DOCSLIB.ORG

An Examination of the Manumission Inscriptions at Delphi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
An Examination of the Manumission Inscriptions at Delphi University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2017-2018: Penn Humanities Forum Undergraduate Afterlives Research Fellows 5-2018 ἐλευθέρα εἶμεν καὶ νέφαπτος: An Examination of the Manumission Inscriptions at Delphi Claudia Kassner University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2018 Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Kassner, Claudia, "ἐλευθέρα εἶμεν καὶ νέφαπτος: An Examination of the Manumission Inscriptions at Delphi" (2018). Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2017-2018: Afterlives. 4. https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2018/4 This paper was part of the 2017-2018 Penn Humanities Forum on Afterlives. Find out more at http://wolfhumanities.upenn.edu/annual-topics/afterlives. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2018/4 For more information, please contact [email protected]. ἐλευθέρα εἶμεν καὶ νέφαπτος: An Examination of the Manumission Inscriptions at Delphi Abstract Located at the ancient sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi is a collection of inscriptions that detail the sales of slaves by their owners to the god Apollo. In reality, these slaves were purchasing their freedom, and the Delphic inscriptions are the manumission contracts between slave and slave owner. But how did the Greeks reconcile the integration of slaves into free civilization with their established systems and rationalizations surrounding slavery? My project investigates the Delphic approach to manumission, using the manumission inscriptions in conjunction with evidence from other locales to examine the circumstances and methods that would enable a slave to achieve freedom through the Delphic procedure. Close reading and consideration of these inscriptions reveal a tension between the many advantages manumission offered to slaveowners, and the centuries of alienation and objectification of the slave figure to the appellation of merely σῶμα ("body"). This tension, and other evidence of Greek discomfort and anxiety concerning boundary-crossing and categorical dilemmas, may help explain the strange role of the god in the Delphic epigraphy. Disciplines Arts and Humanities Comments This paper was part of the 2017-2018 Penn Humanities Forum on Afterlives. Find out more at http://wolfhumanities.upenn.edu/annual-topics/afterlives. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/uhf_2018/4 ἐλευθέρα εἶµεν καὶ ἀνέφαπτος: An Examination of the Manumission Inscriptions at Delphi Claudia Kassner 2017–2018 Wolf Humanities Center Undergraduate Research Fellow University of Pennsylvania completed under the supervision of Dr. Jeremy McInerney Senior Research Paper in the Classical Studies major in the Department of Classical Studies of the University of Pennsylvania 1 Abstract Located at the ancient sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi is a collection of inscriptions that detail the sales of slaves by their owners to the god Apollo. In reality, these slaves were purchasing their freedom, and the Delphic inscriptions are the manumission contracts between slave and slave owner. But how did the Greeks reconcile the integration of slaves into free civilization with their established systems and rationalizations surrounding slavery? My project investigates the Delphic approach to manumission, using the manumission inscriptions in conjunction with evidence from other locales to examine the circumstances and methods that would enable a slave to achieve freedom through the Delphic procedure. Close reading and consideration of these inscriptions reveal a tension between the many advantages