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Pterapogon Kauderni, a Unique Species

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Pterapogon Kauderni, a Unique Species Pterapogon kauderni, a unique species Text & photos: José María Cid Ruiz Pterapogon kauderni is a good paradigm about how ornamen- tal fish farming could have a posi"ve impact on the survival of certain endangered species, offering to the market of aquariuma qu arium fishes, specimens born in cap"vity which would alallevle viiateate pres- sure on the wild popula"ons. The "Banggai cardinal fish" ( PterapogonPt erapogon kauderni. Koumans,Ko umans, 1933), is a small tropicalal marinem arine species with a very rrestrictestricteded range in nature. ThisT hi s species is mainly located in the arcarchipelagohi pe la go of which are namedn am ed (Banggai Islands, Sulawesi,Sulawes i, Indonesia),I nd on es ia ), beingb ei ng countedd aroundar ou nd 74 points of localizaonlocaliza !o n in thirtyt hi rt y islanis la nddss (Vagelli,(V ag el li , 2005).20 05 ). IItsts addi!ona dd i! on tot o the set of speciesspeci es keptk ep t in aquara qu ar ium,iu m, did not occur un!lun !l 1995,1 99 5, whenw he n Dr.Dr . G. Allen,A ll en , introducedin tr od uc ed themt he m that year duringdu ring the MACNAM AC NA VIIV II Congress.C on gr ess. Thee speciessp ecie s barelyba re ly measuresm ea su re s 8 cm iinn totalto tal length and ppresentsresents a DiademaDi ad em a and Tripneustes ), the fact is that them also are located under the protec!on of lar- very aa"rac!ve"r ac !v e papaern"e rn ooff cocoloraon:lo ra !o n: withw it h a silver body aandnd three ge aanemones and between the branches of hard and so# corals (Allen, 2000 y Vagelli et al, large ver!calr! ca l blacblackk babands,nd s, highligh!ngh ig hl ig h! ng a smalls ma ll constellac on stella!on!on of 2004). P. kauderni is a diurnal Apogonidae that feeds on small pelagic organisms, mainly white spotsot s betweenbetwee n theth e secondse co nd anda nd the thirdt hi rd band,b an d, asa s we can crustaceans. But its diet is wider, being iden!fied in their stomach contents: annelids, mo- see in the images.ma ge s. OnlyO nl y twotw o speciessp ec ie s sharesh are the genusgenu s PterapogonPt erap og on : lluscs and fish larvae. the one in ques!ons! on anda nd thet he AustralianAustr al ia n P. mirificam irifica . Breeding in cap•vity In nature the speciesie s livesli ve s in smalls mall groups,gro up s, usuallyusu al ly is present in areas of calm and shallowal lo w waterswa te rs (between(betw ee n 1 and 6 meters) in The species has the reputaon of "easy to reproduce in cap!vity." But the truth is that when seagrass beds, reef coralor al oorr sasandnd bbo"oms.o" om Although cited living moving from theory to prac!ce, there are various difficul!es to successfully complete the under the protec!on of thehe longl on g spines of sea urchins (genera process. My personal experience in keeping and breeding this species in aquarium for two Pterapogon kauderni, a unique species 1 All rights reserved: ©José María Cid 2014 years can be summarized as follows: "not too much difficult spe- cies at the phase to form pairs, easy to spawn in cap!vity with proper food, but not so easy to get more than 15% of healthy adult individuals from spawning". Turning now to the details will have to start by sayinay in g that P. kauderni as many other apogonidae, is a mouthbroodermo ut hbrooder (m(males)ales) with no apparent sexual dimorphism. To address its rreproduc-eproduc- !on in cap!vity, should be star!ngng fromf rom a group of yoyoung.ung. The procedure used in my case, hash as been to allocate groups of 6-7 individuals in specific aquariumsa qu ariums of 450 L. Well fed and withwithoutou t compe!!on fromom othero th er species, it is usual that a domind om in antan t cou-co u- ple is formedd aera er a !me of two to four weeks (also(als o I hahaveve oob-b- served tthehe forma!on of couples in communcommunityit y aquariumaq ua ri um s).s) . Des-De s- pitepi te to have a roomy aquarium (because(becau se theyt he y arear e juvenileju ve niless just with 5 -6 cm of length), it is usualu su al thatt ha t theth e newlyne wl y formedfo rm ed ccouplouplee exextendstends its territory aroundar ou nd thet he tankt an k andan d beginbe gi n to sshowhow an daily feedings. TheTh specimens in these condi!ons, grow and mature very