. Paul – R.Yadav, P.K.Paul – A.Lenka (26), M.Behari and V.Goyal (23) and J.Ali and S.Baboota (22), R.Yadav and A. Lenka (14), M.Behari and U.B.Muthana (11), etc. (Table 7, Figure 8).

Figure 6: Parkinson’s Disease Research - Top 25 Keywords for Literature Re- trieval 1990-2019.

Top 10 most productive & cited authors Figure 7: Collaborative Network of Top 15 Organizations in Parkinson’s disease Research during 1990-2019. The scientometric profile of top 10 most productive and top 10 most cited authors are presented in Table 6. In all, 871 authors from Medium of research communication India participated in Parkinson’s disease research during 1990-2019. The top 50 authors contributed a 36.042% share to the total country The bulk of publications output by India in Parkinson’s disease output in the subject. Their research productivity varied from 13 to 79 research (92.44%, 2911) appeared in journals, and the remaining publications per author. appeared in conference proceedings, book series and books (3.81%, 2.29% and 1.46%). Of the 563 journals partcipitated in India’s Collaboration among top 15 authors: On studying collaborative Parkinson’s disease output: 460 published 1-5 papers each, 60 linkages among top 15 authors, it was noticed that authors having published 6-10 papers each, 22 published 11-20 papers each, 18 highest linkages were: P.K. Paul, A. Lenka, M.Behari and V.Goyal published 21-50 papers each, 2 each published 51-100 papers each (62, 40, 39 and 27) and having least linkages were: A.Kishore, and 1 published 117 papers during 1990-2019.

S.No Name of the Organization TP TC CPP HI ICP ICP (%) RCI Top 10 Most Productive Organizations 1 National Institute of Mental Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 210 3870 18.43 36 44 20.95 0.97 2 All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 162 9032 55.75 26 24 14.81 2.92 3 Indian Instiyute of Toxicologi, Lucknowcal Research (IITR) 101 5903 58.45 31 17 16.83 3.06 4 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandiagrh 75 7597 101.3 16 12 16 5.31 5 Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata 75 2037 27.16 24 23 30.67 1.42 6 JamiaHamdard University, Delhi 69 2692 39.01 27 27 39.13 2.04 7 Annamalia University 61 1335 21.89 21 31 50.82 1.15 8 Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow 58 1180 20.34 20 9 15.52 1.07 9 Panjab University, Chandigarh 57 4881 85.63 19 6 10.53 4.49 10 SreeChitraTirunal Institute of Medical Science & Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum 56 2252 40.21 19 16 28.57 2.11 Top 10 Most Impactful organizations 1 Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (SRIHER), Madras 21 6988 332.8 9 8 38.1 17.4 2 Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore 17 3355 197.4 9 7 41.18 10.3 3 Institute of Genome & Integrated Biology (IGIB), Delhi 20 3525 176.3 13 8 40 9.24 4 King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 48 5321 110.9 16 15 31.25 5.81 5 Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow 35 3763 107.5 13 5 14.29 5.63 6 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandiagrh 75 7597 101.3 16 12 16 5.31 7 Panjab University, Chandigarh 57 4881 85.63 19 6 10.53 4.49 8 University of Delhi 56 3951 70.55 19 16 28.57 3.7 9 Indian Instiyute of Toxicologi, Lucknowcal Research (IITR) 101 5903 58.45 31 17 16.83 3.06 10 All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 162 9032 55.75 26 24 14.81 2.92 Table 5: Top 10 Most Productive/Cited Organizations in Parkinson’s Disease Research during 1982-2019. Note: *TP-Total publications; TC -Total citations; CPP-Citations per paper; ICP-International collaborative papers; RCI-Relative citation index