manumission offered to slaveowners, and the centuries of alienation and objectification of the slave figure to the appellation of merely σῶµα ("body"). This tension, and other evidence of Greek discomfort and anxiety concerning boundary-crossing and categorical dilemmas, may help explain the strange role of the god in the Delphic epigraphy. Ancient Greece was not only a society dependent on slave labor, but also one that took the enslavement of other human beings for granted as a fact of human life.1 Yet there is ample evidence—some literary, but primarily epigraphic—that there existed the opportunity for an escape from servitude in Greece, and that manumission may even have been a commonplace practice. Notably, the evidence for manumission is more limited in larger cities like Athens, Corinth, and Thebes; most of the known manumission inscriptions have been found in other regions of northern and central Greece, including locations like Thessaly, Boeotia, Elateia, and Phocis. The Delphic sanctuary of Apollo houses the largest of these epigraphic collections.2 The degree to which the evidence from Delphi, or indeed from any of these places, is representative of Greek manumission as a whole is still up for debate, due to the scattered nature of the evidence (perhaps as a result of these regions’ particular recording habits) and its confinement to particular periods of time. In other words, a location’s manumission inscriptions can only really speak to the manumission procedure of that location at that time, at least without a comparative study.3 1 Finley, “Was Greek Civilization Based on Greek Labour?,” in Slavery in Classical Antiquity, ed. Moses Finley (Cambridge: Heffer, 1968) 53. 2 Zelnick-Abramovitz, Not Wholly Free : The Concept of Manumission and the Status of Manumitted Slaves in the Ancient Greek World (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 2-3. 3 Ibid. May 2018, Final paper submitted for Wolf Humanities Center Undergraduate Research Fellowship 1 Claudia Kassner, College of Arts and Sciences 2018, University of Pennsylvania 2 Still, the individual collections are informatively fruitful, especially one as abundant and detailed as Delphi’s. Of particular interest for this discussion is the representation of the slave in the majority of Delphic manumission inscriptions by the word σῶµα (“body”), which provides an unfortunate reminder of the initial status that he or she occupied in servitude. How did the Greeks approach the transformation of a σῶµα—a slave alienated, objectified, and stripped of legal rights to the point of being what Patterson labels “socially dead”4—into a free human being? How was this even possible logically and logistically in a society that participated in the systematic subjugation and exploitation of masses of people? The inscriptions at Delphi are valuable resources for examining how the Greeks effected the manumission of slaves, and how they conceived of manumission. Overview of the Delphic Manumission Epigraphy The body of manumission inscriptions in the ancient sanctuary of Delphi records the release of over 1200 individuals from slavery. Dating between 201 BCE and roughly 100 CE, the inscriptions that survive lie primarily on the polygonal masonry comprising the terrace wall of the temple of Apollo—some can also be found in other locations around the site, such as on public monuments along the Sacred Way and the theater.5 Through the particular process documented at Delphi (the cases of which number over a thousand), manumission took the form of the god Pythian Apollo purchasing one or more slaves from a slave owner. In reality, the slave bought his or her own freedom and was only nominally the property of the deity.6 Accordingly, 4 Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982), 237; Zelnick-Abramovitz, 5. 