quickly and aer agaggressivegr es sive behaviour aagainstga in st thet he restr es t of the group, wwhosehose quali- a period ofo f twotw to three months will begin to produce the first courtship and spawning. ty ooff lifeli fe isi s degradeddegrad ed veryv er y quickly.qu ic kl y. AtA t that point, we proceed mo- EnvironmentalEn vi ro condi!ons: T:27 -28,5 ºC, pH: 8,2, S: 33 -35 g/L. The spawns have always oc- vivingng thet he recentlyr ec en tl y formedform ed couple to a 200L specific aquarium.aquarium. curredcu during the day, most o"en early in the morning. A"A$erer tthis,hi s, tthehe rrestes t of tthehe group is recovered in a shortshort !me and o"o$enen a seconds ec on d pairpa ir is formedfo rm ed in just two weeks, which is again The reproduc!ve process observed in the aquarium differs slightly from that takes place in rerelocated,lo ca te d, aass theth e firfirst,st , in anothera no th er aquarium of 200L.200 L. nature where as has been previously described (Vagelli, 2004), a gravid female chooses a male from the group several days prior to star!ng the courtship. The couple leaves the Again, ffoodoo d andan d waterwa te r quality arear e keyke y to the rapidrap id growg ro th and group and defends a small territory, driving out the other specimens that get too close. In matura!onma tu ra !o n of the specimens.s pe ci me ns. The food providedpro vi de has been based aquariums(200 -400L) inhabited only by pairs or small groups, as soon the dominant cou- on a porridgepor ri dg e withwi th freshf re sh seafoods ea fo od includinginclu di ng several species of al- ple is formed (!me before the first spawning happen), proceeds to drive out the rest of gae anandd someso me vitaminv itamin supplements.s up pl em en ts This diet has been supple- the group. If the couple and the rest of the group are kept in the same aquarium, the cou- menteded bbyy MysisMy si s sp. and frozenfr oz en red mosquito larvae. Periodical- ple stays together and the female always spawn with the same male. ly they haveha ve beenb ee n fed wiwithth Artemia salina alive. Two to three Pterapogon kauderni, a unique species 2 All rights reserved: ©José María Cid 2014 In the aquarium, we can see some change in behavior in the couple, two or three days before they spawn. The Courtship itself is ini!ated by the female, who displays behaviors that include body vibraon, "posi!oning" in parallel with the male, and also occasional touches flank against flank. During this same period, the male can perform certain characteris!cs! c "yawns". Spawning is very flee•ng, personally I haven'tav en 't been able to watch it, but is described (Petersen,, 2013)20 13) tthathat “the female spawns a mass of about 40 -70 eeggsgg s and the male, very close to it, proceeds to fer!lize theth e egg mass as thetheyy are being expelled and subsequently introducedin tr oduced into the mouth, all in about three seconds. " The eggs showw an orange color and are large, with a diamdi am eteret er close to 3 mmmm and remain grouped by means of adhesiva dh es iv es ccho-ho - rionicon ic filaments. A$A$erer sspawning,pa wning, the female fofollowsll ow s nextne xt tot o theth e malema le for several even breathing rate lolooksok different (slightly faster). Considering the hypothesis that hoursho ur s or evene ve n all thet he dayd ay (we canc an s!lls !l l seese e sporadicsp or adic pphysicalhysical thisth is event coincidescoinc id es with the hatching of larvae inside the male's mouth, I have recor- cocontactsnt ac ts betweenb et we en both). Meanwhile,M ea nw hi le , theth e male focuses on in- dedde d a !me betweenbe 18 and 21 days un!l embryonic development is completed. cubangcu ba !n g eggs.eg gs . DuringDu ri ng the periodper io d of embryonic developdevelopment,ment, OnceOn ce they hatch, the larvae remain in the oral cavity of the male about ten days more ococcasionallyca si on al ly youy ou canc an sees ee thet he malem ale projec!ng outward from his (occasionally I have registered for this period un"l twelve days, with previous par"al mouthmo uth theth e eggeg g massma ss forf or a moment,m om en t, driving out non -viable eggs expulsions of fry). Under these condi!ons the larvae con!nues to evolve, thanks to en- anandd reintrreintroducingod uc in g "the"t he block"b lo ck " of eggse gg s aliveal ive promptly.
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