DOCSLIB.ORG

Poetry, Memory, and Identity in Sahrawi Communities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Between Homeland and Exile: Poetry, Memory, and Identity in Sahrawi Communities Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Deubel, Tara Flynn Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 01:05:41 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146067 BETWEEN HOMELAND AND EXILE: POETRY, MEMORY, AND IDENTITY IN SAHRAWI COMMUNITIES by Tara Flynn Deubel __________________________ Copyright © Tara Flynn Deubel 2010 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the SCHOOL OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 0 1 0 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Tara Flynn Deubel entitled Between Homeland and Exile: Poetry, Memory, and Identity in Sahrawi Communities and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/09 Thomas K. Park _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/09 Mamadou A. Baro _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/09 Ana M. Alonso _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/09 Anne H. Betteridge _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/09 Aomar Boum _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/10/09 Julia A. Clancy-Smith Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/09/09 Dissertation Director: Thomas K. Park _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 11/09/09 Dissertation Director: Mamadou A. Baro 3 STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Tara Flynn Deubel 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation is the culmination of a collaborative effort over several years that involved the patient assistance and utter generosity of many people. I wish to thank the School of Anthropology, the scholarly community at the University of Arizona that has supported my graduate studies, especially my co-chairs, Mamadou A. Baro and Thomas K. Park, and committee members Ana M. Alonso, Anne H. Betteridge, Aomar Boum, and Julia A. Clancy-Smith, and the Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES) for fostering a welcoming and collegial environment for students pursuing studies in the Middle East and North Africa. My research was sponsored by fellowships from the Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad program and the American Institute of Maghrib Studies (AIMS). Funding for predoctoral research, Arabic language study, and participation in related conferences was provided by AIMS and the School of Anthropology, Foreign Language Area Studies grants at CMES, Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, Graduate Student Professional Council, and the Association of Women Faculty at the University of Arizona. Participation in the AIMS dissertation workshop in 2008 provided motivation to surmount the lengthy writing process. The Philanthropic Educational Organization (PEO) and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation and American Council for Learned Societies provided writing fellowships that enabled me to complete the task. Conducting research in this politically complex region of the world required the cooperation of several nations. I gratefully acknowledge the Kingdom of Morocco, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria, and the Polisario Front for permitting my research and kindly hosting me. By obtaining access to a wide range of areas in which Sahrawi communities reside, I gained a valuable comparative viewpoint of the current situation of local populations. My intention in this work is to convey the diverse voices and local points of view of research participants from the multiple areas where I worked from an anthropological perspective that seeks to avoid underpinning political bias to research objectives. In the field, I received institutional assistance from the Tangier American Legation Institute of Moroccan Studies, the Moroccan American Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange in Rabat, and the Alagaaya Association for Solidarity and Social Development in Akka, Morocco. Several individuals provided mentorship, especially Drs. Abdellatif Bencherifa, Rahal Boubrik, Ahmed Chaib, Azzeddine Kharchafi, and Mustapha Naimi in Morocco and Boubakar Bah and Idriss Attih in Mauritania. Fellow researchers Alice Wilson at the University of Cambridge and Alice Corbet at the Ecole National des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales contributed to my understanding of Sahrawi refugee communities through their intensive fieldwork experiences in Algeria and willingness to share them. 5 Throughout my fieldwork, I was very fortunate to live among people who truly value hospitality and extend it graciously. I cannot adequately convey my appreciation to the kind families and many individuals who shared their life experiences, poetry, and glasses of tea with me. I owe special thanks to the research assistants who helped me learn Hassaniyya and translate findings: Mouloud Jâ, Houssein Wargziz, Soiylam Merzoug, Brahim El Khalil Afaichil, Hayat Fakri, Ahmed Salam ould Moctar, Souleymane, Mohamed Sidina Baba, and Abd salam El Vilaly. My trusted friend Sidi El Bachir Rahmou spent long hours helping me to complete interviews and translations for this project with enthusiasm and dedication for which I am deeply grateful. My fellow graduate students at the University of Arizona have sustained me over the years in Tucson, inspired me with their intellectual and humanitarian endeavors, and provided helpful comments on the dissertation, especially Brian Burke, Anita Carrasco, Allison Davis, Anton Daughters, Karin Friederic, Andrea Jones, Jessica Piekielek, Marie Sardier, and Leah Stauber. I also thank many lifelong friends who have traveled with me in person and in spirit and kept me grounded, in particular Deborah McNamara and ‘Group Afo’ with whom I shared memorable experiences studying abroad in Niger in 1995 that set me on the path of anthropology. Finally, with gratitude and love, I thank my aunt, Deborah Sweeney, for welcoming me to her peaceful home in Spain when I needed respite; and my parents, Charles and Mary Ann Deubel, my sisters Heather, Kristen and Meghan, and my husband, Micah Boyer, for supporting and encouraging me throughout this journey. 6 DEDICATION In loving memory of my grandparents, Marie and Allan Bittner and Monica and Charles Deubel, who taught me to listen for people’s stories and Najma, whose resilient spirit is an inspiration ________ To the Hassani poets and singers whose eloquent art endures and to all the Sahrawi families who graciously invited me to become part of their own— wakhiert bikum. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 14 ETHNOGRAPHIC PERSPECTIVE AND FIELD SITES ............................................................ 22 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 26 Sahrawi family life and integration .......................................................................... 27 Data collection and translation ................................................................................ 34 Methods of analysis .................................................................................................. 36 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................... 36 Defining performance............................................................................................... 37 From folklore to ‘ethnography of communication’ .................................................. 38 Social memory..........................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps

    Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps

    Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria HUMAN Human Rights in Western Sahara RIGHTS and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps WATCH Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Morocco/Western Sahara/Algeria Copyright © 2008 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 1-56432-420-6 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch 350 Fifth Avenue, 34th floor New York, NY 10118-3299 USA Tel: +1 212 290 4700, Fax: +1 212 736 1300 [email protected] Poststraße 4-5 10178 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 30 2593 06-10, Fax: +49 30 2593 0629 [email protected] Avenue des Gaulois, 7 1040 Brussels, Belgium Tel: + 32 (2) 732 2009, Fax: + 32 (2) 732 0471 [email protected] 64-66 Rue de Lausanne 1202 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 738 0481, Fax: +41 22 738 1791 [email protected] 2-12 Pentonville Road, 2nd Floor London N1 9HF, UK Tel: +44 20 7713 1995, Fax: +44 20 7713 1800 [email protected] 27 Rue de Lisbonne 75008 Paris, France Tel: +33 (1)43 59 55 35, Fax: +33 (1) 43 59 55 22 [email protected] 1630 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 500 Washington, DC 20009 USA Tel: +1 202 612 4321, Fax: +1 202 612 4333 [email protected] Web Site Address: http://www.hrw.org December 2008 1-56432-420-6 Human Rights in Western Sahara and in the Tindouf Refugee Camps Map Of North Africa ....................................................................................................... 1 Summary...................................................................................................................... 2 Western Sahara ....................................................................................................... 3 Refugee Camps near Tindouf, Algeria ...................................................................... 8 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 12 To the UN Security Council ....................................................................................
  • Read the 2012 Paris to Dakar Final Report [Pdf]

    Read the 2012 Paris to Dakar Final Report [Pdf]

    This report is about the journey of five Imperial College students from Paris to Dakar, raising money for the charity Action Against Hunger. It details much of the preparation and the hardships faced by the team, who hope it will encourage and be useful to anyone planning a similar trip. 1 2 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 The Team .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Shamoon Qurashi - Leader ............................................................................................................................ 2 Christopher Charles - Treasurer and Trainer .................................................................................................. 3 Edward Brial - Medical and Liaison Officer and Photography ......................................................................... 4 Benedict Pfender - Bicycle Maintenance and Photography ............................................................................ 5 Daniel Hyde - Bicycle Maintenance and Video ............................................................................................... 6 European Itinerary ............................................................................................................................................. 7 European Diary ................................................................................................................................................
  • Pauvrete, Developpement Humain

