Archaeozoological Investigation of the La Tène A-C1 Salt-Mining Complex and the Surrounding Graves of Putzenkopf Nord (Bad Dürrnberg, Austria)

Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, Serie A 118 245–288 Wien, 15 Jan. 2016

Archaeozoological investigation of the La Tène A-C1 salt-mining complex and the surrounding graves of Putzenkopf Nord (Bad Dürrnberg, Austria)

Konstantina Saliari1, 2, Erich Pucher1 & Matthias Kucera3

(With 10 figures and 7 tables)

Manuscript submitted on May 27th 2015, the revised manuscript on October 23th 2015.

Abstract

The present study investigates the faunal material from Putzenkopf Nord at Bad Dürrnberg

(Austria). Animal remains, dated to the La Tène A-C1 period, were retrieved from the settlement and the surrounding graves. A total of 12,573 bones have been identified and analyzed for the present study, demonstrating that the faunal composition fits well to previous samples from Dürrnberg (Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Putzenfeld, and Putzenkopf). The analysis of domesticated specimens indicates that cattle are by far the prevalent species. The majority of finds belong to adult individuals, suggesting that they were mainly introduced in the complex after their exploitation for products by the farmers, in the vicinity of Dürrnberg. The examination of the wild fauna exhibits that game contributed minimally to the bone deposits. The comparative study conducted for the mixed material of the graves indicates some significant differences in comparsion to the domestic refuse assemblages: the grave goods were principally long bones of cattle and pig, and a relatively high percentage of animals was slightly younger. Another very interesting aspect is the existence of bone artifacts with polished surfaces or engravings. These findings provide valuable information for the interpretation of daily activities. Within this frame the comparative study among the assemblages excavated at Dürrnberg and other Celtic sites has provided additional knowledge.

Keywords: Dürrnberg, Putzenkopf Nord, La Tène A-C1, animal bones

Zusammenfassung

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt 12.573 Tierknochenfunde aus den Grabungen im Bereich Putz- enkopf Nord auf dem Dürrnberg bei Hallein (Salzburg, Österreich). Das Material wird den Phasen

1 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 1. Zoologische Abteilung, Archäozoologie, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science (VIAS), Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, 1190 Vienna, Austria. 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: [email protected] 246 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

La Tène A-C1 zugeordnet. In vieler Hinsicht ähneln die Ergebnisse den bereits vorgelegten Ana- lysen der Fundkomplexe vom Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Putzenfeld, und Putzenkopf. Nach der Fundzahl dominieren mit Abstand Hausrinder vor Schweinen und kleinen Hauswiederkäuern. Die Siedlungsbefunde deuten auf die Verwertung adulter, schlachtreifer Tiere hin, die von den Bauern der Umgebung geliefert wurden, und besonders im Falle der Rinder, auch auf ausgeprägte Sekundärnutzung. Die Jagd spielte eine minimale Rolle. Die Analyse des Materials aus den Gräbern zeigt Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Verteilung der Elemente (mehr fleischreiche Regionen) und die Altersstruktur (höheres Prozent der jungen Tiere). Einen anderen interessanten Aspekt liefert die Untersuchung der Knochen mit Bearbei- tungsspuren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit liefern wir vergleichende Studien mit anderen Fundstellen weiterführende Informationen über das tägliche Leben.

Stichwörter: Dürrnberg, Putzenkopf Nord, La Tène A-C1, Tierknochenfunde

Introduction

Putzenkopf Nord is part of the famous archaeological site Bad Dürrnberg, which is located near the town of Hallein, south of Salzburg at an altitude of 700 m from the sea level (Austria) and close to the Bavarian border. The occurrence of the ancient salt-mining complex and the excellent preservation of the archaeological and biological findings make Dürrnberg one of the most significant sites of the European Iron Age (Stöllner 2003). For the sake of a more efficient study, the site has been divided into various local- ities (Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Simonbauerfeld, and Putzenkopf), including Putzenkopf Nord (Fig. 1). Previous archaeozoological analyses have proven that the inhabitants of Dürrnberg were not a typical example of a peasant society (Pucher 1999; Stöllner 2002: 77–94; MoSer 2010). The analysis of the animal remains has contributed to the interpretation and reconstruction of the socioeconomic background of the site. The results of the first large assemblage from Ramsautal showed a clear prevalence of cattle (78.4 % according to NISP data) followed, in a significantly less percentage, by sheep/goats (8.5 %) and pigs (11.5 %). Wild animals, such as the brown bear, wild boar, beaver, and elk, contributed minimally to the bone assemblages; however, the wide variety of wild fauna should be understood not only as part of the ecological spectrum, but also as an indicator of the cultural significance of these animals in the Celtic tradition. The obvious, extreme dominance of cattle was the first sign of the uniqueness of the site; this is because research that has already been conducted at other La Tène settlements has demonstrated a very particular socioeconomic character and organization (Pucher 1998: 56–67; Pucher 2006: 197–220). The dwellers of Dürrnberg had a different way of life that was determined by salt mining. The non-agricultural character of Dürrnberg society is additionally supported by the scarcity of young individuals of any animal species. Nevertheless, no specialized meat production is indicated, as has been observed in the previous Bronze Age Hallstatt (Hallstatt culture A and B). The data more strongly indicate a compromise among the mining workers and the peasants; this compromise was Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 247

Fig. 1. Location of Putzenkopf Nord, modified fromS Mitzberger (2012: fig. 1). regulated not only by human needs and economic development, but also by the laws of nature, as will be further argued in this paper. Thus, it seems that the peasants had first exploited the secondary products of cattle and sheep/goats (milk, cheese, meat) and used them as labor animals before they were sent to Dürrnberg (Pucher 1999). Additionally, the high number of animal bones offered the opportunity to study the shape and size of the animals (Pucher 1999); concerning cattle, the form of the cranium indicated relatively small and fragile individuals in comparison to the type that is known 248 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118 today (Fleckvieh and Pinzgauer; Pucher 1999). For the withers height assessment we should take into consideration the fact that the majority of the samples belonged to female specimens, thus affecting the final estimation. Therefore, the mean withers height in the local Celtic animals has been estimated at around 105–107 cm.

Sheep present a mean withers height of 66 cm (Pucher 1999). The data for pigs show that they belonged to one of the tallest breeds of the period with a mean withers height of 75 cm. The horses were only around 126 cm tall, and the dogs 59 cm (Pucher 1999). The results of the first investigation of the faunal remains were confirmed by more material that was excavated and studied during the following years (Pucher 2002; SchMitz berger 2012; abd el KareM 2009, 2012a, 2012b). All these bone assemblages produced a relatively homogenous picture of the Dürrnberg samples (Tab. 1). The aim of the present paper is to investigate the material from Putzenkopf Nord, in order to add further information regarding the animals found at the site of Dürrnberg and to detect possible similarities or changes and local alterations concerning the taxa and their profile as known by the research already conducted.

Material and Methods

In the present study, a total number of 12,573 bones were identified and analyzed. The material derives from the archaeological site Putzenkopf Nord, which is slightly north of the site Putzenkopf that was analyzed in an earlier contribution by Schmitzberger (2012). The identification and study of species was carried out via comparison with the reference collections of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna (1st Zoological Depart- ment, Archaeozoology). The bone material studied was excavated from 1990 to 1994 by K. Zeller and is stored at the Museum of Natural History in Vienna (Archaeozoology) under the designation A 2006–5.

In total, 9,820 animal remains dating to the La Tène A-C1 periods were retrieved from the settlement of Putzenkopf Nord and 2,753 remains from bone assemblages attributed to graves corresponding to people from Dürrnberg and not only from Putzenkopf Nord. It should also be mentioned that the grave material was heavily mixed with settlement waste. The material was in a relatively good state of preservation, although post-depositional

Table 1. Estimated withers height of the domesticated taxa (Pucher 1999).

Animals Withers height (mean value) Observations cattle 105–107 cm relatively small and fragile individuals sheep 66 cm common in the north Alpine region. Exceptionally some bigger individuals have been recorded. pigs 75 cm one of the tallest breeds horses 126 cm common in La Tène period dogs 59 cm comparably tall Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 249 fractures occurred during the excavation and cleaning. Gnawing marks, mainly from carnivores, were observed on a small number of bones. A relatively low percentage of mammals were not identified, due to the small size of the fragments and the lack of char- acteristic anatomical details. No sieving or flotation was used. The number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI) are mainly applied for presenting quantitative data analysis. The age profile is based on the state of fusion of the epiphyses, the dental eruption and wear stages (Pd4, M3) according to haberMehl’s criteria (haberMehl 1975). We have addressed sex ratio utilizing metrical methods and morphological observations on horn cores, teeth, pelves and metapodials of adult body size. The standard of von den drieSch (1976) is used for the measurements. On three bones cut marks were observed. From closer examination of the type of these cut marks possible artifacts, which might have been used, could be identified. For this purpose a complete 3D documentation of these artefacts was carried out using a ZScan- ner 700 CX (Z Corporation). The system provides an accuracy of 50 µm and was set to a resolution of 200 µm. Every artifact was scanned from two opposite sides using feature targets for the positioning of the scanner. The two halves were aligned and postprocessed using Geomagic Studio 12 resulting in a 3D model of every artifact for further measurements and analysis.

Results Domestic refuse assemblage

The composition of the bone assemblages confirms our knowledge from the previous investigations. According to NISP the faunal profile demonstrates that domesticated species clearly prevail (98 %), whereas game contributes only minimally (2 %) to the bone assemblages. The quantification of the material reveals that cattle were the dominant species (79.5 %) followed – in a significantly lower percentage – by pig (12 %), sheep/ goat (6.5 %) dog (0.3 %), horse (0.2 %) and chicken (0.08 %). Wild animals were rarely recorded and in a limited number (Tabs. 2, 3).

Bos primigenius f. taurus (cattle) Cattle represent 79.5 % of the remains corresponding to 89.2 % of the total weight. The skeletal element distribution suggests that whole individuals were present. Anatomical regions rich in meat and proteins are found in high percentages as well as compact bones that can survive the taphonomical processes. Human intervention is also responsible for the loss of material; the lack of horn cores from the assemblage might be attributed to the fact that they were probably used in handcrafts (Fig. 2), also indicated by marks at the surface of the cranium. The loss of small and fragile bones such as hyoid, sesamoidea, patella and fibula might be attributed not only to the taphonomical factors but also to the recovery techniques. 250 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Table 2. Skeletal element distribution of the animals recorded from the domestic structures. Abbreviations: Pf: processus frontalia, Cv: calvaria, Mx: maxilla, Md: mandible, Hy: hyoid, Vt: vertebrae, Co: costae, Sc: scapula, Hu: humerus, Ra: radius, Ul: ulna, Ca: carpalia, Pa: patella, Se: sesamoidea, Mc: metacarpus, Pe: pelvis, Fe: femur, Ti: tibia, Fi: fibula, Tita: Tibiotarsus, Tl: talus, Cc: calcaneus, Ta: tarsalia, Mt: metatarsus, Tmt: tarsometatarsus, Mp: metapodia, Ph1: phalanx 1, Ph2: phalanx 2, Ph3: phalanx 3, BT = cattle, OA = sheep, CH = goat, O/C= sheep/goat, SD = pig, EC = horse, CF = dog, GGD = chicken, ARD = goose, CC = roe deer, CE = red deer, UA = brown bear, CA = beaver, AA = elk.

