High Performance Instruction Scheduling Circuits for Out-Of-Order Soft Processors
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A Superscalar Out-Of-Order X86 Soft Processor for FPGA
A Superscalar Out-of-Order x86 Soft Processor for FPGA Henry Wong University of Toronto, Intel [email protected] June 5, 2019 Stanford University EE380 1 Hi! ● CPU architect, Intel Hillsboro ● Ph.D., University of Toronto ● Today: x86 OoO processor for FPGA (Ph.D. work) – Motivation – High-level design and results – Microarchitecture details and some circuits 2 FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array ● Is a digital circuit (logic gates and wires) ● Is field-programmable (at power-on, not in the fab) ● Pre-fab everything you’ll ever need – 20x area, 20x delay cost – Circuit building blocks are somewhat bigger than logic gates 6-LUT6-LUT 6-LUT6-LUT 3 6-LUT 6-LUT FPGA: Field-Programmable Gate Array ● Is a digital circuit (logic gates and wires) ● Is field-programmable (at power-on, not in the fab) ● Pre-fab everything you’ll ever need – 20x area, 20x delay cost – Circuit building blocks are somewhat bigger than logic gates 6-LUT 6-LUT 6-LUT 6-LUT 4 6-LUT 6-LUT FPGA Soft Processors ● FPGA systems often have software components – Often running on a soft processor ● Need more performance? – Parallel code and hardware accelerators need effort – Less effort if soft processors got faster 5 FPGA Soft Processors ● FPGA systems often have software components – Often running on a soft processor ● Need more performance? – Parallel code and hardware accelerators need effort – Less effort if soft processors got faster 6 FPGA Soft Processors ● FPGA systems often have software components – Often running on a soft processor ● Need more performance? – Parallel -
Validating the Intel® Pentium® 4 Microprocessor
16.1 9DOLGDWLQJ WKH ,QWHO 3HQWLXP 0LFURSURFHVVRU %RE%HQWOH\ ,QWHO&RUSRUDWLRQ 1(WK$YHQXH +LOOVERUR2UHJRQ86$ EREEHQWOH\#LQWHOFRP ABSTRACT 2. OVERVIEW Developing a new leading edge IA-32 microprocessor is an The Pentium® 4 processor is Intel’s most advanced IA-32 immensely complicated undertaking. In the case of the Pentium® microprocessor, incorporating a host of new microarchitectural 4 processor, the microarchitecture is significantly more complex features including a 400-MHz system bus, hyper-pipelined than any previous IA-32 microprocessor and the implementation technology, advanced dynamic execution, rapid execution engine, borrows almost nothing from any previous implementation. This advanced transfer cache, execution trace cache, and Streaming paper describes how we went about the task of finding bugs in the SIMD (Single Instruction, Multiple Data) Extensions 2 (SSE2). Pentium® 4 processor design prior to initial silicon, and what we For the most part, we applied similar tools and methodologies to found along the way. validating the Pentium® 4 processor that we had used previously General Terms on the Pentium® Pro processor. However, we developed new Management, Verification. methodologies and tools in response to lessons learnt from previous projects, and to address some of the new challenges that the Pentium® 4 processor design presented from a validation 1. INTRODUCTION perspective. In particular, the use of Formal Verification, Cluster Validation case studies are relatively rare in the literature of Test Environments and focused Power Reduction Validation were computer architecture and design ([1] and [2] contain lists of either new or greatly extended from previous projects; each of some recent papers) and case studies of commercial these is discussed in more detail in a section of this paper microprocessors are even rarer. -
The Microarchitecture of the Pentium 4 Processor