    Pauvrete, Developpement Humain

    ROYAUME DU MAROC HAUT COMMISSARIAT AU PLAN PAUVRETE, DEVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN ET DEVELOPPEMENT SOCIAL AU MAROC Données cartographiques et statistiques Septembre 2004 Remerciements La présente cartographie de la pauvreté, du développement humain et du développement social est le résultat d’un travail d’équipe. Elle a été élaborée par un groupe de spécialistes du Haut Commissariat au Plan (Observatoire des conditions de vie de la population), formé de Mme Ikira D . (Statisticienne) et MM. Douidich M. (Statisticien-économiste), Ezzrari J. (Economiste), Nekrache H. (Statisticien- démographe) et Soudi K. (Statisticien-démographe). Qu’ils en soient vivement remerciés. Mes remerciements vont aussi à MM. Benkasmi M. et Teto A. d’avoir participé aux travaux préparatoires de cette étude, et à Mr Peter Lanjouw, fondateur de la cartographie de la pauvreté, d’avoir été en contact permanent avec l’ensemble de ces spécialistes. SOMMAIRE Ahmed LAHLIMI ALAMI Haut Commissaire au Plan 2 SOMMAIRE Page Partie I : PRESENTATION GENERALE I. Approche de la pauvreté, de la vulnérabilité et de l’inégalité 1.1. Concepts et mesures 1.2. Indicateurs de la pauvreté et de la vulnérabilité au Maroc II. Objectifs et consistance des indices communaux de développement humain et de développement social 2.1. Objectifs 2.2. Consistance et mesure de l’indice communal de développement humain 2.3. Consistance et mesure de l’indice communal de développement social III. Cartographie de la pauvreté, du développement humain et du développement social IV. Niveaux et évolution de la pauvreté, du développement humain et du développement social 4.1. Niveaux et évolution de la pauvreté 4.2.
  • NOOR Boujdour 22 Kv Power Line Boujdour Province

    NOOR Boujdour 22 Kv Power Line Boujdour Province

    NOOR Boujdour 22 kV Power Line Boujdour Province Specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Vol. 2 - Main Text Prepared for: ACWA Power January 2017 DOCUMENT INFORMATION Project NOORo IV Boujdour 22 kV Power Line Project Number 1305/001/041 Report Title Specific Environmental and Social Impacts Assessment. Vol. 2 – Main Text Client ACWA Power Project Manager Carlos Ponte Project Director Ken Wade ISSUE AND REVISION RECORD Issue Issue Date Description Author Reviewed Approved AGL/ 1 9th December 2016 Internal Draft (2) ZMJ/ CPM SMM Final Version 2 24th January 2017 based on MoM AGL from CNEIE 1 Financial Capital Regardless of location, mode of delivery or function, all organisations are dependent on The 5 Capitals of Sustainable Development to 2 Social Capital enable long-term delivery of its products or services. 3 Natural Capital Sustainability is at the heart of everything that 4 Manufactured Capital 5 Capitals achieves. Wherever we work, we strive to provide our clients with the means to maintain and enhance these stocks of capital 5 Human Capital assets. DISCLAIMER 5 Capitals cannot accept responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used This document is issued for the party, which commissioned it, and for for any other purpose. specific purposes connected with the above-identified project only. It This document contains confidential information and proprietary should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without purpose consent from the party, which commissioned it.
  • Clearing Cluster Munition Remnants 2017.1.1

