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WILSON BULLETIN Thursday Jan 05 2006 04:24 PM wils 118_103 Mp_13 Allen Press x DTPro System GALLEY File # 03TQ The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 118(1):13±22, 2006 THE REDISCOVERY AND NATURAL HISTORY OF THE WHITE-MASKED ANTBIRD (PITHYS CASTANEUS) DANIEL F. LANE,1,6 THOMAS VALQUI H,1,2 JOSEÂ ALVAREZ A,3 JESSICA ARMENTA,2,5 AND KAREN ECKHARDT4 ABSTRACT.ÐIn July 2001, a Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science expedition rediscovered the White-masked Antbird (Pithys castaneus) at a site along the RõÂo Morona in northwestern Departmento Loreto, Peru. Prior to this rediscovery, the species was known only from the type specimen, taken in 1937, and nothing was recorded concerning its natural history. The lack of additional specimens led to speculation that P. castaneus was a hybrid. Here, we present data demonstrating that the White-masked Antbird is a valid species, and we report the ®rst observations of its behavior, habitat, morphology, and voice. Received 14 January 2005, accepted 11 October 2005. In 1938, Berlioz (1938) described a distinc- to be a sympatric congener. It differed from tive new species of antbird in the genus Pith- P. albifrons in its larger size, its lack of any ysÐuntil then considered monotypicÐfrom a gray on the body, and its lack of elongated single specimen collected by Ramon Olalla on plumes on the face or throat. 16 September 1937 at ``Andoas, lower [RõÂo] Decades passed without any additional re- Pastaza, eastern Ecuador.'' This new species, cords of P. castaneus. Subsequent authors the White-masked Antbird (Pithys castaneus), doubted the validity of the species, and many has remained one of the most intriguing mys- suggested that it represented nothing more teries of Neotropical ornithology for over 60 than a hybrid of P. albifrons and another ant- years (see David and Gosselin 2002 for gen- bird species (Sibley and Monroe 1990, Schu- der of scienti®c name). Besides the collector, lenberg and Stotz 1991, Collar et al. 1992, no biologist had ever seen the bird alive, and Statters®eld and Capper 2000, Ridgely and there is no information on the species' natural Green®eld 2001b). Willis (1984) and person- history or preferred habitat. The type locality, nel at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural ``Andoas,'' is particularly intriguing in that at Sciences (ANSP; Collar et al. 1992, Ridgely least three sites in the Pastaza area bear this and Tudor 1994) searched without success for name (Stevens and Traylor 1983, Paynter P. castaneus along the upper RõÂo Pastaza in 1993), and according to T. Mark (in litt.), we Peru and Ecuador, respectively. may never really know the true location of the Thus, when our Louisiana State University type locality. Museum of Natural Science (LSUMZ) orni- The type specimen, a male (contra Ridgely thological ®eld team visited several sites in and Tudor 1994), is housed at the Paris Mu- northwestern Departamento Loreto, Peru, seum in France. According to Berlioz (1938, from May through July 2001, it was with great 1948), it was part of a collection that included surprise that we found P. castaneus to be fair- three specimens of White-plumed Antbird (P. ly common at one of our ®eld sites. The main albifrons peruvianus) and therefore appeared goal of our ®eldwork was to inventory the avifauna of two isolated patches of varillal 1 Louisiana State Univ. Museum of Natural Science, (white sand) forest (see Whitney and Alvarez 119 Foster Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. 1998; Alvarez and Whitney 2001, 2003). One 2 Dept. of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. of these forest patches was in the inter¯uvium 3 Inst. de Investigaciones de la AmazonõÂa Peruana between the Morona and Santiago rivers in (IIAP), Av. QuinÄones Km. 2.5, Iquitos, Peru. northern Peru, north of the RõÂo MaranÄoÂn, only 4 Museo de Historia Natural de la Univ. Nacional about 60 km west of the RõÂo Pastaza, and it Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 14±0434, Lima, Peru. was there that we found P. castaneus. 