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S.No Name of the Author Affiliation of the Author TP TC CPP HI ICP ICP (%) RCI Top 10 Most Productive Authors 1 P.K. Pal NIMHANS-Bangalore 79 833 10.54 17 10 12.66 0.55 2 M.Behari AIIMS – New Delhi 73 1587 21.74 20 7 9.59 1.14 3 K.P.Mohanakumar IICB-Kolkata 56 1857 33.16 24 18 32.14 1.74 4 V.Goyal AIIMS – New Delhi 42 317 7.55 10 5 11.90 0.40 5 T.Manivasagam Annamalai University 41 959 23.39 20 29 70.73 1.23 6 M.P.Singh IITR-Lucknow 41 974 23.76 21 2 4.88 1.25 7 R.Yadav NIMHANS-Bangalore 39 278 7.13 9 2 5.13 0.37 8 A.Kishore SCTIMST-Trivandrum 33 836 25.33 16 13 39.39 1.33 9 U.B.Muthana NIMHANS-Bangalore 33 645 19.55 16 10 30.30 1.02 10 A.Borah Assam University 30 578 19.27 14 7 23.33 1.01 Top 10 Most Impactful Authors 1 R.B.Mythri NIMHANS-Bangalore 13 762 58.62 11 5 38.46 3.07 2 R.K.Chaturvedi IITR-Lucknow 19 1041 54.79 15 4 21.05 2.87 3 K.S.Saravanan IICB-Kolkata 13 639 49.15 11 4 30.77 2.58 4 A.K.Agrawal IITR-Lucknow 13 526 40.46 11 4 30.77 2.12 5 V.Ravindranath NBRI-Gurgaon 17 677 39.82 13 3 17.65 2.09 6 S.K.Shankar NIMHANS-Bangalore 13 488 37.54 9 4 30.77 1.97 7 J. Ali JamiaHamdard-Delhi 22 824 37.45 14 10 45.45 1.96 8 S.Baboota JamiaHamdard-Delhi 22 824 37.45 14 10 45.45 1.96 9 S.Chakrabarti IPGMER-Kolkata 13 437 33.62 10 6 46.15 1.76 10 K.P.Mohanakumar IICB-Kolkata 56 1857 33.16 24 18 32.14 1.74 Table 6: Publication Profile of Top 10 Indian Most Productive and 10 Most Impactful Authors in Parkinson’s disease Research during 1990-2019. Note: *TP-Total publications; TC -Total citations; CPP-Citations per paper; ICP-International collaborative papers; RCI-Relative citation index

Number of Papers (TP) TC CPP Name of the Journal Name of the Journal 1982-00 2001-19 1982-19 1982-19 Top 10 Most Productive Journals 1 Neurology India 30 87 117 838 7.16 2 Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology 0 64 64 260 4.06 3 Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 4 56 60 1043 17.38 4 Molecular Neurobiology 0 40 40 560 14.00 5 CNS aand Neurological Disorders Drug Targets 0 39 39 560 14.36 6 Movement Disorders 10 28 38 1337 35.18 7 Journal of the Neurological Sciences 5 26 31 622 20.06 8 Neurochemical Research 0 30 30 698 23.27 9 Asian Journal of Pharmacological & Clinical Research 0 29 29 127 4.38 10 Neurochemistry International 1 28 29 649 22.38 Top 10 Most Impactful Journals 1 Brain Research 5 18 23 1190 51.74 2 Movement Disorders 10 28 38 1337 35.18 3 Current Pharmaceutical Design 0 18 18 463 25.72 4 Neurochemical Research 0 30 30 698 23.27 5 Neurochemistry International 1 28 29 649 22.38 6 Journal of the Neurological Sciences 5 26 31 622 20.06 7 PLOS One 0 18 18 325 18.06 8 Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 4 56 60 1043 17.38 9 Neurotoxicity Research 2 22 24 409 17.04 10 Neuroscience Letters 3 26 29 491 16.93 Table 7: Most Productive Journals in which India Published Parkinson’s disease research 1990-2019.

