Minor Research Project (Mrp) (Social Sciences)
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MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT (MRP) (SOCIAL SCIENCES) IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY INDUCED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS: A CASE STUDY IN KARNATAKA Minor Research Project Under the Financial Assistance of UGC XII Plan Vide Letter No. MRP (H)- 0771/ 13-14/ KAKA112/UGC- SWRO, Bangalore Dated: 28 Mar-2014 Submitted By Dr.Dilip M. Javalkar Associate Professor Principal Investigator of the Project Government First Grade College, Nesargi Dept. Of Collegiate Education Govt. Of Karnataka – Bangalore ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I have great pleasure in acknowledging my gratitude to University Grants Commission for providing financial assistance to undertake this Minor Research Project. I am also thankful to the Principal and staff members of GFG College, Nesargi for their encouragement and co-operation in my research work. I extend my deep sense of gratitude to all the farmer respondents, agricultural scientists, doctors, Command Area Development Authorities for their constant co-operation during my field work. Dr. Dilip M. Javalkar Principal Investigator GFG College, Nesargi Government of Karnataka Department of Collegiate Education GOVERNMENT FIRST GRADE COLLEGE, NESARGI-591121 NAAC ACCREDETED BY ‘B’ GRADE Phone No: 08288-275342 Email: [email protected] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CERTIFICATE This is to certify that, the executive summary of report of minor research project entitled “IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY INDUCED RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS: A CASE STUDY IN KARNATAKA” Ref. No. MRP 0771/ 13-14/ KAKA112/UGC- SWRO,Bangalore XII plan sanctioned to Dr. D.M.Javalkar, Associate Professor in Sociology of our college has been posted on website of our college and copy of the report is kept in the library for reference. Dated: 25/09/2020 Place: Nesargi Principal CONTENTS Chapter Particulars Page No’s Acknowledgement Certificate List of Tables I Introduction: Irrigation Its Theoretical Background 1-41 and History II Methodology; Review Of Literature And 42-64 Theoretical Support III Irrigation Technology Induced Socio- economic 65-81 Development IV Irrigation Technology: Ecological Issues And 82-99 Problems V Measures to Tackle the Problems of Agriculture and 100-106 Farmers VI Summary, Findings And Conclusion 107-114 References and Bibliography 115-122 Annexure 123-137 LIST OF TABLES Sl.No. Table No. Title of Table Page No. 1 Table 1.1 Ponds Constructed And Renovated By The Ancient Kings 12 2 Table 1.2 River Systems Of Karnataka 13 3 Table 1.3 Land Use And Irrigation In Karnataka 14 4 Table 1.4 Source Wise Irrigation Area In Karnataka 15 5 Table 1.5 Trends Of Irrigation Area In Karnataka 16 6 Table 1.6 District Wise Sources Of Irrigation Area In Karnataka 16 7 Table 1.7 Different Canal Systems And Ultimate Potential Target 21 Table 1.8 District Wise Planned , Ultimate Potential And 22 8 Cumulative Potential Created (Malaprabha Project) 9 Table 1.9 District Wise Irrigation Potential ( Ghataprabha Project) 26 Table 1.10 Cumulative Statement Cla Released (Malaprabha And 27 10 Ghataprabha Project) Table 1.11 Expenditure Incurred During Years(Malaprabha And 28 11 Ghataprabha Project) 12 Table 1.12 Selection Of Samples 28 13 Table 1.13 Sources Of Irrigation Details In Naragund Taluk (In Ha.) 34 14 Table 1.14 Sources Of Irrigation Details In Raibag Taluk (In Ha.) 37 15 Table 1.15 Sources Of Irrigation Details In Navalagund Taluk:(In Ha.) 39 16 Table 1.16 Sources Of Irrigation Details In Jamakhandi Taluk:(In Ha.) 41 17 Table 2.1 Age Composition of Respondents (above 40 years) 57 18 Table 2.2 Literacy and Educational Level of the Respondents 58 19 Table 2.3 Religious Composition of the Respondents 59 20 Table 2.4 Caste Composition of the Respondents 60 21 Table 2.5 Housing Pattern 61 22 Table 2.6 Size of Land Holding 62 23 Table 2.7 Size of Irrigated Land 63 24 Table 2.8 Annual Income of the Farmers 63 25 Table 3.1 Extent of change in cropping system 66 26 Table 3.2 Changes in cropping pattern 67 27 Table 3.3 Increased in gross cropped area 68 28 Table 3.4 Responses about crop yield 68 29 Table 3.5 Length of agricultural work in a year 69 30 Table 3.6 Number of working members in the family 70 31 Table 3.7 Marketing of agricultural surplus 71 32 Table 3.8 Investment and expenditure behavior 72 33 Table 3.9 Change in the level of income 72 34 Table 3.10 Saving behaviour of the farmers 73 35 Table 3.11 Family assets of the farmers 74 36 Table 3.12 Change in life style and standard of living 75 37 Table 3.13 Irrigation facility checks droughts 75 38 Table 3.14 Voting behavior of the respondents 78 39 Table 3.15 Contesting elections by the farmers 78 40 Table 3.16 Knowledge about Government schemes 79 41 Table 3.17 Literacy and educational level of the children 80 42 Table 3.18 Mass media and education of the farmers 81 Table 4.1 Details of land degradation under