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Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X
1 Chapter 1. Origins of Mac OS X "Most ideas come from previous ideas." Alan Curtis Kay The Mac OS X operating system represents a rather successful coming together of paradigms, ideologies, and technologies that have often resisted each other in the past. A good example is the cordial relationship that exists between the command-line and graphical interfaces in Mac OS X. The system is a result of the trials and tribulations of Apple and NeXT, as well as their user and developer communities. Mac OS X exemplifies how a capable system can result from the direct or indirect efforts of corporations, academic and research communities, the Open Source and Free Software movements, and, of course, individuals. Apple has been around since 1976, and many accounts of its history have been told. If the story of Apple as a company is fascinating, so is the technical history of Apple's operating systems. In this chapter,[1] we will trace the history of Mac OS X, discussing several technologies whose confluence eventually led to the modern-day Apple operating system. [1] This book's accompanying web site (www.osxbook.com) provides a more detailed technical history of all of Apple's operating systems. 1 2 2 1 1.1. Apple's Quest for the[2] Operating System [2] Whereas the word "the" is used here to designate prominence and desirability, it is an interesting coincidence that "THE" was the name of a multiprogramming system described by Edsger W. Dijkstra in a 1968 paper. It was March 1988. The Macintosh had been around for four years. -
Tips and Tricks for OS X Lion 10.7 Introduction
Mac Information Tips and Tricks for OS X Lion 10.7 Introduction: Lion was introduced in the middle of 2011 and came with lots of changes such as Mission Control and Launchpad. However here are a list of smaller changes, ones which you may never have noticed... 1/ Put your contact info on the login screen Lion now allows you to place a personal message with your contact information on the login screen which may be useful if your laptop is lost or stolen. To enable the feature, go to your Security & Privacy in System Preferences, click on the General tab and click on the padlock in the lower left corner to unlock your settings. Then tick the box labeled "Show a message when the screen is locked”. Click on the “Set Lock Message...” button and type in the message which you would like to appear on your login screen. 2/ Always Display Scroll Bars Under Lion, scroll bars on the side have been reduced in importance. In the past, users dragged the scroll bar or used the arrows under the scroll bar. to navigate a document or window. With the advent of trackpads these scroll bars are now just an indication of your position on a page. Under Lion the scroll bars fade out after a few seconds unless you change a setting. In System Preferences, click on the General section, and then choose the “Always” option. 3/ Turn Off Restore Windows Lion also brought in a “restore windows” feature which means that windows which are open when you quit an app re-open the next time you choose that app. -
Practical Javascript™, DOM Scripting, and Ajax Projects
Practical JavaScript™, DOM Scripting, and Ajax Projects ■■■ Frank W. Zammetti Practical JavaScript™, DOM Scripting, and Ajax Projects Copyright © 2007 by Frank W. Zammetti All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-59059-816-0 ISBN-10 (pbk): 1-59059-816-4 Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Java and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United States and other countries. Apress, Inc., is not affiliated with Sun Microsystems, Inc., and this book was written without endorsement from Sun Microsystems, Inc. Lead Editor: Matthew Moodie Technical Reviewer: Herman van Rosmalen Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Jason Gilmore, Jonathan Gennick, Jonathan Hassell, James Huddleston, Chris Mills, Matthew Moodie, Jeff Pepper, Paul Sarknas, Dominic Shakeshaft, Jim Sumser, Matt Wade Project Manager: Tracy Brown Collins Copy Edit Manager: Nicole Flores Copy Editor: Marilyn Smith Assistant Production Director: Kari Brooks-Copony Production Editor: Laura Esterman Compositor: Susan Glinert Proofreaders: Lori Bring and April Eddy Indexer: Broccoli Information Management Cover Designer: Kurt Krames Manufacturing Director: Tom Debolski Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. -
August 2020 (Volume 37 Number 8)