5 Current address: Dept. of Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 413, Lapham Hall, Univ. of Wisconsin, Milwau- Remarkably, while reviewing specimen ma- kee, WI 53201, USA. terial at the Museo de Historia Natural de la 6 Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] Universidad Mayor San Marcos (MUSM), 13 WILSON BULLETIN Thursday Jan 05 2006 04:24 PM wils 118_103 Mp_14 x Allen Press DTPro System GALLEY File # 03TQ 14 THE WILSON JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY x Vol. 118, No. 1, March 2006 FIG. 1. Known localities for Pithys castaneus in northwestern Departmento Loreto, Peru. The star represents suspected location of ``Andoas,'' the type locality, on the RõÂo Pastaza (Berlioz 1938). The square represents the location of the species' rediscovery in July 2001 on the west bank of the RõÂo Morona (048 179 S, 778 149 W). The Cordillera CampanquõÂs lies between the rõÂos Morona and Santiago, immediately to the west of our ®eld site. Lima, in November 2002, we discovered two study site was on the south side of the mouth additional specimens of P. castaneus (one of Quebrada CashacanÄo, a right-bank tributary adult and one juvenile). These specimens were of the RõÂo Morona, about 2.3 km north of the reportedly taken somewhere in the Cordillera village of Tierra Blanca. We observed and CampanquõÂs region on the border of Depart- made a general collection of birds at this site mentos Amazonas and Loreto between the between 2 and 21 July 2001. Our camp was Morona and Santiago rivers (see Fig. 1), in set up in a clearing of a homestead abandoned the mid- to late 1990s by a Peruvian anthro- about 30 years earlier and which, reportedly, pologist, Andres Treneman (I. Franke J. pers. has been reinhabited since our visit (B. Walker comm.). Unfortunately, no additional speci- pers. comm.). A preexisting trail, used for the men data are available, and the collector could harvest of palm fronds for thatched-roof con- not be contacted for additional information. struction, led directly into white-sand forests for about 2 km. Another trail, cut along the METHODS bluff above the Morona, connected the camp Locality.ÐWe established a campsite on the with the village of Tierra Blanca. From this west bank of the RõÂo Morona about 54 km trail, at least another three trails also entered north-northwest of its mouth (048 179 S, 778 the varillal forest. Additional trails were cut 149 W; Fig. 1), Departmento Loreto. The near camp for census routes and net lanes; WILSON BULLETIN Thursday Jan 05 2006 04:24 PM wils 118_103 Mp_15 Allen Press x DTPro System GALLEY File # 03TQ Lane et al. x REDISCOVERY OF WHITE-MASKED ANTBIRD 15 most trails were in varillal, but three also en- 172975, 172976 [skeleton and partial skin], tered the adjacent varzea (seasonally inundat- 172977, 172978, 172979 [skeleton and partial ed) forest. We also found two patches of richer skin], MUSM 23504, 23505, 23506, 23507; clay-soil terra ®rme forest north and south of DFL 1646 [skeleton, uncataloged], TVH 399 the surveyed varillal forest patch, into which [alcohol, uncataloged]). we cut two trails. Pithys albifrons: Ecuador: Pastaza; Coco- Habitat.ÐMost of the forest where P. cas- naco, 300 m elevation (LSUMZ 83237); Peru: taneus was observedÐparticularly away from Amazonas; Huampami, ;215 m elevation major water bodiesÐgrew on very moist, (LSUMZ 84917), Chiriaco, ;320 m elevation white-sand soils. Numerous areas of wet, (LSUMZ 78514, 88018, 88019, 88022); Lor- swampy conditions indicated a high water ta- eto; Libertad, S bank of RõÂo Napo, 80 km N ble. The terrain was without signi®cant relief, of Iquitos, 120 m elevation (LSUMZ 110094, but throughout the varillal forest were many 110096, 110097, 110098, 110099, 110100, small depressions where water accumulated, 110102, 110103, 110104, 110105); 157 km by particularly after rains, presumably pits re- river NNE of Iquitos, N of RõÂo Napo, 110 m sulting from tree-falls. The soil consisted of elevation (LSUMZ 110106, 110109, 110112, rather coarse sand with stones of up to 5 cm 110113). in diameter (up to 15 cm in the small creeks Gymnopithys leucaspis: Peru: Loreto; west that transected the forest interior). Using a nat- bank of RõÂo Morona, ;54 km NNW of the ural cut at the RõÂo Morona riverbank for ref- mouth, 140 m elevation (048 179 S, 778 149 W) erence, the sandy soil is approximately 4 m (LSUMZ 172985); Quebrada OraÂn, ;5kmN deep at the river's edge. Typical of many var- of RõÂo Amazonas, 85 km NE of Iquitos, 110 illal forests, a thick layer of dead leaves and m elevation (LSUMZ 119884, 119885, humus covered the forest ¯oor (Ruokolainen 119886, 119887, 119890, 119891, 119892, and Tuomisto 1993, 1998; Richards 1996). 119893). The forest canopy of the varillal was relative- Phlegopsis erythroptera: Ecuador: Sucum- ly even, with a height of about 20 to 30 m. bios; Limoncocha, 300 m elevation (008 249 The relative absence of buttressed trees is typ- S, 768 379 W) (LSUMZ 70916, 70917, 70919, ical of varillal forests (Richards 1996); how- 83314). Peru: Loreto; W bank of RõÂo Morona, ever, many such trees were present in more ;54 km NNW of the mouth, 140 m elevation humid forest areas at the Morona site. As has (048 179 S, 778 149 W) (LSUMZ 173001); 1.5 been noted in other varillal forests (Anderson km S of Libertad, S bank of RõÂo Napo, 80 km 1981, Richards 1996), there were few lianas, and epiphytic growth was negligible. N of Iquitos, 120 m elevation (LSUMZ Data collection.ÐWe collected specimens 110213, 110215, 110217); 1 km N of RõÂo using mist nets and shotguns.
