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Emilio Maria De Tommaso Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679- Emilio M

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Emilio Maria De Tommaso Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679- Emilio M Emilio Maria De Tommaso Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679- Emilio M. De Tommaso 1749) fu poetessa, drammaturga e (Università della Calabria) si occupa Emilio Maria De Tommaso filosofa. La vivacità intellettuale e la del pensiero filosofico moderno forte determinazione le permisero in ambienti leibniziani e lockeani. Catharine Trotter Cockburn di aggirare il pregiudizio di genere È autore di numerosi saggi e di e di sottrarsi alle dinamiche di due monografie: Controversie Filosofia morale, religione, metafisica marginalizzazione femminile tipiche intellettuali. Leibniz e Bayle (1686- dell’età moderna. Pur celandosi 1706), Rubbettino 2006; De summa dietro l’anonimato, Cockburn prese rerum. Viaggio attraverso le parte attiva al dibattito filosofico del esplorazioni metafisiche del giovane tempo, intervenendo soprattutto Leibniz (1675-76), Aracne 2013. Università in materia di morale. Le sue opere Ha curato, con Giuliana Mocchi, la Catharine Trotter Cockburn filosofiche, scritte in difesa di Locke traduzione della Difesa del Saggio o di Clarke, custodiscono, nonostante sull’intelletto umano del sig. Locke il dichiarato intento apologetico, di Catharine Trotter Cockburn, Agorà tratti di originalità e indipendenza, 2016. particolarmente evidenti nella teoria dell’obbligo morale, nell’interpretazione modale della dottrina lockeana d’identità personale, nell’ipotesi di una natura ontologica dello spazio. € 14,00 Emilio Maria De Tommaso Catharine Trotter Cockburn. Filosofia morale, religione, metafisica © 2018 - Rubbettino Editore 88049 Soveria Mannelli - Viale Rosario Rubbettino, 10 - tel (0968) 6664201 www.rubbettino.it A Sara e Alice «Il viaggio da Kamakura a Kyoto dura dodici giorni: se viaggi per undici giorni e ti fermi quando ne manca uno, come puoi ammirare la luna sopra la capitale?». Nichiren Daishonin, Lettera a Niike Avvertenza al lettore Da diversi anni ormai si registra una crescente attenzione degli studiosi verso le voci e le figure che hanno contribuito attivamente allo sviluppo del pensiero filosofico, pur essendo state ignorate dalle narrazioni canoniche della storia della filosofia. Accanto ai filosofi più eminenti, infatti, ha sempre convissuto e operato un numero consi- derevole di intellettuali coinvolti a vario titolo nel dibattito filosofico, senza il cui contributo probabilmente la storia del pensiero sarebbe stata diversa. Non mi riferisco solo ai cosiddetti autori minori, di cui si ritrovano sporadiche tracce nei manuali scolastici e universitari, ma anche alle donne di cultura la cui attività intellettuale è ancora per lo più ignota, o al massimo conosciuta da un numero troppo esiguo di specialisti. Per contrastare questa tendenza, alcune interessanti operazioni editoriali sono state avviate già da qualche anno e i testi di alcune pen- satrici hanno visto le stampe presso importanti case editrici di tutto il mondo. Tra le altre, di rilievo sono la serie Cambridge Texts in the Hi- story of Philosophy della Cambridge University Press e quella in uscita presso la Oxford University Press col titolo Oxford New Histories of Philosophy. Da diversi anni, The Other Voices in Early Modern Philo- sophy è una collana della University of Chicago Press che presenta la traduzione inglese di opere e dibattiti rimasti esclusi dai circuiti di ri- cerca più frequentati. Anche la casa editrice canadese Broadview Press ha iniziato a pubblicare i contributi delle donne filosofe. Di recente, l’editore Agorà di Lugano (CH) ha affidato a Sandra Plastina la dire- zione della collana I palinsesti di Diotima, dedicata alla pubblicazione dei contributi delle donne alla filosofia e alla scienza moderna, che sono presentati in traduzione italiana con testo originale a fronte e 9 preceduti da ampie introduzioni. Tra le iniziative online sono da men- zionare il progetto Gutenberg, che offre l’accesso gratuito a oltre 56.000 testi, tra cui sono numerosi quelli scritti da donne, e il Project Vox, di- retto da un team di studiosi della Duke University di Durham, NC (USA), che mira a restituire la giusta visibilità ad alcune donne filosofe di età moderna, per ciascuna delle quali la piattaforma online mette a disposizione del pubblico, abbinando rigore scientifico e agilità di na- vigazione, informazioni, materiale, connessioni e bibliografia. Nume- rose, infine, sono le iniziative di Sharon L. Jansen, la quale, tra le altre cose, dal 2014 tiene un blog permanente The Monstruous Regiment of Women, nel quale offre interessanti contributi sulle figure femminili attive in tutta la storia intellettuale europea. Il presente volume intende arricchire la letteratura sulle pensatrici d’età moderna ed è dedicato a Catharine