The Microarchitecture of the Pentium 4 Processor Glenn Hinton, Desktop Platforms Group, Intel Corp. Dave Sager, Desktop Platforms Group, Intel Corp. Mike Upton, Desktop Platforms Group, Intel Corp. Darrell Boggs, Desktop Platforms Group, Intel Corp. Doug Carmean, Desktop Platforms Group, Intel Corp. Alan Kyker, Desktop Platforms Group, Intel Corp. Patrice Roussel, Desktop Platforms Group, Intel Corp. Index words: Pentium® 4 processor, NetBurst™ microarchitecture, Trace Cache, double-pumped ALU, deep pipelining provides an in-depth examination of the features and ABSTRACT functions of the Intel NetBurst microarchitecture. This paper describes the Intel® NetBurst™ ® The Pentium 4 processor is designed to deliver microarchitecture of Intel’s new flagship Pentium 4 performance across applications where end users can truly processor. This microarchitecture is the basis of a new appreciate and experience its performance. For example, family of processors from Intel starting with the Pentium it allows a much better user experience in areas such as 4 processor. The Pentium 4 processor provides a Internet audio and streaming video, image processing, substantial performance gain for many key application video content creation, speech recognition, 3D areas where the end user can truly appreciate the applications and games, multi-media, and multi-tasking difference. user environments. The Pentium 4 processor enables real- In this paper we describe the main features and functions time MPEG2 video encoding and near real-time MPEG4 of the NetBurst microarchitecture. We present the front- encoding, allowing efficient video editing and video end of the machine, including its new form of instruction conferencing. It delivers world-class performance on 3D cache called the Execution Trace Cache. -
Intel(R) Pentium(R) 4 Processor on 90 Nm Process Datasheet
Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor on 90 nm Process Datasheet 2.80 GHz – 3.40 GHz Frequencies Supporting Hyper-Threading Technology1 for All Frequencies with 800 MHz Front Side Bus February 2005 Document Number: 300561-003 INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL® PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL'S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. Intel products are not intended for use in medical, life saving, or life sustaining applications. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. Designers must not rely on the absence or characteristics of any features or instructions marked “reserved” or “undefined.” Intel reserves these for future definition and shall have no responsibility whatsoever for conflicts or incompatibilities arising from future changes to them. The Intel® Pentium® 4 processor on 90 nm process may contain design defects or errors known as errata which may cause the product to deviate from published specifications. Current characterized errata are available on request. Contact your local Intel sales office or your distributor to obtain the latest specifications and before placing your product order. 1Hyper-Threading Technology requires a computer system with an Intel® Pentium® 4 processor supporting HT Technology and a Hyper-Threading Technology enabled chipset, BIOS and operating system. -
Multiprocessing Contents
Multiprocessing Contents 1 Multiprocessing 1 1.1 Pre-history .............................................. 1 1.2 Key topics ............................................... 1 1.2.1 Processor symmetry ...................................... 1 1.2.2 Instruction and data streams ................................. 1 1.2.3 Processor coupling ...................................... 2 1.2.4 Multiprocessor Communication Architecture ......................... 2 1.3 Flynn’s taxonomy ........................................... 2 1.3.1 SISD multiprocessing ..................................... 2 1.3.2 SIMD multiprocessing .................................... 2 1.3.3 MISD multiprocessing .................................... 3 1.3.4 MIMD multiprocessing .................................... 3 1.4 See also ................................................ 3 1.5 References ............................................... 3 2 Computer multitasking 5 2.1 Multiprogramming .......................................... 5 2.2 Cooperative multitasking ....................................... 6 2.3 Preemptive multitasking ....................................... 6 2.4 Real time ............................................... 7 2.5 Multithreading ............................................ 7 2.6 Memory protection .......................................... 7 2.7 Memory swapping .......................................... 7 2.8 Programming ............................................. 7 2.9 See also ................................................ 8 2.10 References ............................................. -