    Clearing Cluster Munition Remnants 2017.1.1

    WESTERN SAHARA PROGRAMME PERFORMANCE 2016 2015 Problem understood 7 7 Target date for completion of cluster munition clearance 4 4 Targeted clearance 8 7 Efficient clearance 6 6 National funding of programme 4 4 Timely clearance 5 5 Land release system in place 7 7 National mine action standards 9 8 Reporting on progress 5 5 Improving performance 6 6 PERFORMANCE SCORE: AVERAGE 6.1 5.9 PERFORMANCE COMMENTARY Progress to address remaining cluster munition contamination in Western Sahara was hindered in 2016 by a six-month shutdown of United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS)-contracted demining operations due to a political issue with Morocco. At the same time, despite a resulting decrease in the amount of cluster munition remnants (CMR) clearance, new funding for an additional team towards the end of the year and deployment on high density cluster munition-contaminated areas meant the number of CMR destroyed in 2016 increased by more than 40% compared to 2015. According to UNMAS, clearance of remaining CMR contamination could be completed by 2019. 162 OTHER AREAS WESTERN SAHARA WESTERN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ACTION > The Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) should make a formal commitment to respect and implement the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM) and to clear all CMR east of the Berm as soon as possible. > Morocco should ensure freedom of access and unhindered movement of all civilian UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) and UNMAS staff and take all necessary measures to facilitate the conduct of demining. > Morocco is strongly encouraged to provide cluster strike data to other relevant stakeholders to facilitate survey and clearance of CMR.
  • Facts About Western Sahara Saharawi April 2005

    Facts About Western Sahara Saharawi April 2005

    Facts about Western Sahara Saharawi April 2005 Area: 266,000 sq km (a good UK), from which and protected by 160,000 armed soldiers. Additional 180,000 (68%) is occupied by Morocco and 86,000 920 km walls were built inside the occupied area. (32%) is controlled by SADR, the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic. In the eighties Morocco divid- Population: In the occupied area both total popula- ed the territory with a 1,800 km wall or berm made tion numbers and the size of the Saharawi popula- of sand, stone, landmines and barbed wire. The tion is unclear. Moroccan sources say totally about wall is watched over by radars, artillery, air force 300,000. There are probably more Moroccans than Western Sahara Agadir Tiznit Sidi Ifni MOROCCO CANARY ISLANDS Lanzarote La Palma A Tenerife a I Santa Cruz Fuerteventura Oued Drâ R de Tenerife Tan Tan E G Las Palmas Zag Gomera Tarfaya L A Hierro Subkhat Tah Gran Canaria Tindouf As-Sakn Al Mahbes Jdiriya Al Ga'da Hawza Farciya La 'Youn mra Oue Ha d A's Saquia Al ATLANTIC OCEAN Smara t t a h Amgala Bir Lahlou K Boukra l Tifariti Boujdour A Meharrize d Aridal e u O Bir Maghrein Galtat Zemmour Zbayra Chalwa MAURITANIA Sebkhet Oumm ed Drous Telli Subkhat Tagarzimat Oum Dreyga Aghzoumal Bir Anzarane Ad Dakhla Western Baggari Sahara Aargub Subkhat Mijek Tanwakka Imlily Subkhat Subkhat Doumas Sebkhet Tidsit Ijill Zouerate Awsard Agailas Aguanit Dougaj Town, village International boundary Bir Gandouz Techla Guerguerat Zug Road Berm Bon Lanuar Sebkha de Wadi Nouadhibou Chinchane Dry salt lake La Guera Airport MAURITANIA Atar 0 50 100 150 200 km 0 50 100 mi The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
  • 1 Western Sahara As a Hybrid of A

    1 Western Sahara As a Hybrid of A

    ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE Western Sahara as a Hybrid of a Parastate and a State-in-exile: (Extra)territoriality and the Small Print of Sovereignty in a Context of Frozen Conflict AUTHORS Fernandez-Molina, I; Ojeda-García, R JOURNAL Nationalities Papers - The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity DEPOSITED IN ORE 30 October 2018 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10871/34557 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Western Sahara as a Hybrid of a Parastate and a State-in-exile: (Extra)territoriality and the Small Print of Sovereignty in a Context of Frozen Conflict Irene Fernández Molina, University of Exeter Raquel Ojeda-García, University of Granada Abstract This paper argues that the “declarative” parastate of the SADR claiming sovereignty over Western Sahara is better understood as a hybrid between a parastate and a state-in-exile. It relies more on external, “international legal sovereignty”, than on internal, “Westphalian” and “domestic” sovereignty. While its Algerian operational base in the Tindouf refugee camps makes the SADR work as a primarily extraterritorial state-in-exile de facto, its maintaining control over one quarter of Western Sahara’s territory proper allows it to at least partially meet the requirements for declarative statehood de jure. Many case-specific nuances surround the internal sovereignty of the SADR in relation to criteria for statehood, i.e.
  • Dossier Salubrité Et Sécurité Dans Les Bâtiments : Quel Règlement ?