CUE Newsletter – August 2020 (Volume 37 Number 8) August CUE Meeting The next CUE members’ meeting is th on Thursday August 20 at 7:00 PM. No special details are available yet for the meeting. Look for details to be announced at the CUE website. Visit the CUE CUE is a member of APCUG Website at: www.cuerie.com 1 CUE Calendar Calendar events are subject to change. SIG stands for Special Interest Group. (look for notices outside of the newsletter for delays or special news on meetings) CUE Membership Meetings (typically 3rd Thursday of each month) Thursday August 20th at 7 PM Thursday September 17th at 7 PM Beginner’s User Group (BUG) SIG Meetings To Be Scheduled Upon Request Digital Photo SIG Meetings (typically 1st Saturday of each month except June/July/August) Saturday September 5th at 9:30 AM Saturday October 3rd at 9:30 AM Genealogy SIG Meetings (typically 1st Tuesday of each month) Tuesday August 4th at 7 PM Tuesday September 1st at 7 PM MAC SIG Meetings (typically 2nd Saturday of each month except June/July/August) Saturday September 12th at 9:30 AM Saturday October 10th at 9:30 AM Smartphone & Tablet SIG Meetings (typically 4th Monday of each month) (RSVP John Fair) Monday August 24th at 7 PM Monday September 28th at 7 PM Windows SIG Meetings (typically 2nd Saturday of each month except June/July/August) Saturday September 12th at 1 PM Saturday October 10th at 1 PM CUE Picnic Thursday September 10th at 6 PM (tentative) CUE Christmas/Holiday Party th Wednesday December 9 at 6 PM 2 Save That Date! Thursday September 10th 2020 The Erie Runner’s Club pavilion at beach #1 is tentatively reserved for the CUE Picnic! Try to keep that date open for a possible time of food and fellowship! 3 Ports and Cables from John Fair The CUE meeting on 7/16/20 had a presentation by John Fair on Ports and Cables. -
The Role of Standards in Open Source Dr
Panel 5.2: The role of Standards in Open Source Dr. István Sebestyén Ecma and Open Source Software Development • Ecma is one of the oldest SDOs in ICT standardization (founded in 1961) • Examples for Ecma-OSS Standardization Projects: • 2006-2008 ECMA-376 (fast tracked as ISO/IEC 29500) “Office Open XML File Formats” RAND in Ecma and JTC1, but RF with Microsoft’s “Open Specification Promise” – it worked. Today at least 30+ OSS implementations of the standards – important for feedback in maintenance • 201x-today ECMA-262 (fast tracked as ISO/IEC 16262) “ECMAScript Language Specification” with OSS involvement and input. Since 2018 different solution because of yearly updates of the standard (Too fast for the “fast track”). • 2013 ECMA-404 (fast tracked as ISO/IEC 21778 ) “The JSON Data Interchange Syntax“. Many OSS impl. Rue du Rhône 114 - CH-1204 Geneva - T: +41 22 849 6000 - F: +41 22 849 6001 - www.ecma-international.org 2 Initial Questions by the OSS Workshop Moderators: • Is Open Source development the next stage to be adopted by SDOs? • To what extent a closer collaboration between standards and open source software development could increase efficiency of both? • How can intellectual property regimes - applied by SDOs - influence the ability and motivation of open source communities to cooperate with them? • Should there be a role for policy setting at EU level? What actions of the European Commission could maximize the positive impact of Open Source in the European economy? Rue du Rhône 114 - CH-1204 Geneva - T: +41 22 849 6000 - F: +41 22 849 6001 - www.ecma-international.org 3 Question 1 and Answer: • Is Open Source development the next stage to be adopted by SDOs? • No. -
Appendix a the Ten Commandments for Websites
Appendix A The Ten Commandments for Websites Welcome to the appendixes! At this stage in your learning, you should have all the basic skills you require to build a high-quality website with insightful consideration given to aspects such as accessibility, search engine optimization, usability, and all the other concepts that web designers and developers think about on a daily basis. Hopefully with all the different elements covered in this book, you now have a solid understanding as to what goes into building a website (much more than code!). The main thing you should take from this book is that you don’t need to be an expert at everything but ensuring that you take the time to notice what’s out there and deciding what will best help your site are among the most important elements of the process. As you leave this book and go on to updating your website over time and perhaps learning new skills, always remember to be brave, take risks (through trial and error), and never feel that things are getting too hard. If you choose to learn skills that were only briefly mentioned in this book, like scripting, or to get involved in using content management systems and web software, go at a pace that you feel comfortable with. With that in mind, let’s go over the 10 most important messages I would personally recommend. After that, I’ll give you some useful resources like important websites for people learning to create for the Internet and handy software. Advice is something many professional designers and developers give out in spades after learning some harsh lessons from what their own bitter experiences. -
Ecma International and “Wearable” Standardization