5 Hopkins, Conquerors and Slaves (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978): 133-134. 6 Kamen, “Sale for the Purpose of Freedom: Slave-Prostitutes and Manumission in Ancient Greece,” The Classical Journal 109 (2014): 285. May 2018, Final paper submitted for Wolf Humanities Center Undergraduate Research Fellowship 2 Claudia Kassner, College of Arts and Sciences 2018, University of Pennsylvania 3 scholars often refer to these transactions as “fictive sales,”7 “trust sales,”8 or, more broadly, “sacral manumission.”9 The inscription recording the manumission of a slave named Ladika is fairly typical and can illustrate the standard form of this practice: ἄρχοντος Ἐµµενίδα τοῦ Καλλία µηνὸς Δαιδαφορίου, ἀπέδοτο Τελεσὼ Μνασικράτεος Δελφίς, συνευδοκέοντος καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ Κλέωνος, τῶι Ἀπόλλωνι τῶι Πυθίωι σῶµα γυναικε͂ιον ἇι ὄνοµα Λαδίκα τὸ γένος Σύραν, τιµᾶς ἀργυρίου µνᾶν τριῶν, καὶ τὰν τιµὰν ἔχει, καθὼς ἐπίστευσε Λαδίκα τῶι θεῶι τὰν ὠνάν, ἐφ’ ὧιτε ἐλευθέραν εἶµεν καὶ ἀνέφαπτον ἀπὸ πάντων τὸν πάντα χρόνον, ποιέουσα ὅ κα θέληι καὶ ἀποτρέχουσα οἷς κα θέληι. βεβαιωτὴρ κατὰ τὸν νόµον τᾶς πόλιος· Ἀστόξενος Διονυσίου. εἰ δέ τις ἐφάπτοιτο Λαδίκας ἐπὶ καταδουλισµῶι, βέβαιον παρεχόντων τῶι θεῶι τὰν ὠνὰν ἅ τε ἀποδοµένα Τελεσὼ καὶ ὁ βεβαιωτὴρ Ἀστόξενος· εἰ δὲ µὴ παρέχοιεν βέβαιον τὰν ὠνὰν τῶι θεῶι, πράκτιµοι ἐόντων κατὰ τὸν νόµον. ὁµοίως δὲ καὶ οἱ παρατυγχάνοντες κύριοι ἐόντων συλέοντες ὡς ἐλευθέραν οὖσαν ἀζάµιοι ἐόντες καὶ ἀνυπόδικοι πάσας δίκας καὶ ζαµίας µάρτυρες· τοὶ ἱερεῖς τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος Ταραντῖνος, Ἀµύντας καὶ τοὶ ἄρχοντες Ἀριστίων, Ἄσανδρος, Ἀριστόµαχος, ἰδιῶται Πατρέας, Εὐκράτης, Ἀστόξενος, Κλέων, Ἀρτεµίδωρος, Χαρίξενος.10 While Emmenidas son of Kallias was archon in the month of Daidaphorios, Teleso daughter of Mnasikrates of Delphi, with her son Kleon also consenting, sold to Pythian Apollo a female body named Ladika, Syrian in origin, for the price of three mnae of silver, and [Teleso] holds the payment, accordingly as Ladika entrusted the sale to the god, according to which she be free and untouchable by all for all time, doing whatever she wishes and going wherever she wishes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ancient Greek Coins
    Ancient Greek Coins Notes for teachers • Dolphin shaped coins. Late 6th to 5th century BC. These coins were minted in Olbia on the Black Sea coast of Ukraine. From the 8th century BC Greek cities began establishing colonies around the coast of the Black Sea. The mixture of Greek and native currencies resulted in a curious variety of monetary forms including these bronze dolphin shaped items of currency. • Silver stater. Aegina c 485 – 480 BC This coin shows a turtle symbolising the naval strength of Aegina and a punch mark In Athens a stater was valued at a tetradrachm (4 drachms) • Silver staterAspendus c 380 BC This shows wrestlers on one side and part of a horse and star on the other. The inscription gives the name of a city in Pamphylian. • Small silver half drachm. Heracles wearing a lionskin is shown on the obverse and Zeus seated, holding eagle and sceptre on the reverse. • Silver tetradrachm. Athens 450 – 400 BC. This coin design was very poular and shows the goddess Athena in a helmet and has her sacred bird the Owl and an olive sprig on the reverse. Coin values The Greeks didn’t write a value on their coins. Value was determined by the material the coins were made of and by weight. A gold coin was worth more than a silver coin which was worth more than a bronze one. A heavy coin would buy more than a light one. 12 chalkoi = 1 Obol 6 obols = 1 drachm 100 drachma = 1 mina 60 minas = 1 talent An unskilled worker, like someone who unloaded boats or dug ditches in Athens, would be paid about two obols a day.