The Intel X86 Microarchitectures Map Version 2.0
The Intel x86 Microarchitectures Map Version 2.0 P6 (1995, 0.50 to 0.35 μm) 8086 (1978, 3 µm) 80386 (1985, 1.5 to 1 µm) P5 (1993, 0.80 to 0.35 μm) NetBurst (2000 , 180 to 130 nm) Skylake (2015, 14 nm) Alternative Names: i686 Series: Alternative Names: iAPX 386, 386, i386 Alternative Names: Pentium, 80586, 586, i586 Alternative Names: Pentium 4, Pentium IV, P4 Alternative Names: SKL (Desktop and Mobile), SKX (Server) Series: Pentium Pro (used in desktops and servers) • 16-bit data bus: 8086 (iAPX Series: Series: Series: Series: • Variant: Klamath (1997, 0.35 μm) 86) • Desktop/Server: i386DX Desktop/Server: P5, P54C • Desktop: Willamette (180 nm) • Desktop: Desktop 6th Generation Core i5 (Skylake-S and Skylake-H) • Alternative Names: Pentium II, PII • 8-bit data bus: 8088 (iAPX • Desktop lower-performance: i386SX Desktop/Server higher-performance: P54CQS, P54CS • Desktop higher-performance: Northwood Pentium 4 (130 nm), Northwood B Pentium 4 HT (130 nm), • Desktop higher-performance: Desktop 6th Generation Core i7 (Skylake-S and Skylake-H), Desktop 7th Generation Core i7 X (Skylake-X), • Series: Klamath (used in desktops) 88) • Mobile: i386SL, 80376, i386EX, Mobile: P54C, P54LM Northwood C Pentium 4 HT (130 nm), Gallatin (Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 130 nm) Desktop 7th Generation Core i9 X (Skylake-X), Desktop 9th Generation Core i7 X (Skylake-X), Desktop 9th Generation Core i9 X (Skylake-X) • Variant: Deschutes (1998, 0.25 to 0.18 μm) i386CXSA, i386SXSA, i386CXSB Compatibility: Pentium OverDrive • Desktop lower-performance: Willamette-128 -
Features PCA-6188 Socket 478 Pentium® 4/Celeron® D
Socket 478 Pentium® 4/Celeron® D/ Celeron Processor Card with 64-bit PCI-X/VGA/Dual PCA-6188 GbE LAN Features . Supports up to 2 Serial ATA devices . Supports Dual Channel DDR 266/333/400 SDRAM . Intel® 875P chipset 400/533/800 MHz FSB . Supports up to two devices with software Serial ATA RAID 0, 1 . Onboard AGP 8X ATi Mobility™ Radeon® 9600 Pro VGA controller, 64 MB DDR SDRAM integrated . Supports dual display, LVDS and DVI . PCI-X 64-bit @ 66 MHz . Supports 10/100/1000Base-T Ethernet . 4 USB 2.0 ports . CMOS automatic backup and restore to prevent accidental data loss of BIOS setup data Specifications CPU Intel Pentium® 4 Intel Celeron® D Intel Celeron 3.06 GHz (533 FSB), 3.4 GHz (800 FSB) Max. Speed 3.06 GHz 2.8 GHz * Vcore 1.75 V CPU (Willamette) not supported Processor System L2 Cache 256 KB/ 512 KB/ 1 MB 256 KB 128/256 KB Chipset Intel 875P + 6300ESB BIOS Award 4 Mbit FWH Front Side Bus 400/533/800 MHz PCI 64-bit/33/66 MHz PCI, 66 MHz PCI-X Bus ISA HISA (ISA high drive), no DMA support Technology Dual Channel DDR 266/333/400 SDRAM with ECC support Memory Max. Capacity 4 GB Socket 184-pin DIMM x 4 Controller ATi Mobility Radeon 9600 Pro (AGP 8X) VRAM 64 MB DDR SDRAM integrated Graphic 1 CRT1, 2048 x 1536, up to 200 Hz vertical rate 1 CRT2, 2048 x 1536, up to 200 Hz vertical rate Video Output 1 LVDS, dual 115MHz interface, 2048 x 1536 @ 60 Hz 1 DVI, 1600 x 1200 @ 60 Hz, 165 MHz Interface 10/100/1000Base-T LAN 1: Intel 82547GI (Gigabit, CSA) Ethernet Controller LAN 2: Intel 82541GI (Gigabit) Connector RJ-45 x 2 Max. -
Test Drive Report for Intel Pentium 4 660
Test Drive Report for Intel Pentium 4 660 The Pentium 4 600 series processors from Intel may not hold an upper hand over their 500 series brethren in terms of clock frequencies, but they do sport quite a few significant new features: support for EM64T as well as EIST technology (for the reduction of processor power consumption and heat), and, very importantly, a series-wide upgrade to 2MB L2 Cache. Overall, the technical advances that have been achieved are rather obvious. First, a tech spec comparison chart is listed below: Pentium 4 5XX Pentium 4 6XX Model number 570, 560, 550, 540, 530, 520 660, 650, 640, 630 Clock speed 2.8 – 3.8GHz 3.0 – 3.6GHz FSB 800MHz 800MHz L2 Cache 1024KB 2048KB EM64T None Yes EDB Yes* Yes EIST None Yes Transistors 125m 169m Die size 112mm2 135mm2 *Only J-suffix 500 series processors (e.g. 560J, 570J) support EDB technology. From the outside, the new Pentium 4 600 series processors are completely identical to the Pentium 4 500 series processors. The 600 series continue to use the Prescott core, but its L2 Cache is enlarged to 2MB, resulting in increased transistor count and die size. CPU-Z Information Comparison Pentium 4 560 Pentium 4 660 “X86-64” appears in the Instructions caption for the Pentium 4 660. Both AMD’s 64-bit computing and Intel’s EM64T technologies belong to the x86-64 architecture, which means that these are expanded from traditional x86 architecture. Elsewhere, the two processors are shown to have different L2 Cache sizes. -
