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CONTESTED SPACES in LONDON: EXHIBITIONARY REPRESENTATIONS of INDIA, C University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2012 CONTESTED SPACES IN LONDON: EXHIBITIONARY REPRESENTATIONS OF INDIA, c. 1886-1951 Alayna Heinonen University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Heinonen, Alayna, "CONTESTED SPACES IN LONDON: EXHIBITIONARY REPRESENTATIONS OF INDIA, c. 1886-1951" (2012). Theses and Dissertations--History. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/1 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained and attached hereto needed written permission statements(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine). I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless a preapproved embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s dissertation including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Alayna Heinonen, Student Dr. Phil Harling, Major Professor Dr. David Hamilton, Director of Graduate Studies CONTESTED SPACES IN LONDON: EXHIBITIONARY REPRESENTATIONS OF INDIA, c. 1886-1951 DISSERTATION A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Alayna Heinonen Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Phil Harling, Professor of History Lexington, Kentucky 2012 Copyright © Alayna Heinonen 2012 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION CONTESTED SPACES IN LONDON: EXHIBITIONARY REPRESENTATIONS OF INDIA, c. 1886-1951 Following the first world exhibition, the 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition in London, exhibitions became routine events across the West that merged both education and entertainment to forward political and economic goals. For the most part scholars have taken the frequency, popularity, and propagandistic efforts of exhibitions at face value, viewing them as successful reassertions of the imperial, industrial, and technological superiority of Western nation-states. Though offering valuable insights into the cultural technologies of imperial rule, these works miss the complexities of imperial projects within specific temporal and geographical contexts. This manuscript traces the historical dynamics of India at exhibitions held in London during and after imperial rule: the 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition, the 1908 Franco-British Exhibition, the 1924-25 British Empire Exhibition, and the 1951 Festival of Britain. In historicizing the exhibitionary administration and display of India over time, this study argues for a more complex reading of exhibitions in which displays invoked a mélange of meanings that destabilized as well as projected imperial hierarchies. It also examines the ways in which Indians administered, evaluated, and contested imperial displays. Rather than seamlessly reinforcing imperial dominance, exhibitions, located within specific historical contexts, emerged as contested, multifaceted, and even ambiguous portrayals of empires KEYWORDS: Exhibitions, India, British Empire, Cultural Representation, Postcolonial Multimedia Elements used: JPEG (.jpg) __Alayna Heinonen_________ Student’s Signature CONTESTED SPACES IN LONDON: EXHIBITIONARY REPRESENTATIONS OF INDIA, c. 1886-1951 By Alayna Heinonen _____ Dr. Phil Harling_________ Director of Dissertation ______Dr. David Hamilton______ Director of Graduate Studies ______02/24/2012_____________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following dissertation would not have been successful without the unwavering support and direction of my advisor and committee members. Dr. Phil Harling, my advisor, has helped shape me as a historian from my first year in graduate school, and I am eternally grateful for his kindness, patience, encouragement, and sage advice. Dr. Harling worked tirelessly to provide constructive comments from the inception of this project as a seminar paper through its final revisions. I would also like to thank my committee members: Dr. Karen Petrone, Dr. Ellen Furlough, and Dr. Srimati Basu. Dr. Petrone always took time out of her busy schedule to discuss my work. She offered unfaltering interest in my research, and her feedback was essential to the success of my dissertation. Dr. Furlough, as well, provided an invaluable perspective on my work, which benefited immensely from her comments. I also thank her for spurring my initial interest in cultural history. I am also indebted to Dr. Basu, who has been extremely helpful (and patient) while working with me on my outside field. I would also like to thank my family. My husband, Markus, offered me his expertise, but more importantly, he kept me grounded and provided consistent encouragement. He has been my rock, enabling me to persevere through even the most difficult of times. Finally, I thank my parents who give me unending support in everything I do. They have always inspired me through their hard work and love of their professions. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.............................................................................................................iii List of Figures......................................................................................................................v Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 "Othering" in Theory and in Practice ...................................................................... 15 The Exhibitions ....................................................................................................... 26 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition ...................................................................... 27 1908 Franco-British Exhibition .............................................................................. 29 1924 British Empire Exhibition .............................................................................. 31 1951 Festival of Britain .......................................................................................... 42 Summary of Chapters ............................................................................................. 44 Chapter Two: Exhibitionary Landscapes .......................................................................... 48 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition ...................................................................... 56 1908 Franco-British Exhibition .............................................................................. 67 1924 British Empire Exhibition .............................................................................. 82 Chapter Three: Populating the Exhibitions: Indian Administrators and "Native" Displays.................................................................................................. 107 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition .................................................................... 113 1908 Franco-British Exhibition ............................................................................ 127 1924 British Empire Exhibition ............................................................................ 135 Chapter Four: Artisanal Bazaars and Peasant Villages ................................................... 158 1886 Colonial and Indian Exhibition .................................................................... 163 1908 Franco-British Exhibition ............................................................................ 180 1924 British Empire Exhibition ............................................................................ 185 The Re-opening of the Empire Exhibition in 1925 ............................................... 208 Chapter Five: The Festival of Britain and the Empire-Commonwealth ......................... 218 The 1951 Festival of Britain ................................................................................. 226 Planning the Festival of Britain ............................................................................ 231 Festival Planning and the Commonwealth ........................................................... 237 Re-envisioning Empire at the Festival .................................................................. 245 Festival of Britain:
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