Domesticated faunal remains Domesticated? Wild faunal remains Element BT OA O/C CH SD EC CF GGD ARD CC CE UA CA AA Pf 37 2 - 2 ------[2] - - - Cv 218 - 7 - 43 ------Mx 729 - 107 - 95 4 5 - - - 3 - - - Md 1253 - 131 - 253 5 7 - - - - 1 2 - Hy------Vt 835 - 36 - 67 - 1 ------Co 774 - 105 - 137 ------Sc 235 4 18 - 73 ------Hu 375 25 42 2 88 1 2 - 1 - - - - - Ra 306 13 36 2 34 - 2 - - - 2 - - - Ul 109 1 7 1 54 - 2 - - - 1 - - - Ca 165 - - - 6 1 ------Se 11 ------Mc 211 212317- 3 - - - 2--- Pe 282 4 41 - 83 - 1 ------Fe 234 5 23 - 41 2 4 1 - - - - 1 - Pa28---4------Ti, Tita 251 - 47 - 57 3 - 4 ------Fi 5 ---1-3------Tl 246 22 12 1 22 ------1 Cc 221 4 2 2 35 1 1 ------Ta 79------Mt, Tmt 275 8 13 - 11 1 - 3 - -3--- Mp 219 - 10 - 12 ------Ph1 319 5 1 1 10 2 - - - 1 1 - - - Ph2 224 2 - - 11 1 ------Ph3 182 - - - 3 ------Total 7823 97 650 14 1157 21 31 8 1 1 12 1 3 1 MNI 103 17 37 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 Weight 112451 762 2917 113 8592 732 239 7 1 1 205 1 25 4 Weight % 89.2 0.6 2.3 0.1 6.8 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 251

Fig. 2. Skeletal part distribution of the three most important economically animals: cattle, sheep/ goat, and pig. The percentage of NISP data has been calculated and used for the analysis. Abbre- viations: Pf: processus frontalia, Cv: calvaria, Mx: maxilla, Md: mandible, Hy: hyoid, Vt: vertebrae, Co: costae, Sc: scapula, Hu: humerus, Ra: radius, Ul: ulna, Ca: carpalia, Pa: patella, Se: sesamoidea, Mc: metacarpus, Pe: pelvis, Fe: femur, Ti: tibia, Fi: fibula, Tl: talus, Cc: calcaneus, Ta: tarsalia, Mt: metatarsus, Mp: metapodia, Ph1: phalanx 1, Ph2: phalanx 2, Ph3: phalanx 3.

The age profile suggests that a plethora of cattle were slaughtered between 5–8 years

(M3++) followed by individuals not older than 4–5 years (M3+). The frequency of immature individuals was relatively lower together with animals older than 8 years (Fig. 3). The sex assessment demonstrates that cattle were mostly represented by female and castrated individuals and only a very small percentage was male (Fig. 4).

Table 3. Number of identified specimens (NISP), Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) and weight of the fauna from the complex of domestic structures.

Animals NISP % MNI % Weight (gr) % Cattle 79.5 60.0 89.0 Sheep/goat 6.5 9.95 3.00 Pig 12.0 21.5 7 Horse 0.21 1.16 0.6 Dog 0.30 2.0 0.2 Chicken 0.08 1.0 - Goose 0.01 0.6 - Elk 0.01 0.6 - Roe deer 0.01 0.6 - Red deer 0.12 0.6 0.15 Brown bear 0.01 0.6 - Beaver 0.03 0.6 0.02 252 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Fig. 3. Age distribution for cattle, sheep/goat, and pig based on the existence and wear stages of the deciduous and permanent teeth (calculation of the precentage of the NISP data).

Ovis orientalis f. aries and Capra aegagrus f. hircus (sheep/goat) Sheep and goats are found in a relative small percentage, after cattle and pigs, namely 6.5 % corresponding to 3 % of the total weight. The anatomical element distribution indicates that whole individuals were present. A relatively good representation of the meaty regions is observed (fore and hind limbs) together with other compact bones such as mandibles and tali. The lack of hyoid, carpalia, sesamoidea, fibula and phalanges might be attributed to the recovery techniques (Fig. 2). Although a variety of age at death is recorded, the age profile suggests a tendency towards animals between 5–8 years (M3++) followed by individuals no older than 4–5 years, similar to cattle. Fewer were the immature individuals as well as animals older than 8 years (Fig. 3).

Sus scrofa f. domestica (pig) Pigs constitute the second most important animal with 12 % corresponding to 6.82 % of the total weight. However, they are found in a very low percentage, when compared to cattle. The skeletal element representation is similar to that observed for cattle and sheep/goats. Namely, the survival of the robust bones and of the regions that are rich in meat, whereas the loss of smaller and fragile bones is a product of the excavation and recovery techniques (Fig. 2). It also indicates the existence of some whole individuals, together with an overrepresentation of the meaty regions especially during the later La Tène phases. Typically, the age distribution shows that the majority of the animals were 18–20 months old, followed by individuals between 2–3 years. Comparing pigs with ruminants Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 253

Fig. 4. Sexual assessment of cattle based on the calculation of the precentage of the NISP data.

illustrates the slightly younger age of the pigs (M30, M3+). Older animals constitute an exception, whereas the number of immature individuals is relatively high when con- sidered in the context of the total relations (Fig. 3). Although for pigs both males and females are recorded, it should be highlighted that the existence of castrated animals is not detectable by the metrical data or the morphological observations.

Equus ferus f. caballus – Canis lupus f. familiaris – Gallus gallus f. domestica (horse-dog-chicken)

Horses constitute a small part of the assemblage with 0.2 % together with dogs 0.3 % and chickens 0.08 %. The skeletal distribution of the horses shows that the compact bones have survived, namely mandibles, long bones, calcaneus, and phalanges, similar to dogs. However, concerning chickens, the bones derive from the hind limbs. The majority of the remains from all the three species belong to adult individuals.

Wild animals

The number of the remains coming from wild animals is minimal (Tab. 2) and they contribute a small percentage to the bone deposits. However, a variety of taxa have been recorded, representing the roe deer, red deer, brown bear, beaver, and elk. Their presence in the assemblage might indicate hunting or just bone collecting activities.

Cervidae

Roe deer, due to their morphological structure’s relation to ecological adaptation, are mainly found at small-placed bush/scrubland regions, and at the upper margins of forests. However, this taxon is ecologically and ethnologically very adaptable. When there are good food opportunities, it can be found at an altitude of 1,800 m during the winter (SPitzenberger 2001: 725–727). 254 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Red deer are found in broad-leaved forests. In Austria, they are mainly found in two different zones: in forested steppes with water-meadows and in the Alps. Their habitat’s peak altitude ranges from 100 to 500 m and 1,200 to 1,700 m (SPitzenberger 2001: 705, 709). Elk are relatively big animals that settle in economically advantageous areas, in order to have easy access to available food. Elk thus need to change habitat in the course of the year. In spring and summer they are found in humid places with semi-aquatic and aquatic vegetation, whereas, during the winter, they are located in dry habitats where they can consume scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Elk avoid human presence, similar to red deer, whereas roe deer seem to be more tolerant. The highest known altitude peak is 1,800 m (SPitzenberger 2001: 719).

Rodentia

Beavers settle in ideal habitats with slow or standing water flow characterized by good flow conditions and banks rich in vegetation. Once beavers were common in almost every river of Austria. The highest known altitude of beaver habitation is 700 m (SPitzen berger 2001: 373).

Carnivora

Brown bears settle in a variety of habitats: woodlands, isolated in smaller habitats with trees, forest canopies, along the margins of rivers and sometimes very close to human settlements, similar to roe deer and in contrast to red deer. They are found in Austria at up to 1,200 m (SPitzenberger 2001: 592–593).

Bone deposits in the graves

The remains found in the graves are mixed with material from the domestic structures of the complex. For this reason it was not always easy to separate the grave goods from the domestic waste. Nevertheless, the authors have made an effort to sort out the faunal remains, based on what is already known of the Celtic funerary traditions in the broader region of Austria and from the archaeozoological evidence. The main criterion used for the separation was the grade of fragmentation of the bones, and then the species identification together with the age stage. Usually the grave goods represent whole bones, not typical for the settlement. Concerning the species, pigs have been regularly found representing young individuals. Still species and age stage may vary. According to our observations, 25 % of the graves have probably exhibited grave goods: Grave 349A: one right humerus of mature pig Grave 323B: two right femora of mature cattle Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 255

Table 4. Skeletal element distribution of the animals recorded from the mixed contexts of the graves. Abbreviations: Pf: processus frontalia, Cv: calvaria, Mx: maxilla, Md: mandible, Hy: hyoid, Vt: vertebrae, Co: costae, Sc: scapula, Hu: humerus, Ra: radius, Ul: ulna, Ca: carpalia, Pa: patella, Se: sesamoidea, Mc: metacarpus, Pe: pelvis, Fe: femur, Ti: tibia, Fi: fibula, Tita: Tibiotar- sus, Tl: talus, Cc: calcaneus, Ta: tarsalia, Mt: metatarsus, Tmt: tarsometatarsus, Mp: metapodia, Ph1: phalanx 1, Ph2: phalanx 2, Ph3: phalanx 3, BT = cattle, OA = sheep, CH = goat, O/C= sheep/ goat, SD = pig, EC = horse, CF = dog, GGD = chicken, CA = beaver, VV = red fox, SS = wild boar.

Domesticated faunal remains Wild faunal remains Element BT OA O/C CH SD EC CF GGD VV SS CA Pf 80 1 12 Cv Mx Md 187 2 13 2 1 1 Hy Vt 429 10 27 Co 535 5 44 Sc 58 1 10 13 Hu 104 5 15 19 11 1 Ra 97 1 17 2 6 11 Ul 49 3 18 Ca 26 3 4 Mc 75 1 8 2 Pe 128 1 8 17 1 Fe 110 10 14 1 Pa 1 4 Ti/Tt 63 12 20 1 1 Fi 3 1 Tl 38 4 4 6 Cc 41 1 1 13 Ta 19 Mt 119 2 4 Mp 62 3 1 Ph1 63 2 3 1 2 Ph2 42 1 5 Ph3 23 1 Sesam 5 Total 2357 17 118 3 245 3 4 3 1 1 1 Weight 24088.2 1175.7 2519 349.5 113.9 81.1 0.8 32.4 2.7 Weight % 85.0 4.1 8.9 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 256 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Grave 35: two right tibiae of pigs, younger than 3.5 years. one right fibula of mature pig one left femur of a pig younger than 3.5 years Grave 106: one left humerus of a pig younger than 3.5 years

In total, the whole mixed material coming from the graves demonstrates a similar profile with the remains from the complex, due to the mixture with normal settlement waste. It is clear that cattle (85 %) are the dominant animal, while pigs (9 %) and sheep/goats (4.3 %) are found in a much lower percentages as well as dogs, horses and chicken (Tabs. 4, 5).