Malaprabha and 84 43 Ghataprabha 44 Table 4.2 Responses about land degradation 86 45 Table 4.3 Extent of water logging 86 25 Table 4.4 Responses about soil salinization 87 26 Table 4.5 Use of fertilizers pesticides and ecological problems 88 27 Table 4.6 Opinion about deterioration of water quality 89 28 Table 4.7 Opinion about loss of biodiversity 90 Table 4.8 Irrigation technology and health problems (use of 91 29 pesticides & fertilizers etc) 30 Table 4.9 Opinion about nature of health problems 92 31 Table 4.10 Problem of water availability 93 32 Table 4.11 Responses about problem of displacement 94 33 Table 4.12 Disputes among the farmers and between the authorities 95 34 Table 4.13 Cultivation of bad habits after irrigation 96 35 Table 4.14 Opinion about increased dowry system 97 36 Table 4.15 Problem of extravagance 98 37 Table 4.16 Responses about debt position 99 CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION: IRRIGATION ITS THEROTICAL BACKGROUND AND HISTORY India is predominantly an agricultural based economy. Water and land are amongst the most important natural resources and the basic to agriculture. Water is essential for the sustenance of life in all its forms and integral part of the eco- system. Sustaining and being sustained by it is a basic requirement for livelihoods and necessary inputs for economic activity. Empirical evidences shows that the amplification of better economy, health, life conditions and welfare of the farmers is directly associated with the agricultural development through irrigation. It has considerable potential in contributing to higher income, employment generation and elimination of poverty and drought conditions. Agriculture is the main supporter of the majority of the people in India as well in Karnataka and water is the most important input in the process of crop production. Agriculture is the backbone as well as the heart of rural community and is mainstay of Indian economy and same is true to economy of Karnataka. Hence, it is not merely an occupation but a way of life. In Karnataka a significant segment of population particularly the rural depends on natural resources for subsistence and livelihood and for them agriculture is the source of livelihood and irrigation is the contributory factor for agriculture development along with modern technologies. The success of agriculture depends upon the adequacy and timely occurrence of rainfall. But rainfall in India and as well Karnataka is often scanty and uneven. Rain is confined to a few months in a year and it varies from year to year and region to region which makes large parts vulnerable to drought and famine. Boosting agricultural growth is essential for inclusive growth because this sector sustains livelihood for majority of the population. Agriculture development mainly depends on prerequisite factors like soil, water, climate and other related technologies. Thus, Relationship between natural resources and development has always been recognized as an important element in economic growth. Several revolutions in agriculture have taken place to boost the agriculture sector. These include the Green Revolution, Blue Revolution, White Revolution, Yellow Revolution, 1 Revolution in Bio-Technology, Machine technology and ICT etc. The role of green revolution such as irrigation technology and machine technology is caused for speedy development in agriculture field. Water for agriculture development is a basic ingredient. When irrigation is introduced into an established agricultural region the existing pattern of agriculture has greatly influenced. Thus; modernization of agricultural technology is complementary and supplementary for rural development. Technology is accepted as the basic of economic progress and is key driver for growth and transformation. German economist; Schumacher said technology as a motor of development and an instrument of social change. Agriculture provides significant support for economic growth and social transformation. Agriculture in India and Karnataka has been characterized by many revolutions and that change the very face of agricultural sector. The green revolution is an important milestone in agriculture sector and one thing is common in this revolution was the use of ‘Technology’. Technology is the prime mover which helps to shape society. Economists consider that; the four basic elements of an economy are land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship. Sociologists and Anthropologists very often consider; technology as a fifth element. Technology is essentially a society’s pool of knowledge used for production. The system of transfer of technology from research stations to farming communities; has played a crucial role in modernizing the agriculture sector. Thus irrigation and allied technologies together contribute to change the face of land and life of the farmers. Agriculture modernization is the blend of four technologies viz. Hydro-technology, Chemical technology, Machine technology and Bio-technology. Thus science and technology are the basis of economic progress.