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Archaeozoological Investigation of the La Tène A-C1 Salt-Mining Complex and the Surrounding Graves of Putzenkopf Nord (Bad Dürrnberg, Austria)

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Archaeozoological Investigation of the La Tène A-C1 Salt-Mining Complex and the Surrounding Graves of Putzenkopf Nord (Bad Dürrnberg, Austria) Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, Serie A 118 245–288 Wien, 15 Jan. 2016 Archaeozoological investigation of the La Tène A-C1 salt-mining complex and the surrounding graves of Putzenkopf Nord (Bad Dürrnberg, Austria) Konstantina SALIARI1, 2, Erich PUCHER1 & Matthias KUCERA3 (With 10 figures and 7 tables) Manuscript submitted on May 27th 2015, the revised manuscript on October 23th 2015. Abstract The present study investigates the faunal material from Putzenkopf Nord at Bad Dürrnberg (Austria). Animal remains, dated to the La Tène A-C1 period, were retrieved from the settle- ment and the surrounding graves. A total of 12,573 bones have been identified and analyzed for the present study, demonstrating that the faunal composition fits well to previous samples from Dürrnberg (Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Putzenfeld, and Putzenkopf). The analysis of domesticated specimens indicates that cattle are by far the prevalent species. The majority of finds belong to adult individuals, suggesting that they were mainly introduced in the complex after their exploita- tion for products by the farmers, in the vicinity of Dürrnberg. The examination of the wild fauna exhibits that game contributed minimally to the bone deposits. The comparative study conducted for the mixed material of the graves indicates some significant differences in comparsion to the domestic refuse assemblages: the grave goods were principally long bones of cattle and pig, and a relatively high percentage of animals was slightly younger. Another very interesting aspect is the existence of bone artifacts with polished surfaces or engrav- ings. These findings provide valuable information for the interpretation of daily activities. Within this frame the comparative study among the assemblages excavated at Dürrnberg and other Celtic sites has provided additional knowledge. Keywords: Dürrnberg, Putzenkopf Nord, La Tène A-C1, animal bones Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt 12.573 Tierknochenfunde aus den Grabungen im Bereich Putz- enkopf Nord auf dem Dürrnberg bei Hallein (Salzburg, Österreich). Das Material wird den Phasen 1 Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, 1. Zoologische Abteilung, Archäozoologie, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 Vienna Institute for Archaeological Science (VIAS), Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, 1190 Vienna, Austria. 3 Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology, Hohe Warte 38, 1190 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: [email protected] 246 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118 La Tène A-C1 zugeordnet. In vieler Hinsicht ähneln die Ergebnisse den bereits vorgelegten Ana- lysen der Fundkomplexe vom Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Putzenfeld, und Putzenkopf. Nach der Fundzahl dominieren mit Abstand Hausrinder vor Schweinen und kleinen Hauswiederkäuern. Die Siedlungsbefunde deuten auf die Verwertung adulter, schlachtreifer Tiere hin, die von den Bauern der Umgebung geliefert wurden, und besonders im Falle der Rinder, auch auf ausgeprägte Sekundärnutzung. Die Jagd spielte eine minimale Rolle. Die Analyse des Materials aus den Gräbern zeigt Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Verteilung der Elemente (mehr fleischreiche Regionen) und die Altersstruktur (höheres Prozent der jungen Tiere). Einen anderen interessanten Aspekt liefert die Untersuchung der Knochen mit Bearbei- tungsspuren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit liefern wir vergleichende Studien mit anderen Fundstellen weiterführende Informationen über das tägliche Leben. Stichwörter: Dürrnberg, Putzenkopf Nord, La Tène A-C1, Tierknochenfunde Introduction Putzenkopf Nord is part of the famous archaeological site Bad Dürrnberg, which is located near the town of Hallein, south of Salzburg at an altitude of 700 m from the sea level (Austria) and close to the Bavarian border. The occurrence of the ancient salt-min- ing complex and the excellent preservation of the archaeological and biological findings make Dürrnberg one of the most significant sites of the European Iron Age (STÖLLNER 2003). For the sake of a more efficient study, the site has been divided into various local- ities (Ramsautal, Ramsaukopf, Simonbauerfeld, and Putzenkopf), including Putzenkopf Nord (Fig. 1). Previous archaeozoological analyses have proven that the inhabitants of Dürrnberg were not a typical example of a peasant society (PUCHER 1999; STÖLLNER 2002: 77–94; MOSER 2010). The analysis of the animal remains has contributed to the interpretation and reconstruction of the socioeconomic background of the site. The results of the first large assemblage from Ramsautal showed a clear prevalence of cattle (78.4 % according to NISP data) followed, in a significantly less percentage, by sheep/goats (8.5 %) and pigs (11.5 %). Wild animals, such as the brown bear, wild boar, beaver, and elk, contrib- uted minimally to the bone assemblages; however, the