Bos primigenius f. taurus (cattle)

Cattle represent 85.7 % of the total remains corresponding to 85 % of the total weight. The skeletal part representation is very similar to that already noted for the domestic structures; namely almost all the bones are present, showing that a number of individuals were brought alive in order to be further exploited and finally slaughtered. Compact anatomical regions are found in higher percentages such as the mandibles, whereas the overrepresentation of costae and vertebrae is associated with the high fragmentation. Meaty regions are well presented and more fragile bones have not survived (Fig. 5). The age distribution demonstrates a wide distribution of slaughter age, but with higher percentages of immature and young individuals. Animals with milk teeth constitute 41.7 % of the total number. Additionally, young mature individuals with permanent teeth show that the majority of the animals were mainly slaughtered at around 4–5 years of age, and a smaller percentage at 3 years (Fig. 6). Older individuals are rarely recorded

(M30, M3+). The sex assessment shows that female (72.7 %) and castrated (27 %) individuals were more prevalent.

Table 5. Animals recorded from the graves.

Animals NISP % % Weight (gr) Cattle 85.5 85.00 Sheep/goats 5.00 4.15 Pig 9.0 8.90 Horse 0,10 1.00 Dog 0.10 0.50 Chicken 0.10 0.30 Red fox 0.03 - Beaver 0.03 - Wild boar 0.03 0.01 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 257

Fig. 5. Skeletal part distribution of the three most important economically animals found in the graves: cattle, sheep/goat, and pig. The percentage of NISP data has been used for the analysis. Abbreviations: Pf: processus frontalia, Cv: calvaria, Mx: maxilla, Md: mandible, Hy: hyoid, Vt: vertebrae, Co: costae, Sc: scapula, Hu: humerus, Ra: radius, Ul: ulna, Ca: carpalia, Pa: patella, Se: sesamoidea, Mc: metacarpus, Pe: pelvis, Fe: femur, Ti: tibia, Fi: fibula, Tl: talus, Cc: calcaneus, Ta: tarsalia, Mt: metatarsus, Mp: metapodia, Ph1: phalanx 1, Ph2: phalanx 2, Ph3: phalanx 3.

Ovis orientalis f. aries and Capra aegagrus f. hircus (sheep/goat)

Similar to the domesticated structures, sheep/goats are found in the small percentage of 5 %, following cattle and pigs and corresponding to 4.1 % of the total weight. The anatomical element distribution shows an overrepresentation of the meaty regions (fore and hind limbs), whereas the loss of material is related to the recovery techniques or possible utility of the material for further processing (Fig. 5). The age-at-death profile shows a complete absence of young animals. The majority of the remains come from mature individual less than 3 years old (87.5 %) and a smaller percentage (12.5 %) belongs to animals between 4–5 years old. Female individuals are mainly noted for sheep/goats.

Sus scrofa f. domestica (pig)

Pigs are the prevalent species after cattle but in a much lower percentage (8.9 %). The skeletal part distribution illustrates that whole individuals were present; high percentages (48 % for the fore and hind limbs) are noted for the meaty regions, such as hind and forelimbs (Fig. 5). The age profiles show a total absence of individuals older than 2–3 years. Individuals with milk teeth constitute 25 % of the material and 75 % belong to young mature animals

(M30, M3+). The sexual ratio suggests that male, possibly castrated, and female pigs are found in comparable percentages. 258 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Fig. 6. Age distribution of cattle based on deciduous and permanent teeth (calculation of the precentage of the NISP data).

Equus ferus f. caballus – Canis lupus f. familiaris – Gallus gallus f. domestica (horse-dog-chicken) Horses, dogs and chickens constitute a small part of the assemblage with 0.1 % of each. The anatomical element distribution shows that mandibles and long bones have mostly been recorded. According to the study of the epiphyseal fusion the remains belong to adult individuals.

Wild animals Only 0.1 % of the material belongs to the wild fauna (Tabs. 4, 5). The material is com- posed of single bones of red foxes, beavers, and wild boars.

Carnivora Red foxes are located in well-lit habitats close to water, on the shores of lakes and ponds, or in deciduous and mixed forests. They can attain a height of 825 m (SPitzenberger 2001: 581).

Artiodactyla Wild boar can be found in a wide variety of habitats from the tropical to the deciduous forests, where aquatic vegetation and shadow exist. In winter they are found at as high as 1000 m and during summer between 1,500 and 1,700 m (SPitzenberger 2001: 692). Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 259

Fig. 7. The three artifacts recovered from the graves of Putzen- kopf Nord bearing engravings. A: first phalanx of cattle (Inv.Nr. D-PN 6; 50.5 mm length) B: first phalanx of cattle (Inv.Nr. D-PKG 343; 50.0 mm length), C: second phalanx of cattle (Inv.Nr. PF 43; 32.5 mm length).

Fig. 8. 3D models of the three engraved bones. For details see Fig. 7. This file includes three interactive 3D PDF models that can be activated by clicking onto the respective image (requires Adobe Reader version 8.0 or higher). Artifacts

During the study of the material, three interesting artifacts have been recorded. Two of them are made of the 1st phalanx of cattle and one out of the 2nd phalanx (Fig. 7). The first artifact comes from one of the grave’s mixed deposits and bears engravings on the dorsal side – made by humans – resembling letters. However, the survey proved that they do not fit with any of the known alphabets during that period and thus most likely do not represent real letters or numbers.4 The second artifact was found in the settlement and bears engravings, the representation of an X, at the dorsal side. Finally, a second phalanx that was unearthed from the mixed grave deposits bears engravings at the distal side, an X representation. Such engravings were compared with various taphonomical phenomena including natural processes or other anthropogenic factors such as butchery marks. Our opinion is that these engravings were anthropogenic, but they do not depict an accidental product. The interpretation of these artifacts faces difficulties as they could have served many roles

4 Personal communication with Prof. Dr. Stefan SchuMacher (Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Wien). 260 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118 according to parallels with other cultures: part of a game, tool usage, mark for location/ calculation etc. This observation has been confirmed by the examination of the objects using the detailed 3D documentation (Fig. 8). A parallel to the artifacts b. and c. has been recorded in Celtic settlements of Northern Tirol. In this case it was a talus artifact with an X representation and bearing a hole (urban 1989: 219).

Discussion

Dürrnberg and Putzenkopf Nord

Dürrnberg offers a unique example of a well-organized economy based on the exploitation of natural resources. The excavated sites, including Putzenkopf Nord, present a homogenous picture for the character and the logistic organization of Dürrnberg, suggesting that cattle are obviously the prevalent taxon among the animals exploited (Figs 9, 10). The environmental framework in which these natural resources were exploited is very similar to the picture that we have today, as only slight changes have occurred in the landscape. It seems that the region set on which we focused was ecologically characterized by shadowy and open areas found in small patches of forest and open areas with sparse/bush vegetation, together with water sources in the form of slow or standing streams. The fact that cattle are recorded in such a high percentage should be attributed to the economic activities but also to the ecological optimum, showing a unique combination of human initiatives and environmental framework. The region of Dürrnberg favors the existence of cattle due to the presence of mountain pastures. This ecological information, together with the geological background in favor of the existence of mining and cattle-keeping, was wisely used and shed light onto new possibilities, firstly on mat- ters of existence and secondly on economic development. Although, it has been proved that Dürrnberg is not a traditional rural site, the analysis of the fauna has indicated traces of a typical peasant economy. The practice of agricul- ture and husbandry by the inhabitants of Dürrnberg can, however, not be completely excluded. It it has been proposed that the workers at the salt mining complex were depen- dent on the goods produced by peasants, who would have been located in the vicinity of Dürrnberg. It could be suggested that these peasants might have occupied the basin of the Salzach River and the adjacent Alpine foreland. However, tracing rural settlements on the Alps is a difficult task for geological reasons. Putzenkopf Nord confirms the aforementioned information concerning the morphology and the biological profile of the fauna. Practically speaking, if we combine the data from the archaeozoological analysis, it seems likely that cattle were used for meat, milk and labor, whereas pigs only for meat; sheep/goats offered cheese, meat and sometimes wool, but their importance was reduced. This observation is related to the fact that there is no ecological optimum for sheep/goats and is also associated with the economic evolution Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 261 of the site, according to which big-sized animals were preferred. However, some small differences in the assemblages should be mentioned. The fact that the material from the graves suggests slightly younger animals and an overrepresentation of the meaty regions – especially for cattle and pigs – could be explained by the presence of grave goods. The prevalent grave good seems to be pigs, which have also been found together with cattle individuals at the graves of Kammelhöhe and Sonneben (late Halstatt to early La Tène period) (abd el KareM 2012a: 237–245) as well as Moserfeld (Halstatt D, La Tène A, La Tène B) (abd el KareM 2012b: 331–339). The limited number of wild fauna indicates the different economical interest of the mining workers, but also the possible difficulties to locate some of the wild animals, such as elk, which are rarely detected and mainly during its migration. Wild birds or fish are not recorded from Putzenkopf Nord. Geese and red foxes are found only in Putzenkopf Nord. Other waterfowl are detected in Ramsautal. In general, some birds, fish and mammals (bison) are detected only once or very rarely in Dürrnberg. This might indicate that the dwellers of Dürrnberg were mainly interested in wild animals that were located in the vicinity (Tab. 6). Despite their limited number, these animals contribute to a better understanding of the environment and the natural landscape of the region. However, this is a complicated mat- ter, as various factors affect the existence or absence of the animals; parameters related to climate, topography, diet, anatomy and physiology, way of life (migration) and behav- ioral patterns (sociability etc.) play a significant role and define the final faunal profile which is shaped by human choices adapting to natural availability and opportunities.

Dürrnberg and other La Tène sites

Additionally, interesting observations are made when comparing Dürrnberg with other La Tène sites (Figs 9, 10). The bone assemblages from rural Inzersdorf indicate that 98.4 % of the remains belong to domesticated taxa. Cattle are the prevalent species (66.4 %) followed by sheep/goats (21.2 %), pigs (8.0 %), horses (0.8 %), and dogs (2.0 %). The age distribution shows that the majority of the animals were between 5–8 years old and a high number older than 8 years. A smaller percentage has been recorded for animals younger than 3 years. Thus it seems that they were important for milk production and labor. Sheep/goats present a wider age-at-death distribution with the higher

Table 6. Dürrnberg and Hallstatt: comparing two of the most important Austrian sites.

Dürrnberg Hallstatt Iron Age Bronze Age colder climate middle temperature, more favorable climate easily accessible topographically isolated cattle is the most important taxon pig of greater significance 262 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Fig. 9. Animal distribution from Dürrnberg and various Celtic sites mentioned in the text, based on the calculation of the precentage of the NISP data.