Ecma/GA/2016/099 Ecma International and “Wearable” Standardization - Dr. István Sebestyén Secretary General Ecma International Rue du Rhône 114- CH-1204 Geneva - T: +41 22 849 6000 - F: +41 22 849 6001 - www.ecma-international.org Outline • How EPFL and Ecma International teamed up for “Wearables2016”? • Briefly about Ecma International (“Standards at Internet Speed”) • Ecma - How to get involved in “Wearables” Standardization? • Summary and conclusion Rue du Rhône 114 - CH-1204 Geneva - T: +41 22 849 6000 - F: +41 22 849 6001 - www.ecma-international.org 2 Teaming up of two partners • EPFL stands for • Categories of education and standards research (incl. 1. Development first, standardization) standard follows • Ecma 2. Research and standards in parallel International stands for ICT 3. Development and standards in parallel standardization “Wearables” (IoT) standards require all 3 Who are we? Ecma International is a not-for-profit association under Swiss Law/Geneva, established in 1961 by major multinational computer hardware manufacturers present at that time in Europe. Originally “ECMA” stood for “European Computer Manufacturers’ Association”. In 1994 the “brand name” was kept, but the name changed to simply “Ecma”: “International” was added because membership has changed to global Broad scope of standardisation topics including hardware, software, communications, consumer electronics, media, storage, environmental subjects, etc… Track record: 521 ECMA standards / TRs: Ecma publications are free of charge and can be freely downloaded from the Ecma website www.ecma-international.org Many of them were submitted to fast-track to ISO/IEC JTC1 (e.g. 191 lately between 2000-2016), and many (67) joint standards also with ETSI. -
Tutorial URL Manager Pro Tutorial
Tutorial URL Manager Pro Tutorial Version 3.3 Summer 2004 WWW http://www.url-manager.com Email mailto:[email protected] Copyright © 2004 Alco Blom All Rights Reserved - 1 - Tutorial Installation Requirements URL Manager Pro 3.3 requires Mac OS X 10.2 or higher. On Mac OS X 10.1 you can use URL Manager Pro 3.1.1. URL Manager Pro 2.8 is still available for Mac OS 8 users. The bundle size of URL Manager Pro 3.3 is around 8 MB, including this user manual and localizations for English, Japanese, German, French, Spanish and Italian, which are all included in the default package. Installing Installation is very easy, just move URL Manager Pro into the Applications folder. To start using URL Manager Pro, simply double-click the application icon. Optional: You may want to install the Add Bookmark Contextual Menu Item plug-in. The Add Bookmark plug-in can be installed using the URLs tab of the Preferences Window of URL Manager Pro. The plug-in will then be copied to: ~/Library/Contextual Menu Items/ Where ~ is the customary Unix shorthand to indicate the user's home directory. For more information, go to the Add Bookmark Web page or the Contextual Menu Item section in the Special Features chapter. The Bookmark Menu Extra While URL Manager Pro is running, it automatically adds the Bookmark Menu Extra to the menu bar. With the Bookmark Menu Extra you have access to your bookmarks from within any application, including your web browser. The Bookmark Menu Extra is located in the right part of your menu bar (see below). -
Ubuntu Server Guide Basic Installation Preparing to Install
Ubuntu Server Guide Welcome to the Ubuntu Server Guide! This site includes information on using Ubuntu Server for the latest LTS release, Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa). For an offline version as well as versions for previous releases see below. Improving the Documentation If you find any errors or have suggestions for improvements to pages, please use the link at thebottomof each topic titled: “Help improve this document in the forum.” This link will take you to the Server Discourse forum for the specific page you are viewing. There you can share your comments or let us know aboutbugs with any page. PDFs and Previous Releases Below are links to the previous Ubuntu Server release server guides as well as an offline copy of the current version of this site: Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa): PDF Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic Beaver): Web and PDF Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus): Web and PDF Support There are a couple of different ways that the Ubuntu Server edition is supported: commercial support and community support. The main commercial support (and development funding) is available from Canonical, Ltd. They supply reasonably- priced support contracts on a per desktop or per-server basis. For more information see the Ubuntu Advantage page. Community support is also provided by dedicated individuals and companies that wish to make Ubuntu the best distribution possible. Support is provided through multiple mailing lists, IRC channels, forums, blogs, wikis, etc. The large amount of information available can be overwhelming, but a good search engine query can usually provide an answer to your questions. -
Factors Determining the Optimal Architecture of a Manufacturing Execution System Utilised in Automated Production