wide variety of wild fauna should be understood not only as part of the ecological spectrum, but also as an indicator of the cultural significance of these animals in the Celtic tradition. The obvious, extreme dominance of cattle was the first sign of the uniqueness of the site; this is because research that has already been conducted at other La Tène settlements has demonstrated a very particular socioeconomic character and organization (PUCHER 1998: 56–67; PUCHER 2006: 197–220). The dwellers of Dürrnberg had a different way of life that was determined by salt mining. The non-agricultural character of Dürrnberg society is additionally supported by the scarcity of young individuals of any animal species. Nevertheless, no specialized meat production is indicated, as has been observed in the previous Bronze Age Hallstatt (Hallstatt culture A and B). The data more strongly indi- cate a compromise among the mining workers and the peasants; this compromise was SALIARI et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 247 Fig. 1. Location of Putzenkopf Nord, modified fromS MITZBERGER (2012: fig. 1). regulated not only by human needs and economic development, but also by the laws of nature, as will be further argued in this paper. Thus, it seems that the peasants had first exploited the secondary products of cattle and sheep/goats (milk, cheese, meat) and used them as labor animals before they were sent to Dürrnberg (PUCHER 1999). Additionally, the high number of animal bones offered the opportunity to study the shape and size of the animals (PUCHER 1999); concerning cattle, the form of the cranium indi- cated relatively small and fragile individuals in comparison to the type that is known 248 Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, Serie A, 118 today (Fleckvieh and Pinzgauer; PUCHER 1999). For the withers height assessment we should take into consideration the fact that the majority of the samples belonged to female specimens, thus affecting the final estimation. Therefore, the mean withers height in the local Celtic animals has been estimated at around 105–107 cm. Sheep present a mean withers height of 66 cm (PUCHER 1999). The data for pigs show that they belonged to one of the tallest breeds of the period with a mean withers height of 75 cm. The horses were only around 126 cm tall, and the dogs 59 cm (PUCHER 1999). The results of the first investigation of the faunal remains were confirmed by more mate- rial that was excavated and studied during the following years (PUCHER 2002; SCHMITZ­ BERGER 2012; ABD EL KAREM 2009, 2012a, 2012b). All these bone assemblages pro- duced a relatively homogenous picture of the Dürrnberg samples (Tab. 1). The aim of the present paper is to investigate the material from Putzenkopf Nord, in order to add further information regarding the animals found at the site of Dürrnberg and to detect possible similarities or changes and local alterations concerning the taxa and their profile as known by the research already conducted. Material and Methods In the present study, a total number of 12,573 bones were identified and analyzed. The material derives from the archaeological site Putzenkopf Nord, which is slightly north of the site Putzenkopf that was analyzed in an earlier contribution by Schmitzberger (2012). The identification and study of species was carried out via comparison with the reference collections of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna (1st Zoological Depart- ment, Archaeozoology). The bone material studied was excavated from 1990 to 1994 by K. Zeller and is stored at the Museum of Natural History in Vienna (Archaeozoology) under the designation A 2006–5. In total, 9,820 animal remains dating to the La Tène A-C1 periods were retrieved from the settlement of Putzenkopf Nord and 2,753 remains from bone assemblages attributed to graves corresponding to people from Dürrnberg and not only from Putzenkopf Nord. It should also be mentioned that the grave material was heavily mixed with settlement waste. The material was in a relatively good state of preservation, although post-depositional Table 1. Estimated withers height of the domesticated taxa (PUCHER 1999). Animals Withers height (mean value) Observations cattle 105–107 cm relatively small and fragile individuals sheep 66 cm common in the north Alpine region. Exceptionally some bigger individuals have been recorded. pigs 75 cm one of the tallest breeds horses 126 cm common in La Tène period dogs 59 cm comparably tall SALIARI et al.: Animal remains from the La Tène Period at Dürrnberg near Hallein 249 fractures occurred during the excavation and cleaning. Gnawing marks, mainly from carnivores, were observed on a small number of bones. A relatively low percentage of mammals were not identified, due to the small size of the fragments and the lack of char- acteristic anatomical details. No sieving or flotation was used. The number of identified specimens (NISP) and minimum number of individuals (MNI) are mainly applied for presenting quantitative data analysis. The age profile is based on the state of fusion of the epiphyses, the dental eruption and wear stages (Pd4, M3) according to HABERMEHL’s criteria (HABERMEHL 1975). We have addressed sex ratio utilizing metri- cal methods and morphological observations on horn cores, teeth, pelves and metapodials of adult body size.
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