Fig. 10. Distribution of the domesticated animals that contributed minimally and are represented with less than 5 %. The material derives from Dürrnberg and other Celtic sites mentioned in the text, based on the calculation of the precentage of the NISP data. percentage found in immature individuals (Pd4++, Pd4+), followed mainly by animals aging 4–5 and 5–8 years, implying the consumption of meat and cheese production. In this case, cattle and sheep/goats were used again for various purposes, but the young age of many individuals could be related mainly to meat dishes and the preference for tender Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 263 and tasteful meat (Pucher 1998: 56–67). A high number of pigs were younger than 16 months followed by individuals of up to 3 years of age, verifying their importance as meat suppliers. Another La Tène rural settlement, Göttlesbrunn in Lower Austria presents important differences concerning the number of the taxa, the biological profile, but also the ecological framework. Although 97 % of the faunal material belongs to domesticated animals, cattle constitute just 38 % of the total amount followed by sheep/goats (26 %) and pigs (23 %). The cattle age profile is estimated between Pd4+ and M3+++ without showing a clear preference for a specific age. The remains show that very young individuals (Pd4 0, Pd4 +) of sheep/goats are lacking. Cattle and sheep/goats were used for a wide range of activities and sometimes the small ruminants were the substitute for the products that can be gained by bigger and more expensive animals. A wider slaughter age is recorded for pigs with a rather high number of older animals (M3+++), probably for reproduction purposes (Pucher 2006: 197–220). The fauna from Göttlesbrunn is also indicative of traditional rural settlement; the percentage of the taxa represented, the sex and age distributions as well as the body part representation confirm the supposed agricultural background of the sites, illustrating the contribution of the main taxa as work animals and/ or to the exploitation of secondary products and pointing out the different socioeconomic framework. More analytically, pigs were obviously an important meat source, together with sheep/goats, whose age profile shows only a small percentage of older animals. The wider age distribution of cattle shows that it was an important animal which served many needs of daily life; however their lower number could be attributed to the fact that a peasant economy can- not easily be supplied with such an ‘expensive’ animal. This is a phenomenon that it is also observed later, when the artistic expression of the rural economy shows a minimal number of cows held by the peasants (Pucher in press). Nevertheless, in the case of Göttlesbrunn, ecology is another important factor. The high percentages of sheep/goats and the smaller number of cattle are not only indicative of the economic situation, but also of the different climatic conditions that prevail in eastern Austria, which is mainly affected by the relatively dry Pannonian climate, namely more favorable for sheep. Another important site that would be interesting to compare with Dürrnberg is Oppidum of Manching (boeSSnecK et al. 1971), in Bavaria (Germany). It has been characterized as a proto-urban settlement and is related with many important archaeological findings as well as with a huge amount of bones, counting 400,000, the biggest La Tène assemblage to this day. In Manching, cattle and pigs played a decisive role as they are the prevalent taxa with 41.8 % and 32.4 % respectively. Sheep/goats followed (20.0 %), together with horses (4.74 %), dogs (0.79 %), and chickens (0.04 %) in limited numbers. Although a big variety of wild animals and fish have been detected, they contributed only minimally to the economy of the site with just 0.2 %. According to the age and sex distribution cattle and pigs were the most important meat suppliers. Cattle would 264 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118 have been used as labor animals and been further exploited for other secondary products together with sheep/goats (milk). The high numbers of demanding fauna (cattle and pigs) were favored by the river plain environment, which ensured food and water.

Table 7. Distribution of the wild animal remains from Dürrnberg.

Putzenfeld Ramsaukopf Ramsautal Simonbaurfeld Putzenkopf Putzenkopf (Schmitzberger (Schmitzberger (Pucher (Abd el KArem (Schmitzberger Nord 2011) 2011) 1999) 2009) 2011) (Present study) Mammals European ● bison Chamois ●● Elk ● ●● ● Roe deer ● ● Red deer ● ●● ● Wild boar ● ● ●● ● ● Brown ● ● bear Marten ● Red fox ● Beaver ● ●● ● Hedgehog ● Birds Mute ●● swan Red- ● breasted merganser Goose ● Alpine ● Cough Band ● Eurasian ● Jay Lesser ● spotted eagle Fish Pike ● Cyprinidae ● ● Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 265

Dürrnberg and Hallstatt

At first glance, the similarities between Dürrnberg and Hallstatt are surprisingly many (Pucher 2010: 193–197). Two economically unique cases related to mining activities, and a well-organized system that demanded the cooperation among the mining workers and the peasants in the difficult, but always exciting alpine environment. However, some differences, especially concerning the faunal spectrum shall be noted (Tab. 7). One major difference that is related to the animals and that affects human preferences is the climate. The climatic conditions during the Late Bronze Age (Hallstatt A and B) were more favorable in comparison to those recorded during the Iron Age, to which Dürrnberg is attributed. For archaeozoology this might be detected in the faunal material (Pucher 2010: 193–197). The people of Hallstatt had a specialized meat production based on pigs. Pigs are flexible omnivore animals that are fertile from a very young age and give birth to a great number of individuals, due to which many pigs can be grown/managed by a small number of peasants. In this case, the compromise among mining workers and peasants is profitable and economically practical for both P( ucher in press). Dürrnberg presents only superficially a similar picture, as it is defined by different parameters. During this period, climate became colder with lower temperatures. The number of pigs is reduced under these circumstances, where food is not easily found as the vegetation changes. In such an environment, cattle are better suited to serve the needs of the peasants. But cattle are expensive animals that are used in many aspects of daily life, in contrast to pigs that are only meat suppliers. For this reason, in order to have a respectable number of cattle, more peasants are needed, who will make a rational compromise with the mining workers for the food supply. The combination of the information derived by the analysis of the biological profile of cattle shows exactly this reality: limited young male cattle, but numerically more females older than 5 years. The latter were preferred because the milk production stops slowly and their meat is still tasteful and edible, in contrast to the older male and castrated individuals (Pucher in press). On the other hand, the peasants need only a small number of male and castrated individuals for reproduction and labor. The fact that the workers of Dürrnberg could purchase such an expensive animal and that the peasants could provide large amounts of cattle (that resulted in an overproduction and ultimately in trade) depicts wealth and prosperity for both sides, verified as well by the archaeological findings. These data lead us to conclude that Dürrnberg was a progressive society with an efficient economical system.

Conclusions

Putzenkopf Nord confirms what we already know from previous studies: domesticated animals prevail, especially cattle. Whole individuals are indicated for cattle and sheep/ goats, but for pigs, extra meat packages can also be suggested during the later phases of the La Tène period. The nature of the assemblages examined shows a mixture of food 266 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118 waste, artifacts and offerings in the graves. The animal most commonly used as a grave offering is suggested to be the pig. Dürrnberg is a complex of domesticated sites and graves that has a unique economical model based on mining activities. This fact is derived, not only on the basis of the faunal remains, but on the natural factors’ showing a dependency on human activities, nature and geology. The biological profile of the remains indicates an intense collaboration among the mining workers and the peasants. Important similarities and differences come to light when comparing Dürrnberg with previous unique cases, such as Hallstatt, but also with other La Tène assemblages, such as Göttlesbrunn, Inzersdorf and Manching.

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Table of measurements

Bos Bos: Processus frontalis Nr. 42 27 37-40 Horncore basal circumference 11.5 10.5 11.5 Greatest diameter of the horncore base 36.5 33.0 38.5 Least diameter of the horncore base 32.5 27.5 29.5 Sex f f f

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 42 3 26 37 8 37-40 25 27 27 5 26 Length of M3 36.5 37.0 36.5 33.5 34.5 36.0 36.0 36.0 35.0 33.5 37.0 Breadth of M3 15.5 15.0 14.0 14.5 14.5 15.0 16.0 15.0 13.5 15.0 14.5 Wear stage00000000000 268 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 2 9-10 39 12 10 5 33 3 5 26 5* Length of M3 36.5 36.0 35.5 33.5 34.0 34.5 34.0 36.5 35.0 32.5 30.0 Breadth of M3 15.5 13.5 15.0 14.0 14.5 14.5 14.5 15.0 14.5 13.5 15.0 Wear stage00000000000 * without Talonid

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 47 26 27 6 27 10 42 27 6 26 47 Length of M3 34.5 32.5 34.0 30.5 35.5 35.0 35.5 34.0 36.5 35.5 36.5 Breadth of M3 15.0 14.5 14.5 13.0 15.5 15.5 14.5 14.5 15.5 14.5 15.5 Wear stage+++++++++++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 42 8 27 4 9 42 48 10 11 27 27 Length of M3 36.5 39.0 29.5 33.5 35.0 36.5 33.5 31.5 34.5 31.0 36.5 Breadth of M3 15.0 17.5 13.5 15.0 14.5 15.0 15.0 14.0 14.5 13.5 15.0 Wear stage+++++++++++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 38 5 5-6 26 10 42 20 27 42-45 10 47 Length of M3 33.0 33.5 34.0 37.0 38.5 37.0 35.0 35.0 35.5 32.0 36.5 Breadth of M3 13.5 14.0 15.0 15.0 14.5 14.5 15.0 14.5 15.0 12.5 16.5 Wear stage+++++++++++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 19 26 12 6 12* 10* 9* 19 12 Length of M3 34.5 36.0 34.5 33.5 31.5 28.0 28.0 33.5 33.5 Breadth of M3 14.5 16.0 14.5 15.5 14.5 16.0 15.0 12.5 14.5 Wear stage+++++++++ * without Talonid Bos: Mandibula Nr. 40 27 42 6 10 9 27 27 12 27 27 Length of M3 38.5 36.0 33.0 35.0 34.5 32.5 33.5 35.0 29.0 33.5 33.0 Breadth of M3 15.0 16.0 14.5 15.5 14.0 15.0 15.5 15.0 14.5 15.5 15.5 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 26*952996991015 Length of M3 28.5 33.5 33.5 37.5 35.5 35.5 34.0 36.5 36.5 38.5 38 Breadth of M3 15.0 15.0 14.5 15.5 15.0 16.5 14.5 15.5 15.5 16.0 15.0 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ * without Talonid Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 269

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 10 12 11 1 27 6 10 20 46 4 9-10 Length of M3 35.5 34.0 35.0 33.0 35.0 35.0 33.5 36.5 34.5 33.5 33.5 Breadth of M3 15.0 14.0 14.5 14.5 15.0 14.5 14.5 16.0 15.0 14.5 14.5 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 9 8 12 32-40 8 4 5 46* 11 27 11 Length of M3 36.0 37.5 35.0 37.5 32.5 35.5 34.5 25.5 32.5 33.0 35.0 Breadth of M3 16.5 14.5 15.0 16.0 15.5 15.5 14.5 14.5 14.0 16.5 16.0 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ * without Talonid