    [Show full text]
  • Slavery and Manumission in the Pre-Constantine Church
    Eleutheria Volume 2 Issue 2 The Fourth Issue Article 2 August 2013 Slavery and Manumission in the Pre-Constantine Church Joseph Francis Super West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, Christianity Commons, and the History of Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Super, Joseph F.. 2013. "Slavery and Manumission in the Pre-Constantine Church." Eleutheria 2, (2). https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/eleu/vol2/iss2/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Divinity at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Eleutheria by an authorized editor of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Slavery and Manumission in the Pre-Constantine Church Abstract This paper looks at the church’s handling of the issue of slavery in the period before Constantine and the officialecognition r of Christianity. The time period is important because Christians had no political authority to end slavery, assuming they wanted to do so. Thus, the aim of the paper is discover how the Church as an institution alleviated the conditions of the slaves and how slaves were treated in the church and examine the relationship of slave to master in the church. This will be accomplished by examining certain doctrines of the faith church leaders applied to these problems as well as ancient understandings of what Paul had written and how it fit into their world and social context, which was the social context of the Bible itself. More specifically, by examining Paul’s letter to Philemon, Ignatius’ Epistle to Polycarp, and the Didache, the paper argues that the early church, using a Scriptural model, worked within its circumstances to ameliorate slaves’ material conditions, to bring all classes of people to the saving knowledge of Jesus Christ, and to ensure that, within the church, all people were treated as equals.
    [Show full text]
  • Art and Royalty in Sparta of the 3Rd Century B.C
    HESPERIA 75 (2006) ART AND ROYALTY Pages 203?217 IN SPARTA OF THE 3RD CENTURY B.C. ABSTRACT a The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that revival of the arts in Sparta b.c. was during the 3rd century owed mainly to royal patronage, and that it was inspired by Alexander s successors, the Seleukids and the Ptolemies in particular. The tumultuous transition from the traditional Spartan dyarchy to a and to its dominance Hellenistic-style monarchy, Sparta's attempts regain in the P?loponn?se (lost since the battle of Leuktra in 371 b.c.), are reflected in the of the hero Herakles as a role model promotion pan-Peloponnesian at for the single king the expense of the Dioskouroi, who symbolized dual a kingship and had limited, regional appeal. INTRODUCTION was Spartan influence in the P?loponn?se dramatically reduced after the battle of Leuktra in 371 b.c.1 The history of Sparta in the 3rd century b.c. to ismarked by intermittent efforts reassert Lakedaimonian hegemony.2 A as a means to tendency toward absolutism that end intensified the latent power struggle between the Agiad and Eurypontid royal houses, leading to the virtual abolition of the traditional dyarchy in the reign of the Agiad Kleomenes III (ca. 235-222 b.c.), who appointed his brother Eukleides 1. For the battle of Leuktra and its am to and Ellen Millen 2005.1 grateful Graham Shipley Paul Cartledge and see me to am consequences, Cartledge 2002, and Ellen Millender for inviting der for historical advice. I also 251-259.
    [Show full text]
  • The Medici Aphrodite Angel D
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2005 A Hellenistic masterpiece: the Medici Aphrodite Angel D. Arvello Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Arvello, Angel D., "A Hellenistic masterpiece: the Medici Aphrodite" (2005). LSU Master's Theses. 2015. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2015 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A HELLENISTIC MASTERPIECE: THE MEDICI APRHODITE A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The School of Art by Angel D. Arvello B. A., Southeastern Louisiana University, 1996 May 2005 In Memory of Marcel “Butch” Romagosa, Jr. (10 December 1948 - 31 August 1998) ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the support of my parents, Paul and Daisy Arvello, the love and support of my husband, Kevin Hunter, and the guidance and inspiration of Professor Patricia Lawrence in addition to access to numerous photographs of hers and her coin collection. I would also like to thank Doug Smith both for his extensive website which was invaluable in writing chapter four and for his permission to reproduce the coin in his private collection.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Sexuality, Volume 2: the Use of Pleasure
    The Use of Pleasure Volume 2 of The History of Sexuality Michel Foucault Translated from the French by Robert Hurley Vintage Books . A Division of Random House, Inc. New York The Use of Pleasure Books by Michel Foucault Madness and Civilization: A History oflnsanity in the Age of Reason The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences The Archaeology of Knowledge (and The Discourse on Language) The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception I, Pierre Riviere, having slaughtered my mother, my sister, and my brother. ... A Case of Parricide in the Nineteenth Century Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison The History of Sexuality, Volumes I, 2, and 3 Herculine Barbin, Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth­ Century French Hermaphrodite Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977 VINTAGE BOOKS EDlTlON, MARCH 1990 Translation copyright © 1985 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in France as L' Usage des piaisirs by Editions Gallimard. Copyright © 1984 by Editions Gallimard. First American edition published by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., in October 1985. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foucault, Michel. The history of sexuality. Translation of Histoire de la sexualite. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. Contents: v. I. An introduction-v. 2. The use of pleasure. I. Sex customs-History-Collected works.