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    THE BEHAVIOR OF PLAIN-BROWN WOODCREEPERS, DENDROCINCLA FULIGINOSA EDWIN 0. WILLIS N forests of tropical America, woodcreepers of the genus Dendrocincla I follow swarms of army ants persistently (Willis, 1960:158-159; Skutch, 1969:136; Oniki and Willis, 1972). Intensive studies of ant-following birds on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone, and brief studies in other areas show that Plain-brown Woodcreepers regularly follow army ants. The changes in foraging niche when these woodcreepers confront different sets of competing antbirds at some of the localities have been detailed elsewhere (Willis, 1966). Here social and individual behavior will be considered. Feduccia (197O:I) lists many brief references, mostly in annotated lists, on the behavior of woodcreepers. The only extensive studies have been Skutchs’ (1969) of Tawny-winged and other woodcreepers. Slud (1960, 1964) and several others, including Johnson (1954) and Snow and Snow (1964) and Oniki (1970) among references not listed by Feduccia, have commented briefly on the natural history of Plain-brown Woodcreepers. The species and its genus and family are not well known ethologically. Appendix 1 lists common and scientific names of birds mentioned herein, following Meyer de Schauensee (1970)) except for Central American birds listed only in Eisenmann (1955) and for northern birds listed in the A.O.U. Check-list. THE PLAIN-BROWN WOODCREEPERS Plain-brown Woodcreepers wait on or hitch up the trunks of trees like slender woodpeckers or overgrown Brown Creepers. They live in the middle and lower levels of humid lowland forests from Honduras to central Brasil. Occasionally they wander to the edge of the forest, into cacao and coffee orchards, or into second growth more than 5 m tall.
  • State of the Amazon: Freshwater Connectivity and Ecosystem Health WWF LIVING AMAZON INITIATIVE SUGGESTED CITATION

    State of the Amazon: Freshwater Connectivity and Ecosystem Health WWF LIVING AMAZON INITIATIVE SUGGESTED CITATION

    REPORT LIVING AMAZON 2015 State of the Amazon: Freshwater Connectivity and Ecosystem Health WWF LIVING AMAZON INITIATIVE SUGGESTED CITATION Macedo, M. and L. Castello. 2015. State of the Amazon: Freshwater Connectivity and Ecosystem Health; edited by D. Oliveira, C. C. Maretti and S. Charity. Brasília, Brazil: WWF Living Amazon Initiative. 136pp. PUBLICATION INFORMATION State of the Amazon Series editors: Cláudio C. Maretti, Denise Oliveira and Sandra Charity. This publication State of the Amazon: Freshwater Connectivity and Ecosystem Health: Publication editors: Denise Oliveira, Cláudio C. Maretti, and Sandra Charity. Publication text editors: Sandra Charity and Denise Oliveira. Core Scientific Report (chapters 1-6): Written by Marcia Macedo and Leandro Castello; scientific assessment commissioned by WWF Living Amazon Initiative (LAI). State of the Amazon: Conclusions and Recommendations (chapter 7): Cláudio C. Maretti, Marcia Macedo, Leandro Castello, Sandra Charity, Denise Oliveira, André S. Dias, Tarsicio Granizo, Karen Lawrence WWF Living Amazon Integrated Approaches for a More Sustainable Development in the Pan-Amazon Freshwater Connectivity Cláudio C. Maretti; Sandra Charity; Denise Oliveira; Tarsicio Granizo; André S. Dias; and Karen Lawrence. Maps: Paul Lefebvre/Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC); Valderli Piontekwoski/Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM, Portuguese acronym); and Landscape Ecology Lab /WWF Brazil. Photos: Adriano Gambarini; André Bärtschi; Brent Stirton/Getty Images; Denise Oliveira; Edison Caetano; and Ecosystem Health Fernando Pelicice; Gleilson Miranda/Funai; Juvenal Pereira; Kevin Schafer/naturepl.com; María del Pilar Ramírez; Mark Sabaj Perez; Michel Roggo; Omar Rocha; Paulo Brando; Roger Leguen; Zig Koch. Front cover Mouth of the Teles Pires and Juruena rivers forming the Tapajós River, on the borders of Mato Grosso, Amazonas and Pará states, Brazil.