Factors determining the optimal architecture of a manufacturing execution system utilised in automated production. By David Lee, BSc (Honours) Waterford Institute of Technology INSTITIÚID TEICNEOLAÍOCHTA PHORT LÁIRGE A Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Research Supervisor Research Supervisor Dr. Noreen Quinn-Whelton Michael McCarthy Submitted to Waterford Institute of Technology March 2013 David Lee MSc. Thesis Waterford Institute of Technology INSTITIÚID TEICNEOLAÍOCHTA PHORT LÁIRGE Declaration: I declare that the writing of this thesis and the research contained within is my own work. Any assistance received has been acknowledged where appropriate. Signed: David Lee Date: Page 2 of 232 David Lee MSc. Thesis Abstract Information Technology driven manufacturing has progressively evolved since the first introduction of computer systems. As the needs of industry become more demanding, the software used to drive manufacturing must continually advance. In order to remain competitive, businesses need to keep their costs of production down, maintain high product quality and also drive maximum efficiencies. Only through automated manufacturing processes, are businesses able to achieve these goals. High levels of automation require the implementation of sophisticated Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES). This research investigates the optimal design elements for MES, with particular focus on the potential for a web based architecture. Product comparisons, technological investigations and surveys were employed to elucidate MES design and potential areas of enhancement. It was found that while a web based MES could out-perform the traditional client-server model on various aspects, there are too many security concerns to be viable as a cloud hosted application. -
Tomato: a Trustworthy Code Mashup Development Tool
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (CIS) Department of Computer & Information Science 2011 ToMaTo: A Trustworthy Code Mashup Development Tool Jian Chang University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Krishna Venkatasubramanian University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Andrew G. West University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Sampath Kannan University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Oleg Sokolsky University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers Recommended Citation Jian Chang, Krishna Venkatasubramanian, Andrew G. West, Sampath Kannan, Oleg Sokolsky, Myuhng Joo Kim, and Insup Lee, "ToMaTo: A Trustworthy Code Mashup Development Tool", 5th International Workshop on Web APIs and Service Mashups (Mashups '11) . January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/ 2076006.2076012 5th International Workshop on Web APIs and Service Mashups (Mashups '11), September 14, 2011, Lugano, Switzerland. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/cis_papers/471 For more information, please contact [email protected]. ToMaTo: A Trustworthy Code Mashup Development Tool Abstract Recent years have seen the emergence of a new programming paradigm for Web applications that emphasizes the reuse of external content, the mashup. Although the mashup paradigm enables the creation of innovative Web applications with emergent features, its openness introduces trust problems. These trust issues are particularly prominent in JavaScript code mashup - a type of mashup that integrated external Javascript libraries to achieve function and software reuse. With JavaScript code mashup, external libraries are usually given full privileges to manipulate data of the mashup application and executing arbitrary code. -
Hardware / Software Trends and Programming (In Chapter 1)
Internet & World Wide Web: How to Program by Deitel and Deitel Hardware / Software Trends and Programming (in Chapter 1) 1/19/2011 1 OBJECTIVES . In this chapter you will learn about: – basic computing concepts. – the different types of programming languages. – the evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web. – what Web 2.0 is and why it’s having such an impact among Internet-based and traditional businesses. – what Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) are and the key software technologies used to build RIAs. 2 Chapter 1 Sections . 1.8 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing . 1.9 Hardware Trends . 1.10 Key Software Trend: Object Technology . 1.11 JavaScript: Object-Based Scripting for the Web . 1.12 Browser Portability . 1131.13 C, C++ and Java . 1.14 BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# and .NET . 1.15 Software Technologies . 1.16 Notes about Internet & World Wide Web How to Program, 4/e . 1.17 Web Resources 3 1 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing . Personal Computing – 1977 Apple Computer popularized personal computing – computers became economical for personal or desktop business use – 1981 IBM PC . Distributed Comppguting – workstations could be linked together in computer networks (late 1980s) – Local area networks (LANs) . Client/Server Computing – servers offer data storage and other capabilities that may be used by client computers distributed throughout the network, – popular operating systems for C/S • UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X and Microsoft’s Windows 4 Hardware Trends . Cost of products and services – consistently dropping over the decades . Computer capacity and speed – doubles every two years (on average) » Moore’s Law .