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College of Pharmacy, Moga, Jaslok Hospital & Research Center, Bombay and NIMS-Hyderabad (2 papers each), etc. Among 84 highly-cited papers, M.Behari (AIIMS-New Delhi) contributed 5 papers, followed by 4 papers each by F.IslamamdM. Ahmad (JamiaHamdard), 3 papers each by J. Ali, M.N.Hoda and S. Baboota (JamiaHamdard), 2 papers each by A.Kishore (SCTIMST), R.K.Chaturvedi (IITR), R.Borgohain (NIMS), V.Ravindra (BRC- Gurgaon), R.B.Mythri and M.M.Bharath (NIMHANS), M.Bhatia, R.M.Pandey and A.K.Srivastava (AIIMS-New Delh), M.B.Khan and T.Ishrat (JamiaHamdard), etc. The 84 highly-cited papers were published in 84 journals, of which 5 appeared in Movement Disorders, 4 in The Lancet, 3 each in Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology and Research and Figure 8: Collaborative Network of Top 15 Authors in Parkinson’s disease Re- search during 1990-2019. European Journal of Pharmacology, 2 each in Brain Research, Current Pharmaceutical Design, European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Free Radical Biology & Medicine, Journal of Neurochemistry, The top 50 most productive journals published 15 to 117 papers Journal of Neurological Sciences, Lancet Neurology and Neurology and together they account for a 30.47% (887) share of total output and 1 paper each in 53 other journals. by India in Parkinson’s disease research output during 1990-2019. The citation peak period of top 10 highly cited papers in the The most productive journals in the subject are Neurology India (117 domain of Parkinson’s disease varies from 3 to 14 years. It is 3-5 papers), Annals of the Indian Academy of Neurology (64 papers), years for papers published between 2015 and 2017, and 10-14 years Parkinsonism & Related Disorders (60 papers) and Molecular for papers published between 2003 to 2009 (Figure 9). Neurobiology (40 papers).The Brain Researchjournal tops on citations per item 51.74, followed by Movement Disorders (35.18), Current Pharmaceutical Design (25.72) and Neurochemical Research (23.27), during 1990-2019. Top 10 most productive and most impactful journals are listed in Table 7. Highly-cited papers Only 84 (2.67% share) out of 3149 publications in Parkinson’s disease registered 100 to 3730 citations per paper and together received 23435 citations, with an average of 278.99 citations per paper. Among 84 highly-cited papers by citations count: 62 had registered citations in the range 100-199 per paper, 9 were in the citation range 200-299, 3 the in citation range 300-399, 5 in the citation range 400-699, 4 in the citation range 1001-1673 and 1 with 3730 citations. Of the 84 highly-cited papers (43 articles, 40 reviews and 1 editorial), 42 were non-collaborative among rest: 8 and 34 were Figure 9: Citation Life-Cycle of Top 10 Highly Cited Papers Since Publication national and international collaborative papers.Among the India’s 1990-2019. 34 international collaborative papers, USA participated in 25 papers, followed by Italy , Japan (11 papers) and UK (10-12 papers), Australia, Canada, Germany, Spain, Singapore and the Netherlands Discussion (9 papers each), Australia (8 papers), Brazil, Egypt and Sweden (7 This paper seeks to examine the status of Parkinson’s disease papers each), Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea and Switzerland research in India in the global context covering publications for the (6 papers each), China, France, Israel, Oman, South Africa, Taiwan period 1990-2019. India registered a faster 22% annual research and U.A.E (5 papers each), etc. growth compared to 7.06% by the world in the subject. Its research The 310 Indian authors from 85 Indian organizations participated growth was comparatively faster in the 2nd half of the study period in 84 highly-cited papers, withAIIMS-New Delhi and JamiaHamdard- (2005-2019) compared to its 1st half (1990-2004). However, despite Delhi (9 papers each), followed by IITR - Lucknow (6 papers), its faster research growth, India is weak in terms research productivity NIMHANS- Bangalore and PGIMER-Chandigarh (5 papers each), and far behind compared to the top most productive countries in the SGPGIMS-Lucknow and Sri Ramchandra Institute of Higher world, such as the USA, the UK, and Germany. Currently, India ranks Education & Research (4 papers each), IGIB-Delhi, Kingg’s George as the 13th most productive country in the world accounting for as Medical University, Lucknow, National Brain Research Center, little share to the world as 2.35%. The low-level research productivity Gurgaon, Panjab University, Chandigarh, SCTIMST-Trivandrum in India may be attributed to poor research productivity at the and, University of Delhi (3 papers each), Aligarh Muslim University, institutional level. For instance, top 50 institutes in India had merely Annamali University, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, ISF contributed 16-210 papers, an average of average 39.64 papers per

