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The Dürrnberg Salt Metropolis: Catalyst of Communication and 393 Complexity in La Tène Central Europe Holger Wendling

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The Dürrnberg Salt Metropolis: Catalyst of Communication and 393 Complexity in La Tène Central Europe Holger Wendling CROSSING THE ALPS EARLY URBANISM BETWEEN NORTHERN ITALY AND CENTRAL EUROPE (900-400 BC) This is a free offprint – as with all our publications the entire book is freely accessible on our website, and is available in print or as PDF e-book. www.sidestone.com CROSSING THE ALPS EARLY URBANISM BETWEEN NORTHERN ITALY AND CENTRAL EUROPE (900-400 BC) Edited by Lorenzo Zamboni, Manuel Fernández-Götz & Carola Metzner-Nebelsick This is a free offprint – as with all our publications the entire book is freely accessible on our website, and is available in print or as PDF e-book. www.sidestone.com © 2020 Individual authors Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Cover image: LandesamtfürDenkmalpflegeimRegierungsprӓsidiumStuttgart;FaberCourtial Section images: Karsten Wentink Backcoverimage:MuseoDeltaAnticoComacchio;InkLink ISBN 978-90-8890-961-0 (softcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-962-7 (hardcover) ISBN978-90-8890-963-4(PDFe-book) Contents PART 1: URBAN ORIGINS AND TRAJECTORIES ACROSS THE ALPS 1. Early Urbanism South and North of the Alps: An Introduction 11 Lorenzo Zamboni, Manuel Fernández-Götz & Carola Metzner-Nebelsick 2. Aspects of Urbanism in Later Bronze Age Northern Italy 19 Mark Pearce 3. Urbanisation and Deurbanisation in the European Iron Age: 27 Definitions, Debates, and Cycles Manuel Fernández-Götz 4. From Genoa to Günzburg. New Trajectories of Urbanisation 43 and Acculturation between the Mediterranean and South-Central Europe Louis Nebelsick & Carola Metzner-Nebelsick PART 2: EARLY URBANISATION PROCESSES IN NORTHERN ITALY 5. Verucchio: The Iron Age Settlement 71 Paolo Rondini & Lorenzo Zamboni 6. Archaeology of Early Felsina. The Birth of a Villanovan City 91 Jacopo Ortalli 7. Spheres of Consumption of Metalwork and Trans-regional 109 Interactions at the Onset of the Urban Phenomenon in Northern Italy Cristiano Iaia 8. Urbanism and Architecture in the Etruscan City of 123 Kainua-Marzabotto: New Perspectives Elisabetta Govi, Chiara Pizzirani & Andrea Gaucci 9. Relationships between City and Necropolis in Northeast Italy 137 Giovanna Gambacurta 10. The Proto-urban Phenomenon in Veneto: A Review of the 153 Population Dynamics of the Settlement of Oppeano (Verona) Massimo Saracino & Alessandro Guidi 11. Coazze near Gazzo Veronese, on the Fringes of Veneto and 171 Etruria Padana, NE Italy Alessandro Vanzetti, Matteo Bertoldo, Francesca Di Maria, Dario Monti, Luciano Salzani & Fabio Saccoccio 12. The Etruscan Settlement of Adria (Italy, Rovigo): New Data 193 from the Excavations in Via Ex Riformati (2015-2016) Simonetta Bonomi, Maria Cristina Vallicelli & Claudio Balista 13. Exploring Spina: Urbanism, Architecture, and Material Culture 207 Aleksandra Mistireki & Lorenzo Zamboni 14. The Hidden City: Reconstructing the Urban Structure of the 227 Etruscan Harbour of Forcello di Bagnolo San Vito through Excavations and Non-invasive Methods Rainer Komp, Tommaso Quirino & Marta Rapi 15. The Early Iron Age Protourbanisation along the Ticino River 243 and around Como Raffaele Carlo de Marinis & Stefania Casini 16. The First Results of Geophysical Prospections Using the ADC 257 Method on the Proto-urban Settlement Site of Como, Spina Verde Fabian Welc, Louis Nebelsick, Carola Metzner-Nebelsick, Ines Balzer, Alessandro Vanzetti & Barbara Grassi 17. Bergamo and Parre during the Iron Age: Early 275 Urbanism and the Alpine World Raffaella Poggiani Keller & Paolo Rondini PART 3: EARLY URBANISATION PROCESSES IN CENTRAL EUROPE 18. Earliest Town North of the Alps. New Excavations and 299 Research in the Heuneburg Region Dirk Krausse, Leif Hansen & Roberto Tarpini 19. Centralisation Processes at the Fürstensitz (Princely Seat) 319 on Mount Ipf in the Nördlinger Ries, Southern Germany Rüdiger Krause 20. Early Urbanism and the Relationship between Northern Italy 333 and Bohemia in the Early Iron Age Miloslav Chytráček 21. Vix: The Temptation of the City 349 Bruno Chaume 22. Bourges-Avaricum: A Western Example of a Princely Complex 361 of c. 500 BC in Central France Ian Ralston 23. The Early Iron Age Central Place at Most na Soči (NW Slovenia) 377 Snežana Tecco Hvala 24. The Dürrnberg Salt Metropolis: Catalyst of Communication and 393 Complexity in La Tène Central Europe Holger Wendling PART 4: CONCLUDING THOUGHTS AND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES 25. The Mediterranean at the Periphery of Urban Origins 419 Corinna Riva 26. Untold Riches of the Urban Form Central to the Pre-Roman 427 European Experience Simon Stoddart Chapter 24 The Dürrnberg Salt Metropolis: Catalyst of Communication and Complexity in La Tène Central Europe Holger Wendling The Eastern