    [Show full text]
  • Tῆς Πάσης Ναυτιλίης Φύλαξ: Aphrodite and the Sea*
    Kernos Revue internationale et pluridisciplinaire de religion grecque antique 23 | 2010 Varia Tῆς πάσης ναυτιλίης φύλαξ: Aphrodite and the Sea Denise Demetriou Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/kernos/1567 DOI: 10.4000/kernos.1567 ISSN: 2034-7871 Publisher Centre international d'étude de la religion grecque antique Printed version Date of publication: 1 January 2010 Number of pages: 67-89 ISSN: 0776-3824 Electronic reference Denise Demetriou, « Tῆς πάσης ναυτιλίης φύλαξ: Aphrodite and the Sea », Kernos [Online], 23 | 2010, Online since 10 October 2013, connection on 30 April 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ kernos/1567 ; DOI : 10.4000/kernos.1567 Kernos Kernos 23 (2010), p. .7-A9. T=> ?@AB> CDEFGHIB> JKHDL5 Aphrodite a d the Seau AbstractS This paper offers a co ection of genera y neg ected He enistic epigrams and some iterary and epigraphic e2idence that attest to the worship of Aphrodite as a patron deity of na2igation. The goddess8 temp es were often coasta not 1ecause they were p aces where _sacred prostitution” was practiced, 1ut rather 1ecause of Aphrodite8s association with the sea and her ro e as a patron of seafaring. The protection she offered was to anyone who sai ed, inc uding the na2y and traders, and is attested throughout the Mediterranean, from the Archaic to the He enistic periods. Further, the teLts eLamined here re2ea a metaphorica ink 1etween Aphrodite8s ro e as patron of na2igation and her ro e as a goddess of seLua ity. Résumé S Cet artic e pr sente une s rie d8 pigrammes he nistiques g n ra ement peu tudi es et que ques t moignages itt raires et pigraphiques attestant e cu te d8Aphrodite en tant que protectrice de a na2igation.
    [Show full text]
  • Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult
    ΑΡΣΙΝΟΗ ΕΥΠΛΟΙΑ Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult Carlos Francis Robinson Bachelor of Arts (Hons. 1) A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2019 Historical and Philosophical Inquiry Abstract Queen Arsinoë II, the Maritime Aphrodite and Early Ptolemaic Ruler Cult By the early Hellenistic period a trend was emerging in which royal women were deified as Aphrodite. In a unique innovation, Queen Arsinoë II of Egypt (c. 316 – 270 BC) was deified as the maritime Aphrodite, and was associated with the cult titles Euploia, Akraia, and Galenaië. It was the important study of Robert (1966) which identified that the poets Posidippus and Callimachus were honouring Arsinoë II as the maritime Aphrodite. This thesis examines how this new third-century BC cult of ‘Arsinoë Aphrodite’ adopted aspects of Greek cults of the maritime Aphrodite, creating a new derivative cult. The main historical sources for this cult are the epigrams of Posidippus and Callimachus, including a relatively new epigram (Posidippus AB 39) published in 2001. This thesis demonstrates that the new cult of Arsinoë Aphrodite utilised existing traditions, such as: Aphrodite’s role as patron of fleets, the practice of dedications to Aphrodite by admirals, the use of invocations before sailing, and the practice of marine dedications such as shells. In this way the Ptolemies incorporated existing religious traditions into a new form of ruler cult. This study is the first attempt to trace the direct relationship between Ptolemaic ruler cult and existing traditions of the maritime Aphrodite, and deepens our understanding of the strategies of ruler cult adopted in the early Hellenistic period.