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 424246626466910 Length of M3 34.0 36.0 33.5 33.5 34.5 35.5 36.0 35.0 34.0 36.0 34.5 Breadth of M3 14.5 16.5 14.5 16.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 42-45 43 26 46 46 29 27 27 Length of M3 36.5 33.0 35.5 35.0 34.5 32.0 31.5 35.0 Breadth of M3 16.5 15.0 16.0 15.5 14.0 14.5 15.5 14.5 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 10 8 28 16 26 4-5 26 19 22 40 37-40 Length of M3 32.5 36.0 36.0 33.0 35.0 32.5 34.5 33.5 36.5 36.5 30.5 Breadth of M3 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.5 16.0 15.0 15.0 14.5 16.5 15.5 13.5 Wear stage +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 42 6 37 8 2 10 6 27 29 37-40 26 Length of M3 36.5 38.5 34.5 36.0 34.0 33.5 33.5 33.0 32.5 33.5 34.0 Breadth of M3 15.5 16.0 15.0 15.5 14.0 14.5 15.5 14.5 14.0 15.5 14.5 Wear stage +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 29 29 26 5 10 9 27 37-40 45 29 10 Length of Pd4 32.5 31.5 31.5 32.0 33.0 33.0 34.0 31.5 31.0 29.5 30.0 Breadth of Pd4 12.0 11.0 11.0 11.5 13.0 12.0 13.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 12.5 Wear stage 0 0 0 + + + + + + + ++ 270 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 45 14 10 5 6 28 10 40 5 42 6 Length of Pd4 29.5 29.0 29.0 31.0 29.0 27.5 27.5 27.5 26.5 26.5 28.0 Breadth of Pd4 12.5 13.5 13.0 13.0 13.5 12.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 13.0 13.5 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++

Bos: Mandibula Nr. 4516 4105 Length of Pd4 28.0 28.5 26.0 26.0 26.0 27.0 Breadth of Pd4 13.0 13.5 11.5 13.0 12.5 12.5 Wear stage +++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++

Bos: Scapula Nr. 46 26 5 10 4 27 8 9 9 10 47 KLC 45.0 43.0 43.5 - 39.5 - - 50.5 - 38.5 - GLP 56.0 60.5 51.5 57.5 52.0 53.5 59.0 62.5 52.0 - 57.5 LG 47.0 52.0 45.0 48.5 45.0 46.5 50.5 55.5 47.5 - 46.5 BG 40.5 - 36.0 36.5 - 38.0 40.0 - 37.5 - 37.0

Bos: Scapula Nr. 9 10 10 11 3 16 27 KLC - 42.5 - - - - 40.5 GLP 63.5 53.0 57.3 62.5 59.0 62.5 54.0 LG 56.5 48.0 49.5 54.5 50.5 57.5 47.5 BG 43.0 40.0 39.5 45.0 40.5 44.0 37.5

Bos: Humerus Nr. 6 10 27 1 40 31 20 10 27 1 15 Bd 81.0 77.0 - 73.5 81.0 74.5 68.0 80.5 70.5 69.0 65.5 BT 73.5 70.5 62.5 69.0 76.5 69.5 62.5 70.5 67.5 67.5 64.5

Bos: Humerus Nr. 10 45 10 Bd 72.0 65.5 81.5 BT 69.5 64.0 71.0

Bos: Radius Nr. 27 10 1 5 3 10 23 6 46 37-40 97 Bp 75.5 81.5 76.0 80.5 - 69.0 - 79.0 69.0 75.5 69.0 BFp 70.5 73.5 70.5 71.5 71.0 - 60.0 72.0 64.0 70.0 62.0

Bos: Radius Nr. 27 27 10 Bp 69.0 68.0 66.5 BFp 64.0 63.5 62.5 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 271

Bos: Radius Nr. 27 10 1 5 3 10 23 6 46 37-40 10 Bd 76.0 83.0 76.0 80.5 77.5 67.5 62.5 77.5 69.0 75.5 67.0 BFd 71.5 74.5 71.5 77.5 73.0 61.0 60.5 73.0 65.0 70.0 62.5

Bos: Radius Nr. 27 27 27 Bd 68.5 70.0 68.5 BFd 64.0 65.5 63.5

Bos: Ulna Nr. 26 34 27 11 12 6 27 42 27 27 19 42 LO76.5------TPA 51.5 53.0 50.5 ------KTO 44.0 - 45.0 - 66.0 ------BPC - 30.5 38.5 32.0 45.5 46.5 36.5 42.5 38.0 34.0 33.0 33.5

Bos: Pelvis Bos: Tibia Nr. 27 37-40 27 Nr. 26 27 26 9 11 12 LA 57.5 69.5 68.0 Bd 54.0 57.5 58.5 60.0 55.5 50.0 LAR 50.5 55.0 53.5 Td 36.0 43.0 43.5 39.0 38.0 35.0

Bos: Tibia Nr. 1 1 27 10 9 6 10 10 10 5 40 Bd 46.5 53.0 55.0 63.0 59.0 52.5 51.0 48.5 60.5 52.5 58.0 Td 35.5 39.5 36.5 45.5 41.0 36.5 41.0 35.0 44.0 38.5 42.5

Bos: Tibia Nr. 10 27 11 15 29 27 27 5 5 8 27 Bd 49.5 50.5 49.0 53.5 58.0 56.0 51.5 49.5 50.5 54.5 52.0 Td 38.5 36.5 35.5 37.5 38.0 41.0 39.5 34.0 39.0 39.5 36.5

Bos: Tibia Nr. 27 19 6 43 27 1 10 27 42-45 Bd 51.5 51.5 56.0 57.0 49.5 57.5 51.0 55.5 51.5 Td 36.0 35.5 40.0 40.5 35.5 42.0 37.0 42.0 38.0

Bos: Tibia Bos: Fibula Nr. 37-31 37-40 Nr. 7 9 37-40 Bp 82.0 72.0 GT 27.5 29.5 28.5 272 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Bos: Calcaneus Nr. 27 16 42 45 27 26 5 1 27 27 GL 108.0 114.5 128.5 113.5 112.5 114.5 113.5 105.0 128.5 111.5 GB 33.5 39.0 41.5 35.0 34.0 34.0 36.5 31.0 41.0 34.5

Bos: Calcaneus Nr. 5 27 27 GL 116.5 99.0 112.5 GB 34.0 34.0 40.5

Bos: Talus Nr. 8 9 12 27 13 15 6 10 40 42 10 46 GLl 59.5 61.0 62.5 59.0 55.0 58.5 58.0 54.5 55.0 58.5 59.5 59.0 GLm 54.0 56.0 56.0 53.0 51.0 53.5 54.0 51.0 51.0 53.0 54.0 55.5 Tl 31.0 34.0 35.5 32.5 31.0 31.5 31.0 31.5 31.5 32.5 34.5 33.0 Tm 27.5 33.0 34.5 32.0 30.5 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 34.0 33.5 33.0 Bd 35.0 40.5 41.0 39.5 33.0 39.0 35.0 36.5 36.5 39.5 39.0 38.5

Bos: Talus Nr. 12 12 16 9 42 8 42-46 42 10 6 10 10 GLl 56.0 54.5 58.5 62.0 57.0 - 57.0 58.5 57.5 57.5 55.5 56.5 GLm 49.5 50.0 54.5 57.5 - 54.5 51.5 53.5 53.0 53.5 56.0 49.5 Tl 31.5 30.5 32.0 34.5 32.0 33.5 33.0 31.5 32.5 33.5 30.0 31.0 Tm 30.5 31.0 31.5 35.5 32.0 32.5 31.5 32.5 31.5 31.5 29.0 30.5 Bd 35.5 34.5 36.0 39.5 37.5 40.0 36.0 38.5 34.5 36.5 34.5 37.5

Bos: Talus Nr. 10 10 9 42 6 29 37-40 4 5-6 5-10 5 46 GLl 60.5 53.5 55.5 - 54.0 61.0 65.0 58.5 58.5 58.5 57.5 54.5 GLm 56.5 51.5 50.0 55.0 57.0 56.5 59.5 53.5 52.0 53.0 52.0 48.5 Tl 34.0 30.5 31.5 33.0 - - 36.5 32.5 32.0 32.0 32.0 30.5 Tm 34.0 29.5 30.5 31.0 31.0 - 36.5 32.0 31.5 29.0 32.5 30.0 Bd 39.5 33.5 35.0 36.0 38.0 37.5 41.0 35.5 34.5 35.5 38.0 31.0

Bos: Talus Nr. 5-10 37-40 39 37-30 27 27 27 37-40 42 11 4 42 GLl 56.5 59.0 56.0 60.0 60.0 58.5 54.0 57.5 - 55.5 60.0 57.5 GLm - 53.0 51.5 54.5 55.5 53.5 48.5 52.5 50.5 51.5 55.0 50.5 Tl 30.5 32.5 31.0 33.5 33.5 32.0 30.0 32.5 32.5 32.0 33.5 33.5 Tm 30.0 30.5 51.5 32.5 33.5 32.0 30.5 31.5 31.5 30.5 32.0 32.5 Bd 34.5 36.5 38.0 40.5 36.0 37.5 33.0 34.5 35.0 37.5 37.0 41.0 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 273

Bos: Talus Nr. 27 5 27 4 6 9-10 27 19 37-40 22 27 27 GLl 56.0 59.0 57.0 56.0 59.5 60.0 60.5 57.0 59.5 55.0 56.0 58.0 GLm 51.5 53.5 57.0 52.0 54.5 54.5 56.0 53.0 54.0 51.5 51.5 51.5 Tl 31.5 33.5 31.5 30.5 32.5 33.5 33.0 32.5 - 31.5 31.5 32.5 Tm 31.5 33.5 30.5 30.5 31.5 31.5 33.5 31.5 - 31.0 32.0 34.0 Bd 34.5 37.0 34.0 34.5 34.0 39.5 35.5 35.5 37.5 35.0 38.0 38.5

Bos: Talus Nr. 27 10 20 47 37-40 27 9 9 12 6 27 GLl 58.5 58.5 58.5 59.0 56.0 57.0 55.5 58.5 59.0 56.5 59.5 GLm 52.5 54.0 52.5 55.0 50.5 52.0 50.5 54.0 54.5 50.5 54.0 Tl 32.5 32.0 32.0 35.0 32.0 31.5 30.5 33.0 - 33.5 33.0 Tm 34.5 32.5 30.5 34.5 32.0 31.0 29.0 31.5 35.0 33.0 33.0 Bd 38.5 37.5 36.5 36.0 35.0 33.0 32.5 36.0 38.5 39.0

Bos: Talus Nr. 27 12 12 12 6 42-45 9 10 6 12 16 16 GLl 59.0 59.5 60.5 59.0 60.5 60.0 61.0 56.0 54.5 57.5 57.0 55.5 GLm 53.0 54.5 55.5 52.5 54.5 55.5 55.5 51.0 49.5 51.5 52.0 - Tl 33.0 33.0 34.5 33.5 33.5 33.5 34.0 31.5 30.5 32.0 32.0 31.5 Tm 33.0 32.5 35.5 33.0 - 33.0 32.5 32.0 30.0 31.5 31.5 30.0 Bd 38.0 35.0 37.0 36.5 41.5 38.5 38.0 38.5 32.0 33.0 36.0 34.5

Bos: Talus Nr. 10 9 42-45 8 31 36 4 2-3 43 5 4 3 GLl 58.0 58.5 58.5 60.5 57.5 57.0 61.5 58.5 57.5 58.5 62.5 59.5 GLm 53.5 51.5 53.5 55.0 52.0 51.5 57.0 55.0 51.5 53.0 57.0 56.0 Tl - 33.0 32.0 33.0 32.5 32.5 35.0 33.0 32.0 32.5 35.0 32.0 Tm 31.5 - 32.0 33.5 32.5 31.0 34.5 33.0 31.5 33.5 35.5 31.5 Bd 36.5 38.0 35.5 37.5 35.5 35.5 41.0 36.5 35.5 37.5 41.5 36.5