Alps have always been less of a separating barrier than a connecting communication space, which since the Neolithic has enabled a multitude of cultural contacts and impulses. Since the Bronze Age, when the mining, distribution and use of metals contributed considerably to social differentiation, the traces of supra-regional contacts in the area around the Salzach River and valley network have noticeably increased. In this context, the exploitation of local mineral resources -copper and salt- is of fundamental importance. It led to the formation of Bronze and Iron Age “special economic zones” in the Mitterberg area and on Dürrnberg near Hallein. There, in a supra-regionally important economic hub, an industrial site developed from 600 BC, which differed considerably from previous and simultaneous patterns in the region in terms of social and economic organisation, and settlement structure. Whether settlement complexity of this important “salt metropolis” reveals urban patterns, however, is the subject of recent analysis and discourse. Keywords: Late Hallstatt; La Tène; Settlement structure; Burial; Salt mining; Social differentiation; Crafts; Trade; Communication; Complexity; Urbanisation. 24.1 The Salzach region – Corridor of Communication Ancient traffic routes characterise the Greater Salzburg Area, the course of which has made the region an important communications corridor from prehistory until today (Wendling 2018a, 103‑119). The distinctive element is the Salzach River, which flows from the Inneralpen eastwards along the High Tauern Mountains and finally winds northwards in a significant bend. Here it dominates a wide valley, which sometimes narrows into a small passage which can be easily controlled. A supra‑regional perspective illustrates the ideal traffic‑geographical situation at the intersection of important communication routes: the later Roman road network, which perpetuates older Iron Age routes, shows the connections to the west along the foot of the mountain and the north‑south routes Holger Wendling linked to the rivers (Sommer 2016) (fig. 24.1). To the north, the Salzach Valley opens into Salzburg Museum & the relatively flat Alpine foothills. The Salzach finally drains, after the Saalach flows Keltenmuseum Hallein – from the west, into the Inn and thereby ultimately connects to the Danube. In the south, Dürrnbergforschung, the valleys of the tributaries depart from the Salzach Valley in almost exact north‑south Austria, Holger.wendling@ direction and lead to the Tauern passes. These finally allow a relatively unproblematic salzburgmuseum.at access to Carinthia and Tyrol and beyond to northern Italy and to the Caput Adriae. in: L. Zamboni, M. Fernández‑Götz & C. Metzner‑Nebelsick (eds) 2020: Crossing the Alps. Early Urbanism between Northern Italy and Central Europe (900-400 BC), Leiden: Sidestone Press, pp. 393‑416. 393 Figure 24.1. Map of today’s Bundesland Salzburg, the Salzach Valley region and Hallstatt period sites (H. Wendling, map base: S. Müller, Barcelona). In addition to the excellent topographical situation, a the Early La Tène period. This intensification is certainly diversity of mineral resources played a fundamental role related to the second outstanding source of raw in the development and supra‑regional communication materials, salt, which was obtained in the nearby, but of the Salzach area, at least since the Early Bronze Age structurally very different, centres of Hallstatt and (Stöllner 2011; Stöllner et al. 2012; Wendling 2018a, 33‑43). Dürrnberg (Stöllner 2002a; 2002b; 2007). The mining on In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, copper mining the left side of the Salzach and the shipping of the vital started in the Mitterberg region, where two main economic resource led to exorbitant wealth and a focal position factors ‑the supra‑regional trade and the exploitation of in an ancient ‘global network’. In connection with the resources‑ are clearly symbolised in the well‑known Pass excellent traffic conditions offered by topography, salt Lueg deposit (ibid. 72‑76; Lippert 2011). The hoard, which and trade became driving forces in the development was laid down at an important bottleneck of the Salzach of the Dürrnberg from a ‘special economic zone’ to a Valley, contains the crested helmet and a bronze axe as proper ‘salt metropolis’. signs of economic and political power, and in addition pickaxes and some copper ingots as symbols for the 24.2 Assessing settlement complexity mining of ores and the access and control of resources. The evaluation of prehistoric settlement complexity At the beginning of the Iron Age, in Hallstatt C, a has been a defiant task in archaeology, especially in the further intensification of contacts with the south can be broad field of pre‑Roman, i.e. Iron Age societies in Europe observed, which finally culminates during Hallstatt D and (e.g. Collis 2014). Within the framework of ancient
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