Trotter Cockburn (1679- 1749), intellettuale raffinata, drammaturga di successo e, come ve- dremo, filosofa molto apprezzata dai suoi contemporanei. Nonostante la sua traiettoria intellettuale sia molto interessante, ella è tuttavia una di quelle figure rimaste nell’ombra, che si può incontrare solo al di fuori delle narrazioni canoniche della storia del pensiero. Soltanto negli ultimi anni l’interesse verso Cockburn è moderatamente cre- sciuto, da quando il suo nome è stato inserito nella History of Women Philosophy (1991) curata da Mary E. Waithe e, soprattutto, dall’uscita sul prestigioso «Journal of the History of Philosophy» di un articolo di Martha Brandt Bolton sugli aspetti filosofici della produzione di Cock- burn1. Dopo questi, altri lavori di pregio dedicati alla nostra learned Lady hanno visto le stampe, ma a oggi la letteratura su Cockburn, sep- pur non scarna, è tutt’altro che abbondante2. Quello che affido a queste pagine è il frutto di un lavoro di ricerca durato circa tre anni e mezzo, iniziato nel settembre 2014 dietro con- siglio di Giuliana Mocchi, con la quale ho il piacere e l’onore di colla- borare ancora oggi presso l’Università della Calabria. A lei va la mia gratitudine per l’attenzione e il garbo che ha da sempre nei miei ri- 1. Cfr. Waithe 1991 e Bolton 1993. 2. Per un elenco completo si veda la sezione 3.1 della bibliografia del presente vo- lume. 10 guardi e per aver letto, valutato e commentato ogni singola parola di questo lavoro. L’idea di scrivere una monografia su Catharine Cock- burn mi è venuta all’incirca un anno fa, quando iniziai a lavorare alla stesura di una voce della Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy dedicata a lei: rimettendo in ordine i miei appunti e strutturandoli per dar loro una certa uniformità, mi sono accorto che c’erano tutti i presupposti per la realizzazione di uno studio organico sulla filosofia di Cockburn. Come si vedrà nel corso della lettura, non si tratta di un pensiero si- stematico, perché trova sviluppo in testi dall’intenzione principal- mente apologetica, nei quali le idee della nostra pensatrice giocano di sponda con quelle di filosofi influenti, come John Locke e Samuel Clarke, nonché con le critiche dei loro avversari. Inoltre, Catharine Cockburn non era una filosofa a tempo pieno, anzi, dopo il matrimo- nio nel 1708 con Patrick Cockburn, la gestione familiare la distolse per lunghi anni dall’esercizio filosofico e dalla scrittura. Cionondi- meno, la sua riflessione è tutt’altro che estemporanea o disorganizzata, soprattutto in materia di morale, e presenta, anzi, una solida coerenza, pur subendo nel corso di quasi cinquant’anni un fisiologico processo di evoluzione. Ho optato per dare una struttura essenziale e schematica al testo, al fine di rendere immediatamente intelligibili i nuclei principali della mia analisi e consentire al lettore di muoversi agevolmente all’interno del libro. L’introduzione mira a ricostruire il milieu socio-culturale nel quale operò Cockburn, con particolare attenzione alle voci femminili più presenti sulla scena intellettuale dell’Inghilterra moderna. Il primo capitolo delinea i tratti essenziali del personaggio Catharine, offren- done le coordinate biografiche e recuperandone l’immagine presso i suoi contemporanei. Nel secondo capitolo, mi occuperò della filoso- fia morale di Cockburn, lavorando su due nodi teorici: l’indagine sui veri fondamenti della morale, condotta principalmente nella sua prima opera filosofica, la Defence of Mr. Locke’s Essay (1702); la dot- trina dell’obbligo morale, che prende forma nei lavori maturi in dife- sa di Clarke. Il terzo capitolo è un’incursione nella sfera religiosa della nostra learned Lady, caratterizzata da una duplice conversione: al cat- tolicesimo in gioventù e all’anglicanesimo nel 1707. Vedremo come, a dispetto delle accuse di opportunismo sollevate contro di lei da alcuni 11 suoi contemporanei, il percorso di conversione di Cockburn sia per- fettamente coerente con la sua riflessione morale, con la sua conce- zione non dogmatica della religione e con la sua visione funzionale della confessione. Il quarto capitolo, infine, presenterà alcuni spunti di riflessione metafisica, spesso correlati alla sua filosofia morale: in par- ticolare, la natura e l’immortalità dell’anima, l’identità personale, la resurrezione dei corpi e la realtà ontologica dello spazio. Tutte le citazioni sono riportate in italiano per favorire la fluidità nella lettura, tranne in pochissimi casi in cui il testo originale risulta più esplicito della traduzione. Eccezion fatta per alcune opere, per le quali ho utilizzato una traduzione italiana già presente e citata in bi- bliografia (come nel caso del Saggio di Locke e delle Meditazioni me- tafisiche di Cartesio), tutti i testi riportati sono tradotti da me. Di frequente le persone si stupiscono nell’apprendere che ci sia qualcuno che svolge un’attività di ricerca
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