    Dossier Salubrité Et Sécurité Dans Les Bâtiments : Quel Règlement ?

    N°30 / Mars 2015 / 30 Dh Dossier Salubrité et Sécurité dans les bâtiments : Quel règlement ? Architecture et Urbanisme L’urbanisme dans les 12 régions: Quelle vision ? Décoration d’Intérieur et Ameublement Cuisine: Quelles tendances déco 2015? Interview: Salon Préventica International : Une 2ème édition qui promet un grand nombre de Eric Dejean-Servières, commissaire nouveautés général, du salon Préventica International Casablanca Édito N°30 / Mars 2015 / 30 Dh Dossier Salubritéles et bâtiments Sécurité :dans Jamal KORCH Quel règlement ? Architecture et Urbanisme L’urbanisme dans les 12 régions: Quelle vision ? Décoration d’Intérieur et Ameublement Cuisine: Quelles tendances déco 2015? L’aménagement du territoire et le découpage Interview: Salon Préventica International : Une 2ème édition administratif : Y a-t-il une convergence ? qui promet un grand nombre de nouveautés al Eric Dejean-Servières,Casablanca commissaire général, du salon Préventica Internation e pas compromettre les n 2-15-40 fixant à 12 le nombre des Directeur de la Publication besoins des générations régions, leur dénomination, leur chef- Jamal KORCH futures, prendre en compte lieu, ainsi que les préfectures et les l’ensemble des efforts provinces qui les composent. Et sur ce Rédacteur en Chef N environnementaux des activités tracé que l’aménagement du territoire Jamal KORCH urbaines, assurer l’équilibre entre aura lieu en appliquant le contenu des [email protected] les habitants de la ville et ceux de différents documents y afférents. GSM: 06 13 46 98 92 la campagne,
  • Downloads/Pdfs/ Southern Steppe of Morocco

    Downloads/Pdfs/ Southern Steppe of Morocco

    Volpato and Di Nardo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:12 DOI 10.1186/s13002-017-0141-3 RESEARCH Open Access The role of Nucularia perrinii Batt. (Chenopodiaceae) in the camel-based Sahrawi social-ecological system Gabriele Volpato1 and Antonello Di Nardo2* Abstract Background: Pastoral social-ecological systems (SESs) are adaptive and complex systems rooted in the extensive exploitation of forage plants for livestock-based livelihoods and culture. There are species and relations that are foundational to the existence of these SESs. Nucularia perrinii Batt. (Chenopodiaceae) is an endemic halophyte plant of central and western Sahara seldom cited in the scientific literature. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of this plant in the SES of the Sahrawi camel nomads of Western Sahara. Methods: The data analyzed were collected in the Sahrawi refugee camps of Algeria and in Western Sahara between 2006 and 2010. Fieldwork included semi-structured (n = 38) and retrospective (n = 12) interviews with Sahrawi refugees, nomads, and camel owners about N. perrinii and associated topics (e.g. distribution, importance for camels, camel diseases, associated grazing practices, other forage plants, etc.). Results: Askaf,astheSahrawicalltheplant,iscrucialtocamels’ survival, providing salts and water even during dry spells. It holds a pivotal role in the Sahrawi culture, defining the geographical boundaries of the Sahrawi SES and relating the grazing territory with the taste it gives to camel milk, which support the inclusion of askaf as a main element of Sahrawi cultural identity. Conclusions: We argue that N. perrinii ties the ecology of the western Sahara desert with camel husbandry and associated livelihoods, and further with the culture and worldview of the Sahrawi nomads.
  • Sahara Occidental : Le Coût Du Conflit