Bos: Talus Nr. 37-40 1 35 37-31 5 15 15 8 10 8 6 10 GLl 58.0 57.5 52.0 56.5 53.5 49.5 56.5 55.5 53.5 52.0 57.0 - GLm 54.5 53.0 50.0 51.5 49.0 46.5 51.0 52.0 48.5 49.5 52.5 52.0 Tl 34.0 - 30.0 32.0 31.5 26.5 31.0 31.5 32.5 30.0 32.0 - Tm 33.5 31.5 30.0 30.5 30.5 25.5 30.0 30.5 31.0 28.5 33.0 33.5 Bd 36.5 34.0 34.5 35.0 33.0 30.5 34.5 35.0 36.0 32.4 35.5 38.5 274 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Bos: Talus Nr. 10 45 45 43 GLl 57.5 - 53.5 57.0 GLm 53.5 52.0 49.0 53.0 Tl 32.5 - 32.0 31.5 Tm - 32.0 30.5 30.0 Bd 35.0 36.5 31.5 33.0

Bos: Metacarpus Nr. 87 46 4 10 42-45 26 27 27 22 27 Bp 54.5 48.5 48.5 47.5 47.5 49.0 42.0 50.5 48.0 48.5 Tp 35.0 31.0 28.0 28.5 31.5 30.5 26.0 30.0 29.5 30.5 Sex mfffffffff

Bos: Metacarpus Nr. 11 1 27 0 42-45 6 12 26 27 42 Bd 60.5 54.5 62.5 56.5 47.5 50.5 54.5 48.0 49.0 48.5 Td 30.5 29.0 32.0 29.0 26.0 27.0 29.0 25.5 27.5 25.5 Sex cccc?ffffff

Bos: Metacarpus Nr. 10 Bd 52.5 Td 27.0 Sex f

Bos: Metatarsus Nr. 12 12 19 26 42 5 0 10 10 16 Bp 44.0 40.5 42.5 40.0 36.0 41.0 40.0 39.5 40.0 41.5 Tp 44.5 39.5 42.5 37.5 35.5 41.0 36.5 39.0 38.5 40.5 Sex ccc?fffffff

Bos: Metatarsus Nr. 6 4 26 27 27 10 Bp 41.0 36.0 38.5 41.5 39.5 41.0 Tp 38.0 37.5 37.0 39.0 41.0 38.0 Sex ffffff

Bos: Metatarsus Nr. 10* 9 6 4 27 6 8 27 5 27 Bd 60.5 49.5 45.5 44.5 47.0 48.0 48.5 44.5 47.5 45.5 Td 32.5 28.0 27.5 - 27.5 26.5 27.5 26.5 26.5 26.5 Sex cfffffffff * path. Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 275

Bos: Metatarsus Nr. 27 6 10 37-40 8 27 6 4 12 2 Bd 50.0 49.5 44.5 54.0 45.0 49.0 49.5 45.5 45.5 53.0 Td 28.5 28.0 25.5 27.0 26.5 27.5 26.0 26.0 26.5 29.5 Sex ffffffffff

Bos: Patella Nr. 46 27 45 6 6 16 37-40 10 37-40 26 10 GB 48.5 41.5 - 47.5 45.5 - 41.0 53.0 44.5 - 47.0 GL 59.0 42.0 51.5 57.0 55.5 53.0 54.0 - 54.5 53.5 -

Bos: Patella Nr. 46 42 27 36 12 6 12 GB - 45.5 46.0 - 40.5 - - GL 56.5 55.0 58.5 54.0 52.0 58.0 54.5

Bos: Centroquartale Nr. 6 91061315824627 GB 49.5 52.5 46.5 51.0 45.0 45.5 45.0 46.5 47.0 46.5

Bos: Centroquartale Nr. 426162865 3 5399 GB 46.0 46.0 47.5 46.5 45.0 49.0 49.0 42.5 49.0 48.5

Bos: Centroquartale Nr. 27 26 1 24 43 11 46 10 10 12 GB 43.0 47.5 46.5 42.5 49.5 44.5 50.0 51.0 52.5 46.5

Bos: Centroquartale Nr. 37-40 27 5 11 42 1 8 40 26 27 GB 54.5 50.5 43.5 48.5 47.5 45.5 47.5 46.0 47.0 45.5

Bos: Centroquartale Nr. 16 40 9 27 26 26 16 39 14 GB 44.0 41.5 46.0 45.0 44.5 42.0 44.0 47.5 42.0

Bos: Carpale II+III Nr. 27 27 11 9 2 43 39 37-40 42-45 27 GB 29.5 32.0 27.0 31.0 36.0 26.0 36.5 30.5 33.0 29.0

Bos: Carpale II+III Nr. 6 15 37-40 27 10 26 26 6 3 37-40 GB 36.5 33.5 33.5 31.5 29.0 29.5 31.5 28.5 36.5 28.0 276 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Bos: Carpale II+III Nr. 1 20 GB 27.5 30.0

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 5 5 40 4-5 37-31 45 42 10 10 42 GLpe 52.5 48.5 52.5 52.0 51.0 - 52.5 49.5 50.5 49.5 Bp 25.5 21.5 22.5 21.5 22.5 23.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 22.5 KD 21.0 19.5 23.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 20.0 21.5 22.5 20.5 Bd 24.5 22.0 25.0 24.5 24.5 25.0 23.0 24.0 24.0 23.0

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 27 48 8 39 6 42 10 10 40 9 GLpe 54.0 51.0 54.5 50.5 52.5 51.0 46.5 56.5 58.5 52.0 Bp 22.0 24.0 26.0 21.5 23.5 25.0 20.5 25.5 26.5 26.0 KD 19.0 21.0 24.0 19.5 - 21.5 19.0 22.5 23.5 23.0 Bd 24.0 24.0 15.0 23.5 - 22.5 20.5 26.5 25.5 25.5

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 6 27 10 27 27 10 10 28 46 4 GLpe 50.5 49.5 49.5 50.0 50.5 57.0 55.5 52.5 52.5 51.5 Bp 25.5 28.5 23.5 24.5 26.0 - 25.5 27.0 26.0 23.5 KD 23.0 23.5 20.5 20.5 22.0 21.0 20.5 23.5 22.5 20.5 Bd 25.0 28.0 23.5 23.0 25.0 25.0 22.5 24.0 24.5 23.0

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 42 9 16 10 10 43 27 10 1 8 GLpe 55.0 51.0 47.5 53.0 50.5 52.5 54.0 52.0 52.0 52.5 Bp 26.0 22.0 26.0 25.0 - 24.0 28.5 - - 27.5 KD 20.5 21.5 21.5 23.5 22.0 22.0 21.5 23.0 21.5 24.0 Bd 22.5 23.0 22.5 25.5 24.5 25.5 27.0 26.0 25.5 27.5

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 1 5 40 29 6 22 11 27 27 15 GLpe 49.5 51.0 52.0 50.0 51.0 55.0 49.0 53.5 47.5 49.0 Bp 24.5 25.5 29.0 25.0 27.0 27.5 27.0 24.5 24.0 26.0 KD 21.0 22.0 25.5 20.5 24.0 22.5 23.0 22.0 21.0 21.5 Bd 24.5 24.0 25.5 23.5 26.5 25.5 25.5 23.5 23.5 24.0

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 27 10 9 9 42 26 40 37-40 30 10 GLpe 50.5 54.5 48.5 56.0 51.5 51.0 55.0 56.0 51.5 54.5 Bp 23.5 23.0 25.0 23.5 26.5 29.5 31.5 30.5 30.5 30.5 KD 18.5 20.0 22.0 23.0 22.5 26.0 27.5 26.0 26.5 25.0 Bd 22.5 23.5 23.0 24.5 24.5 29.5 31.5 30.5 30.0 29.5 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 277

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 27 27 42-45 9 42 22 30 27 39 27 GLpe 53.5 54.5 53.5 55.0 50.5 49.0 50.0 48.0 53.0 53.5 Bp 30.0 27.0 32.0 27.0 31.5 25.0 31.0 26.0 25.0 27.5 KD 25.5 23.5 27.0 24.0 27.5 21.5 25.0 22.5 21.5 23.0 Bd 29.0 28.5 29.0 28.0 32.5 23.5 30.5 24.0 23.0 27.0

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 39 5 15 29 27 30 27 10 10 15 GLpe 52.5 48.5 54.0 50.0 50.5 52.0 55.5 55.5 48.0 50.5 Bp 24.0 24.5 27.5 23.5 26.0 21.0 27.5 24.5 22.0 22.0 KD 19.5 21.0 21.5 20.5 21.0 17.0 21.5 21.5 19.5 19.5 Bd 22.5 22.5 25.5 22.5 35.0 19.0 26.0 24.5 21.5 22.0

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 10 27 27 19 2 16 7 10 9 27 GLpe 55.5 50.0 51.5 54.5 55.5 51.5 49.0 47.5 48.5 50.5 Bp 25.0 23.0 24.5 28.5 25.0 27.0 22.0 - 23.5 28.5 KD 22.5 20.0 21.5 23.0 21.5 22.5 21.0 22.0 20.5 26.5 Bd 23.0 23.0 23.5 26.0 23.0 24.5 23.0 25.0 24.5 28.0

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 10 45 27 12 14 26 11 23 10 26 GLpe 51.5 51.5 50.5 47.5 50.5 51.5 49.5 43.5 54.5 46.5 Bp 27.5 26.5 28.0 24.5 24.5 25.5 22.0 23.5 23.5 - KD 22.5 22.5 24.0 20.5 20.5 21.5 20.0 19.5 20.0 - Bd 25.5 25.0 28.5 23.0 24.0 25.0 22.5 21.0 22.5 22.5

Bos: Phalanx 1 Nr. 5 10 9 10 35 6 48 10 GLpe 52.0 51.0 49.5 53.0 48.5 48.0 51.0 52.0 Bp 24.0 26.0 24.5 27.0 29.0 23.5 23.0 32.5 KD 21.0 21.5 20.5 22.5 22.5 21.5 19.5 26.5 Bd 26.5 24.5 23.5 26.0 28.5 24.0 22.5 29.5

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 9 10 26 10 46 8 46 2 6 10 GLpe 35.5 36.0 35.0 36.5 35.0 37.0 36.5 34.0 36.0 33.5 Bp 32.0 30.0 32.5 29.0 30.5 30.5 - 30.0 32.5 29.0 KD 25.0 23.0 23.5 22.0 22.5 25.0 22.0 22.5 26.0 23.5 Bd 27.5 26.0 25.5 22.5 25.0 27.0 26.5 23.5 30.0 26.5 278 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 27926111 27 11 6 10 26 GLpe 36.5 36.0 34.5 35.5 38.5 35.5 36.0 36.0 32.0 35.0 Bp 32.0 30.0 31.5 29.0 27.5 27.5 28.0 28.5 27.5 29.0 KD 24.0 24.5 23.0 22.5 22.0 21.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 Bd 32.0 25.0 25.5 23.0 24.0 22.0 28.0 24.5 24.0 25.0