Intel® Omni-Path Architecture Overview and Update
The architecture for Discovery June, 2016 Intel Confidential Caught in the Vortex…? Business Efficiency & Agility DATA: Trust, Privacy, sovereignty Innovation: New Economy Biz Models Macro Economic Effect Growth Enablers/Inhibitors Intel® Solutions Summit 2016 2 Intel® Solutions Summit 2016 3 Intel Confidential 4 Data Center Blocks Reduce Complexity Intel engineering, validation, support Data Center Blocks Speed time to market Begin with a higher level of integration HPC Cloud Enterprise Storage Increase Value VSAN Ready HPC Compute SMB Server Block Reduce TCO, value pricing Block Node Fuel innovation Server blocks for specific segments Focus R&D on value-add and differentiation Intel® Solutions Summit 2016 5 A Holistic Design Solution for All HPC Needs Intel® Scalable System Framework Small Clusters Through Supercomputers Compute Memory/Storage Compute and Data-Centric Computing Fabric Software Standards-Based Programmability On-Premise and Cloud-Based Intel Silicon Photonics Intel® Xeon® Processors Intel® Solutions for Lustre* Intel® Omni-Path Architecture HPC System Software Stack Intel® Xeon Phi™ Processors Intel® SSDs Intel® True Scale Fabric Intel® Software Tools Intel® Xeon Phi™ Coprocessors Intel® Optane™ Technology Intel® Ethernet Intel® Cluster Ready Program Intel® Server Boards and Platforms 3D XPoint™ Technology Intel® Silicon Photonics Intel® Visualization Toolkit Intel Confidential 14 Parallel is the Path Forward Intel® Xeon® and Intel® Xeon Phi™ Product Families are both going parallel How do we attain extremely high compute -
Intel Atom Processor E3800 Product Families in Retail
White Paper Intelligent Systems Intel® Celeron® Processor and Intel® Atom™ Processor E3800 Product Families Intel® Celeron® Processor and Intel® Atom™ Processor E3800 Product Families in Retail Transform user experiences in entry retail devices with full HD video decode, improved graphics, quad-core compute performance, and built-in security Introduction Advanced features include: Intelligent devices that provide HD • Media: Scalable full HD video playback video capability, compelling graphics, includes support for 10 or more responsive performance, and security are simultaneous video streams. transforming in-store retail experiences. • Graphics: Gen 7 Intel® Graphics Today’s retail customers expect POS Architecture enables enhanced visual systems, interactive kiosks, and digital processing over previous-generation signs to support rich media and graphics Intel Atom processors. experience for timely and visually compelling digital promotions and a range • Power and Form Factor: SoC with of choices at checkout, with confidence smaller package size and industrial “The Intel Celeron processor and that the device provides security to temperature range is ideal for thin, protect transactional and personal data. light and environmentally adaptive Intel Atom processor E3800 entry retail devices. The Intel® Celeron® processor and Intel® product families provide full Atom™ processor E3800 product families • Compute: Quad-core processing1 HD simultaneous video decode for intelligent systems help bring these enables improved out-of-order compute capabilities to entry retail devices. performance for more responsive user capability, delivering interactive Compared to previous-generation Intel experiences. Celeron and Atom processors, this new 2-D and 3-D graphics with much • Security: Built-in hardware-assisted processor family provides significantly security enhancements include Intel® improved playback enabling improved media and graphics performance AES New Instructions (Intel® AES NI)2 and enables smaller, more power-efficient immersive visual experiences and Secure Boot. -
Intel® Atom™ Processor E3800 the Latest Low Power Platform E3800 Family Platform for Intelligent Systems