    [Show full text]
  • While Most Bronzes Were Found Individually, Some Specific Finds Seem to Have Narrow Dates Around the Time of Cleopatra and Augustus
    51 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS While most bronzes were found individually, some specific finds seem to have narrow dates around the time of Cleopatra and Augustus. Deposits below later mosaics provide a glimpse of the coinage in circulation during the late Ptolemaic and Augustan times.33 34 Two of the several wells containing coins provide a similar snapshot in time, although with more of the smaller denominations. The largest finds of eighth and quarter-units are in rooms containing sixty-two and ten examples respectively. Each of these finds is listed in the endnotes.35 A chart of the Ptolemaic coins found on page 124 of “Paphos II” modified by the assertions in this book is below. Total Ptolemaic Coins struck in Cyprus found at Paphos II, The House of Dionysos36 Ptol I 3 Ptol II 8 Ptol III 2 Ptol IV 0 (110 “Arsinöe III” Æ9 reattributed from here to Cleopatra VII) Ptol V 1 (3 Thunderbolt / Eagle Æ7 reattributed to Cleopatra VII) Ptol VI-VIII 17 (Most examples included with later kings) Ptol IX 111 (same) Ptol IX to X 190 (same) Ptolemy XII 37 (aphlaston, T & Star, KY∏P obols given to Ptolemy XII) Cleopatra VII 193 33 Bust of Winter from House of Dionysos, Four Seasons mosaic. Room XVI, Four Seasons Mosaic, (sealed deposit) 0.2-0.4 m below the mosaic floor 526 Augustus, Æ18, Plautius, 1/2 AD, 4.6g, hemiobol 429 Cleopatra, Æ25, 6.1g, obol, 2 eagles, Isis headdress 430 -, Æ24, 4.7g, same 472 -, Æ15, 1.7g, hemiobol A coin of Arcadius was found above the mosaic, on the surface.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF Catalogue
    1 GAUL, Massalia, c. 200-120 BCE, AR obol. 0.60g, 9mm. Obv: Bare head of Apollo left Rev: M A within wheel of four spokes. Depeyrot, Marseille 31 From the JB (Edmonton) collection. Obverse off-centre, but high grade, superb style, perfect metal, and spectacular toning. Estimate: 100 Starting price: 50 CAD 2 CIMMERIAN BOSPORUS, Pantikapaion, c. 310-303BC, AE 22. 7.61g, 21.5mm Obv: Bearded head of Satyr (or Pan), right Rev: P-A-N, forepart of griffin left, sturgeon left below Anokhin 1023; MacDonald 69; HGC 7, 113 Ex Lodge Antiquities Estimate: 100 Starting price: 50 CAD 3 CIMMERIAN BOSPOROS, Pantikapaion, c. 325-310 BCE, AE17. 3.91g, 17mm. Obv: Head of satyr left Rev: ΠΑΝ; Head of bull left. MacDonald 67; Anokhin 1046 From the JB (Edmonton) collection. Starting price: 30 CAD 4 THESSALY, Atrax, 3rd c. BCE, AE trichalkon. 6.03g, 18mm. Obv: Laureate head of Apollo right Rev: ATP-A-Γ-IΩN, horseman, raising right hand, advancing right. Rogers 169-71; BCD Thessaly II 59.6-10 Starting price: 30 CAD 5 THESSALY, Krannon, circa 350-300 BCE, AE chalkous. 2.41g, 15.4mm. Obv: Thessalian warrior on horse rearing right. Rev: KPAN, bull butting right; above, trident right. BCD Thessaly II 118.5; HGC 4, 391 From the zumbly collection; ex BCD Collection, with his handwritten tag stating, “V. Ex Thess., Apr. 94, DM 35” Starting price: 30 CAD 6 THESSALY, Phalanna, c. 350 BCE, AE 18 (dichalkon or trichalkon). 6.53g, 17.5mm. Obv: Head of Ares right, A to left .