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 10 27 26 10 48 8 27 56 10 16 GLpe 34.0 36.0 33.5 37.5 35.5 32.5 34.5 35.0 35.5 33.5 Bp 28.0 28.0 26.5 28.5 25.5 26.5 33.5 27.5 28.0 26.5 KD 22.5 22.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 21.5 21.0 21.5 22.0 20.5 Bd 23.0 23.0 21.5 27.5 20.5 23.0 22.5 18.0 - 23.0

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 9 16 6 8 42-45 46 9 10 5 27 GLpe 34.0 33.5 31.0 34.5 32.5 31.5 31.5 33.0 34.5 33.5 Bp 27.0 24.5 25.5 25.5 25.0 23.5 22.5 26.0 25.0 28.5 KD 21.0 18.0 19.5 20.0 19.0 19.5 18.5 20.0 19.5 22.5 Bd 21.0 19.0 21.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 18.5 22.0 20.5 24.0

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 5 10 12 9 43 42 22 5 2 29 GLpe 33.5 33.0 34.5 35.0 31.0 32.5 31.5 35.5 35.0 32.0 Bp 23.5 24.0 26.0 26.5 21.5 25.0 24.5 31.0 24.5 24.5 KD 18.5 18.0 21.0 21.0 18.5 19.5 19.5 26.0 18.0 19.0 Bd 20.0 19.5 - 22.0 20.5 20.5 20.5 23.5 19.5 19.0

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 10 5 27 27 19 10 10 6 39 32 GLpe 32.5 32.0 32.5 35.5 34.0 31.5 32.5 33.5 30.5 34.0 Bp 29.5 24.0 26.5 28.0 26.5 25.5 23.0 25.0 23.5 23.0 KD 23.5 19.0 20.5 21.5 19.5 19.5 18.5 20.5 19.5 18.0 Bd 25.5 19.5 22.5 22.5 20.5 21.0 18.5 22.5 20.5 19.5

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 11 22 13 45 46 42 10 9 27 9 GLpe 33.5 - 34.0 32.0 35.5 31.0 33.0 34.0 34.0 34.0 Bp 24.5 26.0 24.5 24.0 23.5 25.0 27.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 KD 18.5 20.0 18.5 18.5 18.5 20.0 20.0 19.0 19.5 18.5 Bd 20.0 22.0 20.5 19.5 19.0 20.5 23.0 19.5 20.5 20.0 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 279

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 47 27 10 27-40 3 0 5 37-40 45 6 GLpe 33.0 33.5 36.0 34.5 33.5 30.5 33.5 32.0 30.0 34.5 Bp 26.5 24.5 26.5 23.5 23.0 23.5 26.0 21.5 27.0 29.5 KD 20.0 19.5 21.5 17.0 18.5 18.5 22.0 18.5 18.5 22.0 Bd 21.5 20.5 23.0 18.5 18.5 19.0 24.5 21.5 19.0 24.0

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 11 6 8 9 27 33 27 12 42 10 GLpe 34.0 31.5 33.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 35.0 34.0 33.0 31.0 Bp 25.0 25.0 26.0 23.0 26.5 25.0 23.5 25.5 26.5 23.5 KD 20.0 19.5 20.5 19.0 20.5 18.5 20.0 20.5 20.5 18.0 Bd 20.5 22.0 20.5 20.5 21.0 19.5 20.0 22.0 23.5 18.5

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 10 4 2 47 46 47 36 43 26 27 GLpe 32.5 34.0 36.5 34.0 31.5 33.5 34.5 32.5 32.5 31.5 Bp 24.5 23.5 26.5 29.5 25.0 24.5 25.5 24.5 23.5 24.5 KD 19.0 19.0 22.0 23.0 20.0 19.0 20.5 21.0 18.5 18.5 Bd 20.0 20.0 22.0 13.5 20.5 19.5 21.0 19.5 19.5 21.0

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 19 1 10 46 9-10 6 10 27 5 37-40 GLpe 38.0 29.5 34.0 32.5 37.5 33.5 31.5 32.0 33.0 33.0 Bp 23.0 21.5 24.5 23.5 25.0 26.5 23.5 23.0 22.0 24.0 KD 18.5 17.0 19.5 17.5 21.0 19.5 18.5 18.5 17.5 19.0 Bd 18.5 21.5 20.5 19.5 21.0 20.0 20.0 20.5 18.0 21.5

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 10 48 46 4 4 5 38 5-10 5 46 GLpe 32.5 32.5 30.0 33.5 35.0 31.0 31.5 33.0 33.5 31.5 Bp 24.0 24.5 23.5 23.5 24.5 22.0 24.5 22.5 25.0 25.0 KD 20.5 19.5 18.5 18.5 19.5 18.5 19.5 18.5 18.0 20.5 Bd 21.0 20.0 19.5 19.0 21.0 18.0 20.0 18.5 20.5 20.0

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 27 46 27 10 6 37-40 10 4 10 11 GLpe 35.5 33.5 36.5 32.5 35.5 35.0 33.0 31.5 34.0 30.5 Bp 24.5 24.0 26.5 25.5 24.5 24.5 23.0 21.5 24.0 24.0 KD 19.0 21.0 21.5 21.0 21.5 18.5 21.0 17.5 18.5 18.5 Bd 20.0 20.5 22.5 21.0 20.0 19.0 23.0 18 19.5 20.5 280 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 25 36 9 22 5 97 43 42-46 40 10 GLpe 35.5 32.0 32.0 34.0 33.0 30.0 29.5 29.5 32.5 33.5 Bp 26.0 23.5 26.0 23.5 24.5 26.0 22.0 22.0 24.0 23.5 KD 21.5 19.5 21.5 19.0 19.5 21.0 18.5 16.0 19.0 19.5 Bd 21.0 19.5 22.5 19.0 20.0 23.0 19.0 18.0 19.5 20.0

Bos: Phalanx 2 Nr. 5 37-40 6 37-40 GLpe 32.5 33.0 35.0 32.0 Bp 23.0 22.0 25.0 24.0 KD 18.0 17.0 20.0 18.0 Bd 19.5 19.0 - 19.05

Bos: Phalanx 3 Nr. 9 42 27 26 26 36 10 27 23 10 DLS 62.5 - 60.0 57.5 66.5 65.5 66.5 - 60.0 63.5 LD 43.5 55.0 48.5 45.5 49.5 48.5 50.5 - 46.0 47.5 MBS 18.5 23.0 18.0 18.0 20.5 18.0 21.0 20.0 19.5 22.5

Bos: Phalanx 3 Nr. 6 10 4 26 5 5 12 12 26 37-40 DLS 65.5 51.0 65.5 - 57.5 66.0 57.0 60.0 52.5 58.5 LD 49.0 40.5 47.5 - 45.5 49.5 42.5 48.5 18.5 45.0 MBS 21.0 18.5 22.5 18.5 21.0 21.0 18.5 20.0 40.5 17.0

Bos: Phalanx 3 Nr. 25 26 42 16 12 27 10 6 5 6 DLS 62.0 70.0 71.0 72.5 67.5 55.5 49.0 73.0 64.0 72.0 LD 47.0 52.5 21.5 57.5 51.5 44.5 37.5 54.0 50.5 53.0 MBS 21.5 25.0 54.0 26.5 20.5 19.0 16.5 22.5 22.5 26.5

Bos: Phalanx 3 Nr. 39 6 20 26 33 10 10 27 37-40 37-40 DLS 72.5 58.5 60.5 56.5 55.0 59.5 55.5 75.0 50.0 63.0 LD 53.0 46.0 49.5 43.5 44.0 46.0 44.0 55.0 38.0 49.5 MBS 26.5 20.0 19.5 19.0 19.5 17.5 20.5 23.0 18.5 20.5

Bos: Phalanx 3 Nr. 27 10 40 42 42 10 27 22 27 19 DLS 79.0 56.5 70.5 66.5 69.5 72.5 76.0 68.5 64.0 59.0 LD 55.0 45.0 54.5 49.5 54.0 54.5 56.5 51.0 48.5 43.5 MBS 24.0 16.5 24.0 24.5 22.5 22.5 25.5 20.0 18.5 22.0 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 281

Bos: Phalanx 3 Nr. 46 26 27 40 26 11 15 23 26 26 DLS 63.5 50.0 69.5 54.5 65.0 63.5 60.0 58.0 66.0 59.5 LD 43.0 44.0 52.5 40.5 45.5 52.5 47.5 45.0 48.0 46.5 MBS 19.5 17.5 22.5 17.0 20.5 23.5 45.0 17.5 21.0 20.5

Bos:: Phalanx 3 Nr. 45 27 16 27 46 37-40 7 26 40 26 DLS 58.5 63.5 50.0 58.5 58.5 57.0 53.0 56.5 57.0 55.5 LD 44.5 48.5 42.0 41.5 43.5 46.0 42.5 43.5 45.5 46.0 MBS 19.5 20.5 16.0 18.5 17.5 18.5 19.5 16.5 19.0 18.0

Bos: Phalanx 3 Nr. 37-40 43 4 23 37-40 15 DLS 62.5 50.5 50.5 53.5 48.0 49.5 LD 42.0 41.5 41.0 39.0 38.5 40.5 MBS 19.5 19.5 18.0 17.5 14.0 18.5

Ovis/Capra

Ovis/Capra: Mandibula Nr. 24 4 23 10 6 5 6 6 30 27 11 Length of M3 25.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.0 24.5 25.0 22.0 22.0 20.5 23.0 Breadth of M3 9.0 8.0 7.5 8.5 8.5 9.0 9.0 8.0 8.0 8.5 8.5 Wear stage 0 0 0 + + + + + + + ++

Ovis/Capra: Mandibula Nr. 6 34 6 10 10 10 15 2 11 Length of M3 23.5 21.5 22.5 20.5 21.0 22.5 20.0 20.5 24.0 Breadth of M3 9.0 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.5 8.5 8.5 11.5 9.5 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ +++

Ovis/Capra: Mandibula Nr. 15 6 Length of M3 19.0 16.5 Breadth of M3 6.0 6.5 Wear stage + ++

Ovis/Capra: Humerus Nr. 10 10 10 6 39 10 43 Bp 31.0 29.5 29.5 30.0 28.5 27.5 33.0 282 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Ovis/Capra: Radius Ovis/Capra: Tibia Nr. 19 42 Nr. 42 5 Bp 32.0 25.5 Bp 43.5 42.0 BFp 31.0 21.0

Ovis/Capra: Tibia Nr. 10 26 6 42 24 47 26 26 6 32 Bd 25.5 15.5 29.5 26.5 22.5 22.5 23.5 25.0 26.5 22.0

Ovis/Capra: Tibia Nr. 19 27 27 48 27 42 5 24 6 37-40 Bd 25.5 24.5 25.5 28.0 26.5 26.0 28.0 25.0 29.0 28.0

Ovis/Capra: Talus Nr. 34 GLl 28.0 25.5 GLm 27.0 24.0 Tl 16.0 14.0 Tm 15.5 15.5 Bd 18.0 17.0

Ovis

Ovis: Humerus Nr. 2 6 27 27 45 4 27 10 5 27 40 Bp 30.0 28.5 32.5 34.0 32.0 29.5 31.0 35.5 32.5 32.5 30.5