Intel® Atom™ Processor E3800 The Latest Low Power Platform E3800 Family Platform for Intelligent Systems tŚŝůĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽďĞĂƚƌƵĞƚĞƐƚŽĨ/ŶƚĞů͛ƐƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞƵůƚƌĂŵŽďŝůĞƐƉĂĐĞ͕^ŝůǀĞƌŵŽŶƚŝƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƚƌƵĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ ƵƉĚĂƚĞƚŽ/ŶƚĞů͛ƐƚŽŵƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƐŝŶĐĞŝƚƐŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶϮϬϬϴ͘>ĞǀĞƌĂŐŝŶŐ/ŶƚĞů͛ƐĮƌƐƚϮϮŶŵƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂŶĚĂǀĞƌLJůŽǁƉŽǁĞƌͲ ŵŝĐƌŽĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ͕^ŝůǀĞƌŵŽŶƚĂŝŵƐƐƋƵĂƌĞůLJĂƚƚŚĞůĂƚĞƐƚ<ƌĂŝƚĐŽƌĞƐĨƌŽŵYƵĂůĐŽŵŵĂŶĚZD͛ƐŽƌƚĞdžϭϱ͘ĂƐĞĚŽŶ ^ŝůǀĞƌŵŽŶƚ͕/ŶƚĞůΠŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐϯϴϬϬƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ĂƐĞƌŝĞƐŽĨƐLJƐƚĞŵŽŶĐŚŝƉ;^ŽͿĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚĨŽƌůŽǁͲƉŽǁĞƌ͕ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞͲƌŝĐŚ ĂŶĚŚŝŐŚůLJͲĐĂƉĂďůĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘ ϯϴϬϬƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĨĂŵŝůLJƚĂŬĞƐƵƉƚŽĨŽƵƌ^ŝůǀĞƌŵŽŶƚĐŽƌĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƟŵĞŝŶĂŶƵůƚƌĂŵŽďŝůĞ/ŶƚĞů^Ž͕ŝƐƉĂŝƌĞĚǁŝƚŚ /ŶƚĞů͛ƐŽǁŶŐƌĂƉŚŝĐƐ/W͘/ŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŽƌĚƐ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƵƐŝŶŐĂ'WhďůŽĐŬĨƌŽŵ/ŵĂŐŝŶĂƟŽŶdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕E3800 product family leverages the same GPU architecture as the 3rdŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ/ŶƚĞůŽƌĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƐ;ĐŽĚĞŶĂŵĞĚ/ǀLJƌŝĚŐĞͿ͘ Silvermont Core Highlights Better Performance Better Power Efficiency 22nm Architecture 200 250 150 300 100 350 50 400 0 450 500 Out-of-order execuon engine Wider dynamic operang range 3D Tri-gate transistors tuned for New mul-core and system fabric Enhanced acve and idle power SoC products architecture management Architecture and design co-opmized with the process New IA instrucons extensions (Intel Core Westmere Level) Bay Trail: Not just for Atoms anymore E3800 product family combines a CPU based on Intel’s new Silver- mont architecture with a GPU that is architecturally similar to (but 4xPCIe* less powerful than) the HD 4000 graphics engine integrated in the 3rdŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶ/ŶƚĞůΠŽƌĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƐůĂƵŶĐŚĞĚŝŶĞĂƌůLJϮϬϭϮ͘dŚĞƐĞ -
Intel Pentium 4 and Intel Xeon Processor Optimization
Intel® Pentium® 4 and Intel® Xeon™ Processor Optimization Reference Manual Issued in U.S.A. Order Number: 248966-007 World Wide Web: http://developer.intel.com INFORMATION IN THIS DOCUMENT IS PROVIDED IN CONNECTION WITH INTEL PRODUCTS. NO LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS GRANTED BY THIS DOCUMENT. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN INTEL’S TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE FOR SUCH PRODUCTS, INTEL ASSUMES NO LIABILITY WHATSOEVER, AND INTEL DISCLAIMS ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY, RELATING TO SALE AND/OR USE OF INTEL PRODUCTS INCLUDING LIABILITY OR WARRANTIES RELATING TO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, MERCHANTABILITY, OR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. Intel prod- ucts are not intended for use in medical, life saving, or life sustaining applications. Intel may make changes to specifications and product descriptions at any time, without notice. This Intel Pentium 4 and Intel Xeon Processor Optimization Reference Manual as well as the software described in it is fur- nished under license and may only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of the license. The information in this manual is furnished for informational use only, is subject to change without notice, and should not be construed as a com- mitment by Intel Corporation. Intel Corporation assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or inaccuracies that may appear in this document or any software that may be provided in association with this document. Except as permitted by such license, no part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the express written consent of Intel Corporation.