    [Show full text]
  • The Military Policy of the Hellenistic Boiotian League
    The Military Policy of the Hellenistic Boiotian League Ruben Post Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal December, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Arts ©Ruben Post, 2012. Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 3 Abrégé ............................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 Sources .........................................................................................................................11 Chapter One .....................................................................................................................16 Agriculture and Population in Late Classical and Hellenistic Boiotia .........................16 The Fortification Building Program of Epameinondas ................................................31 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................43 Chapter Two ....................................................................................................................48
    [Show full text]
  • The Phokikon and the Hero Archegetes (Plate54)
    THE PHOKIKON AND THE HERO ARCHEGETES (PLATE54) A SHORT DISTANCE WEST of the Boiotian town of Chaironeia the Sacred Way I Lcrossed the border into Phokis. The road went past Panopeus and on toward Daulis before turning south toward the Schiste Odos and, eventually, Delphi (Fig. 1). To reach the famous crossroads where Oidipos slew his father, the Sacred Way first had to pass through the valley of the Platanias River. In this valley, on the left side of the road, was the federal meeting place of the Phokians, the Phokikon.1 This is one of the few civic buildings from antiquity whose internal layout is described by an eyewitness.2 Pausanias says, Withrespect to size the buildingis a largeone, and withinit thereare columnsstanding along its length; steps ascend from the columnsto each wall, and on these steps the delegatesof the Phokianssit. At the far end there are neithercolumns nor steps, but a statuegroup of Zeus, Athena, and Hera; the statueof Zeus is enthroned,flanked by the goddesses,with the statueof Athenastanding on the left (1O.5.2).3 Frazersuggested that the interior of the building resembledthe Thersilion at Megalopolis.4 The location of a federal assembly hall so close to the border with Boiotia, an often hostile neighbor, seems puzzling, but given the shape of the entire territory of Phokis, the position of the Phokikonmakes sense (Fig. 2). As Philippson noted, "Die antike Landschaft Phokis ist nicht nattirlichbegrenzt und kein geographisch einheitliches Gebiet."5 Ancient Phokis was dominated by Mount Parnassos, and the Phokians inhabited two distinct 1 An earlier draft of this paper was delivered at the 92nd Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (San Francisco 1990; abstract, AJA 1991, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • ANCIENT TERRACOTTAS from SOUTH ITALY and SICILY in the J
    ANCIENT TERRACOTTAS FROM SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY in the j. paul getty museum The free, online edition of this catalogue, available at http://www.getty.edu/publications/terracottas, includes zoomable high-resolution photography and a select number of 360° rotations; the ability to filter the catalogue by location, typology, and date; and an interactive map drawn from the Ancient World Mapping Center and linked to the Getty’s Thesaurus of Geographic Names and Pleiades. Also available are free PDF, EPUB, and MOBI downloads of the book; CSV and JSON downloads of the object data from the catalogue and the accompanying Guide to the Collection; and JPG and PPT downloads of the main catalogue images. © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042. First edition, 2016 Last updated, December 19, 2017 https://www.github.com/gettypubs/terracottas Published by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Getty Publications 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 500 Los Angeles, California 90049-1682 www.getty.edu/publications Ruth Evans Lane, Benedicte Gilman, and Marina Belozerskaya, Project Editors Robin H. Ray and Mary Christian, Copy Editors Antony Shugaar, Translator Elizabeth Chapin Kahn, Production Stephanie Grimes, Digital Researcher Eric Gardner, Designer & Developer Greg Albers, Project Manager Distributed in the United States and Canada by the University of Chicago Press Distributed outside the United States and Canada by Yale University Press, London Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: J.
    [Show full text]