Ovis: Humerus Nr. 27 31 6 4 26 27 1 10 11 46 Bp 29.5 32.5 27.5 27.5 25.5 30.0 32.0 30.5 28.5 33.0

Ovis: Radius Nr. 31 42 4 27 33 6 5 2-3 11 27 Bp 32.5 30.5 31.0 24.5 29.5 31.5 35.0 30.5 26.0 24.5 BFp 31.0 29.5 30.5 24.0 28.5 29.0 32.0 28.5 25.0 24.5

Ovis: Radius Nr. 40 10 Bd 27.5 28.5 BFd 24.5 25.0 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 283

Ovis: Scapula Ovis: Femur Nr. 27 27 Nr. 5 5275 KLC 19.5 20.5 Bd 36.5 37.0 35.0 34.5 GLP 32.0 31.5 LG 26.0 26.5 Ovis: Pelvis 42 27 10 37-40 BG 21.5 21.5 LAR 28.5 28.0 29.5 24.0

Ovis: Metacarpus Ovis: Metatarsus Nr. 30 5 Nr. 6 3 27 10 Bp 20.5 24.0 Bp 17.5 18.5 20.5 20.5

Ovis: Metatarsus Ovis: Calcaneus Nr. 8275 Nr. 45 27 Bd 20.5 25.0 25.0 GL 58.0 63.0 Td 10.5 12.5 13.5 GB 19.5 20.5

Ovis: Talus Nr. 27 5 6 5-6 2 42-45 10 5 46 19 10 GLl 29.0 32.5 29.5 29.5 32.0 32.0 30.5 30.0 32.0 29.5 30.5 GLm 27.5 30.5 28.5 27.5 30.5 29.0 28.5 28.5 30.0 28.0 29.5 Tl 16.5 17.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 17.0 17.0 17.5 - 16.5 16.5 Tm 17.0 18.0 18.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.0 17.0 - 17.5 18.0 Bd 19.0 20.5 18.0 19.5 20.5 20.0 20.5 18.5 20.0 19.5 19.5

Ovis: Talus Nr. 5 0 10 45 10 4 37-31 42 10 26 42 GLl 29.5 34.0 30.5 27.5 30.5 29.0 26.0 29.0 27.5 26.0 34.0 GLm 27.0 31.5 29.0 27.0 28.5 27.0 27.0 27.0 27.0 24.5 33.0 Tl 16.5 18.5 17.0 15.5 16.5 16.0 15.5 - 15.5 14.5 19.5 Tm 17.5 20.5 18.0 16.5 16.5 17.0 16.5 17.5 17.5 16.5 20.5 Bd 19.5 23.5 20.0 18.0 19.0 19.5 18.0 17.5 18.0 - 22.5

Ovis: Phalanx 1 Ovis: Phalanx 2 Nr. 27 10 10 46 19 Nr. 43 10 GLpe 35.5 43.5 37.0 37.5 37.5 GL 27.0 23.0 Bp 11.5 13.5 13.0 13.0 12.5 Bp 11.0 10.0 KD 8.5 11.0 10.0 10.5 10.0 KD 8.0 7.0 Bd 10.5 11.5 11.5 12.0 12.0 Bd 9.0 8.5 284 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Capra

Capra: Humerus Capra: Radius Capra: Radius Nr. 19 6 Nr. 5-6 10 Nr. 42 5 Bp 30.0 31.5 Bp 34.5 38.0 TD 11.5 - BFp 33.0 35.5 Bd 27.5 27.5

Capra: Talus Capra: Metacarpus Nr. 11 Nr. 11 42 5 GLl 32.0 GL 117.5 - - GLm 29.0 Bp 24.0 - - Tl 16.5 KD 16.0 - - Tm 17.0 TD 11.0 11.5 - Bd 21.0 Bd 28.5 27.5 27.5

Sus

Sus: Mandibula Nr. 45 45 6 42 5 26 15 25 26 43 5 Length of M3 32.0 29.0 33.5 28.0 27.5 29.0 31.5 32.0 33.5 31.5 31.5 Breadth of M3 18.5 16.0 19.5 17.5 17.0 17.0 18.0 19.5 18.5 18.5 19.5 Wear stage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + +

Sus: Mandibula Nr. 12531034661611 26 39 Length of M3 29.0 32.0 34.0 32.5 27.0 27.0 29.5 28.0 31.0 29.5 27.0 Breadth of M3 17.5 19.5 19.5 18.5 17.0 17.5 17.5 16.5 17.5 16.0 17.0 Wear stage + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

Sus: Mandibula Nr. 17 10 16 6 Length of M3 31.5 29.5 33.5 31.5 Breadth of M3 21.0 17.5 20.0 19.5 Wear stage ++ ++ ++ +++

Sus: Mandibula Nr. 5 5 42 20 42 40 10 25 37-40 29 1 Length of M3 31.0 33.0 33.5 32.5 33.5 32.5 30.0 30.0 35.5 32.5 34.0 Breadth of M3 15.0 18.0 15.5 15.5 16.0 15.0 15.0 15.5 15.0 15.0 15.5 Wear stage000000000++ Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 285

Sus: Mandibula Nr. 37-40 25 20 48 1 27 10 3 10 Length of M3 32.0 28.5 31.5 34.0 32.5 33.0 29.0 33.0 34.5 Breadth of M3 15.5 15.5 14.5 15.5 16.5 16.0 15.5 16.0 15.0 Wear stage + + + + + + + ++ ++

Sus: Humerus Nr. 12702611 810081011 Bd 36.0 36.5 42.0 38.5 - 33.5 31.5 38.5 37.0 34.0 38.5 BT 28.5 31.5 33.5 30.0 28.5 26.5 26.5 31.0 30.0 26.5 31.5

Sus: Humerus Nr. 0 8 27 9 27 5 36 46 26 24 Bd 36.5 36.0 37.0 35.0 38.5 35.0 34.5 37.5 37.5 39.5 BT 31.0 31.0 22.0 28.0 31.0 29.0 28.5 30.0 32.5 31.0

Sus: Scarpula Nr. 9 42 26 27 10 27 47 5 12 31 KLC 20.5 22.0 18.5 21.5 20.5 21.0 - - - 20.0 GLP 30.5 35.0 30.5 31.5 34.5 31.0 33.5 30.5 31.5 30.5 LG 26.5 29.5 25.5 25.5 29.0 24.5 28.5 25.5 26.0 26.0 BG 21.0 26.0 20.0 24.5 24.5 22.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 21.5

Sus: Scarpula Nr. 4 8 37-40 15 37-40 27 10 26 27 37-40 KLC 19.5 23.0 21.5 20.5 21.5 20.0 21.5 20.0 19.5 23.0 GLP 30.0 36.0 24.5 32.5 34.0 31.5 30.5 32.5 30.5 31.5 LG 27.0 32.5 30.5 28.5 29.5 26.5 26.5 28.0 26.5 28.0 BG 21.0 24.5 24.0 21.0 23.5 22.5 - 23.5 23.0 23.5

Sus: Scarpula Nr. 42 45 37-31 26 27 KLC - 23.5 - 20.5 21.5 GLP 30.5 33.5 34.5 30.5 34.5 LG 26.5 29.0 29.5 24.5 28.5 BG - 23.0 23.5 23.5 23.0

Sus: Radius Nr. 1 3 5 5 27 23 9 42 8 7 5 24 42 Bp 26.0 27.5 28.0 29.0 28.5 29.0 29.0 27.5 25.5 29.5 30.5 24.5 26.5 286 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Sus: Tibia Nr. 37 34 6 6 10 6 12 40 9 Bd 29.0 28.0 28.0 30.5 28.5 29.5 30.0 27.5 29.0

Sus: Pelvis Nr. 42 37-40 42 37 10 5 27 6 5 25 16 27 43 LA 32.5 30.5 32.5 31.0 26.5 32.5 27.5 27.0 29.5 30.0 33.5 33.0 31.5

Sus: Talus Nr. 5-16 6 26 47-45 6 27 10 39 24 GLl 39.0 40.5 34.5 41.5 42.0 40.5 38.5 41.5 39.5 GLm 37.0 36.5 34.0 39.0 38.5 37.5 36.0 38.5 36.5

Sus: Metatarsus III Sus: Metatarsus IV Nr. 33 6 16 42 23 Nr. 27 33 Bp 16.0 13.5 13.0 13.0 16.0 Bp 14.5 14.5

Sus: Phalanx 1 Nr. 45 10 27 4-5 11 GLpe 34.5 35.0 38.0 38.0 32.5 Bp 13.5 15.5 17.0 16.0 16.0 KD 10.5 11.5 13.5 13.5 12.5 Bd 13.0 14.0 15.5 15.0 14.5

Sus: Phalanx 2 Nr. 1 5-6 6 6 10 5 6 GL 22.5 21.0 23.0 24.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 Bp 15.0 16.0 15.5 16.5 15.5 15.5 15.0 KD 12.0 13.0 13.0 14.0 13.5 12.5 12.0 Bd 12.5 14.0 13.0 14.0 14.5 15.5 13.5

Sus: Phalanx 3 Nr. 5 6 22 DLS 29.5 30.0 26.5 MBS 11.5 11.5 9.0 Saliari et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 287

Equus

Equus: Phalanx 1 Equus: Carpale III Nr. 27 8 Nr. 9 GL 79.0 76.0 GB 40.5 Bp 53.0 - BFp 49.5 - Tp 39.0 33.5 KD 35.0 31.0 Bd 46.5 42.0 BFd 42.5 40.0

Canis

Canis: Maxilla Canis: Maxilla Canis: Maxilla Nr. 8 Nr. 3 Nr. 5 Length of M1 13.0 Length of M2 8.0 Length of P4 19.0 Breadth of M1 15.0 Breadth of M2 12.0 Breadth of P4 10.0

Canis: Mandibula Nr. 29 27 5 Length of the molar row (alv.) 38.5 41.5 - Length of the carnassial 21.5 24.0 22.5 Breadth of the carnassial 8.5 10.5 9.0 Length of the carnassial alv. 19.5 24.5 23.0 Length of M2 9.5 11.0 9.5 Breadth of M2 7.5 6.5 7.0 Length of M3 --- Breadth of M3 --- Gratest thickness of teh body of jaw 12.0 12.5 11.5 Height of the vertical ramus 52.5 - - Height of the mandible behind M1 24.0 - -

Canis: Metacarpus IV Canis: Metacarpus V Nr. 40 Nr. 36 GL 56.5 GL 51.5 Bd 7.5 Bd 9.0 288 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118

Cervus elaphus

Cervus: Mandibula Nr. 20 Length of M3 31.5 Breadth of M3 14.5 Abreibung +

Capreolus capreolus

Capreolus: Phalanx 1 Nr. 6 GLpe 42.0 Bp 11.0 KD 7.5 Bd 9.0

Alces alces

Alces: Talus Nr. 6 GLl 76.0 GLm 70.5 Tl 42.5 Tm 43.5 Bd 48.5

Gallus

Gallus: Tarsometatarsus Nr. 15 29 5 Bp 12.5 11.5 - Bd - - 11.5