    Sahara Occidental : Le Coût Du Conflit

    SAHARA OCCIDENTAL : LE COÛT DU CONFLIT Rapport Moyen-Orient/Afrique du Nord N°65 – 11 juin 2007 TABLE DES MATIÈRES SYNTHÈSE .............................................................................................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 A. QUESTIONS DE VOCABULAIRE ET DE DISCOURS .....................................................................1 B. LE DISCOURS MAROCAIN.......................................................................................................1 C. LE DISCOURS DU POLISARIO..................................................................................................3 D. LE DISCOURS ALGÉRIEN ........................................................................................................4 II. LE COÛT HUMAIN ...................................................................................................... 5 A. ESTIMATIONS........................................................................................................................5 B. LES SAHRAOUIS DES TERRITOIRES SOUS CONTRÔLE DU POLISARIO .......................................6 C. LES SAHRAOUIS DES TERRITOIRES SOUS CONTRÔLE MAROCAIN.............................................8 D. LE COÛT HUMAIN POUR LES MAROCAINS ............................................................................10 III. LE COÛT ÉCONOMIQUE........................................................................................
  • EXILE, CAMPS, and CAMELS Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge Among Sahrawi Refugees

    EXILE, CAMPS, and CAMELS Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge Among Sahrawi Refugees

    EXILE, CAMPS, AND CAMELS Recovery and adaptation of subsistence practices and ethnobiological knowledge among Sahrawi refugees GABRIELE VOLPATO Exile, Camps, and Camels: Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge among Sahrawi Refugees Gabriele Volpato Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr P. Howard Professor of Gender Studies in Agriculture, Wageningen University Honorary Professor in Biocultural Diversity and Ethnobiology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, UK Other members Prof. Dr J.W.M. van Dijk, Wageningen University Dr B.J. Jansen, Wageningen University Dr R. Puri, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK Prof. Dr C. Horst, The Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway This research was conducted under the auspices of the CERES Graduate School Exile, Camps, and Camels: Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge among Sahrawi Refugees Gabriele Volpato Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 20 October 2014 at 11 a.m. in the Aula. Gabriele Volpato Exile, Camps, and Camels: Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge among Sahrawi Refugees, 274 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-94-6257-081-8 To my mother Abstract Volpato, G. (2014). Exile, Camps, and Camels: Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge among Sahrawi Refugees. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. With summaries in English and Dutch, 274 pp.
  • Table 2. Geographic Areas, and Biography

    Table 2. Geographic Areas, and Biography

    Table 2. Geographic Areas, and Biography The following numbers are never used alone, but may be used as required (either directly when so noted or through the interposition of notation 09 from Table 1) with any number from the schedules, e.g., public libraries (027.4) in Japan (—52 in this table): 027.452; railroad transportation (385) in Brazil (—81 in this table): 385.0981. They may also be used when so noted with numbers from other tables, e.g., notation 025 from Table 1. When adding to a number from the schedules, always insert a decimal point between the third and fourth digits of the complete number SUMMARY —001–009 Standard subdivisions —1 Areas, regions, places in general; oceans and seas —2 Biography —3 Ancient world —4 Europe —5 Asia —6 Africa —7 North America —8 South America —9 Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, extraterrestrial worlds —001–008 Standard subdivisions —009 History If “history” or “historical” appears in the heading for the number to which notation 009 could be added, this notation is redundant and should not be used —[009 01–009 05] Historical periods Do not use; class in base number —[009 1–009 9] Geographic treatment and biography Do not use; class in —1–9 —1 Areas, regions, places in general; oceans and seas Not limited by continent, country, locality Class biography regardless of area, region, place in —2; class specific continents, countries, localities in —3–9 > —11–17 Zonal, physiographic, socioeconomic regions Unless other instructions are given, class