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institute in the 30-year period. It seems that research in the domain of References Parkinson’s disease is still not a priority research area in the country. The other probable reason for low-level research productivity could 1. Martin JB (1999) Molecular basis of the neurodegenerative disorders. N be lack of project funding options Parkinson’s disease research. Engl J Med 340: 1970-1980. 2. Lang AE, Lozano AM (1998) Parkinson’s disease. First of two parts. N India published 21.88% of its output as a share of international Engl J Med 339: 1044-1053. collaborative papers. The citation impact of such collaborative papers has been nearly twice (35.19 CPP) that of the country average 3. Olanow CW, Tatton WG (1999) Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson’s (19.08 CPP). The USA was its single largest collaborating partner in disease. Annu Rev Neurosci 22: 123-144. international research projects, followed by the U.K. and Germany. 4. Parkinson’s Disease Information Page. What research is being done? The data here indicates that India should pursue more and more 5. Kalia LV, Lang AE (2015) Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 386: 896-912. international collaborative projects in order to improve the visibility and impact of its research in the domain Parkinson’s disease research 6. Chengxian Y, Wang X, Tang X, Wang R, Bao X, (2020) Stem-Cell re- at international level. search of Parkinson Disease: Bibliometric analysis of research productivity from 1999 to 2018. World Neurosurg 134: e405-e411. Further, a close study of the citation life cycle of top 10 most cited 7. Sveinbjornsdottir S (2016) The clinical symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. papers reveals the citation peak period for the most recent papers J Neurochem 1: 318-324. published between 2015-17 is three-four years, whereas for the other papers published between 2003-10, it is 10-14 years. This implies that 8. Truong D, Bhidayasiri R (2016) In: Lisak RP (Eds.). International Neurol- ogy. John Wiley & Sons, USA. Pg no: 188-196. the quality and impact of recent research in the subject is far more impressive and visible, getting far more national and international 9. Gupta BM, Bala A (2013) Parkinson’s disease in India: An analysis of attention than the other research papers in the subject. The data publications output during 2002-2011. International Journal of Nutrition, here highlights the view that has talent in the domain of Parkinson’s Pharmacololgy& Neurological Diseases 3: 254-262. disease research and such a talent must be nurtured. 10. Huang Y-K, Hanneke R, Jones RM (2019) Bibliometric analysis of car-

diometabolic disorders studies involving NO2, PM2.5 and noise exposure. The pockets of excellence in Parkinson’s disease research are BMC Public Health 19: 877. centered around top 10 institutes - Panjab University, Chandigarh, All 11. Bosman J, Mourik IV, Rasch M, Sieverts E, Verhoeff H (2006) Scopus India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, Central Drug reviewed and compared: The coverage and functionality of the citation Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, Postgraduate Institute of Medical database Scopus, including comparisons with Web of Science and Google Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandiagrh, Indian Instiyute of Scholar. Toxicologi, Lucknowcal Research (IITR), National Institute of Mental 12. Lees AJ, Hardy J, Revesz T (2009) Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 373: 2055- Health & Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, SreeChitraTirunal 2066. Institute of Medical Science & Technology (SCTIMST), Trivandrum, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Kolkata, JamiaHamdard 13. GBD 2016 Parkinson’s Disease Collaborators (2018) Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson’s disease, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis University, Delh, and Annamalia University. Their research output as for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology 17: a share of international collaborative papers ranged between 10.53% 939-953. and 50.82%. 14. Razdan S, Kaul RL, Motta A, Kaul S, Bhatt RK (1994) Prevalence and Conclusion pattern of major neurological disorders in rural Kashmir (India) in 1986. Neuroepidemiology 13: 113-119. The global research in the domain of Parkinson’s disease is 15. Lyu QJ, Pu QH, Zhang J (2017) Bibliometric analysis of scientific publi- dominated by top 15 most productive countries as they account for cations in endocrinology and metabolism from China, Japan, and South 99.59% share of the world output. India ranks as the 13th largest Korea. Scientometrics 110: 105-112. most productive country in the world. India is very weak in terms of 16. Xue JH, Hu ZP, Lai P, Cai DQ, Wen ES (2018) The 100 most-cited articles research productivity. But its performance in terms of citation impact in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci 39: 1537-1545. is moderately high. Further, the study observes that weak research productivity by India in the domain Parkinson’s disease may due 17. Li T, Ho Y-S, Li C-Y (2008) Bibliometric analysis on global Parkinson’s to lack of adequate research project funding or due to the fact that disease research trends during 1991-2006. Neurosci Lett 441: 248-252. Parkinson’s disease research is not a top priority area of the country. Given the fact, the potential to improve research productivity and impact in the subject is great, it is important that stakeholders at national and state level in the country should draw up plans to support, advance, and encourage in-house as well as collaborative national and international research in the domain of Parkinson’s disease research.

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