YellowstoneOfficial Newspaper of Yellowstone National Park Today Winter 1998- 99%/ Caution, Winter Visitors ellowstone has many hidden and unmarked hazards. Freezing, Ythawing, and extreme temperatures can create dangerous con­ ditions. Take proper precautions; use cpmmon sense and extra care near canyons, waterfalls, thermal areas, viewpoints, and wildlife. Watch your children. Your hand and your voice may be too far away once your child leaves your side.

Road conditions on the stretch of road open to automobiles from Gardiner to Cooke City, Montana, can be icy, snowpacked, and hazardous. Snowtires or chains are always recommended and, at times, may be required on this road.

Please drive, walk, snowmobile, and ski safely to protect yourself and your park.

Non-Profit Organization U.S. POSTAGE PAID Winter Magic However, when heat meets cold, tenance to other animals. Plants and Permit No. 104 the clash creates incomparable animals depend on the reservoir of Livingston, MT 59047 beauty. Through time, Yellowstone water locked in the snowbanks and has been shaped by fire and ice. freed through the months of spring, now and cold transform During winter, these ancient and summer, and fall. Over the long SYellowstone's 2.2 million acres ongoing forces seem compressed term, winter is a major regulator of in ways both obvious and subtle. At into a snapshot of geologic time. natural systems, an essential part of first, the effect is one of simplifica­ the cycle of building and destruc­ tion: the ground appears to be cov­ Snow and cold transform more than tion. Winter helps maintain a bal­ ered by a monotonous white blan­ the landscape. All living things ance between living and nonliving ket. Spend more time and that illu­ change somehow to adapt to harsh things. sion is shattered. Cold, wind, and conditions. For some, this means Yellowstone light shape and color snow in infi­ simply leaving the area for the du­ In the wildness of Yellowstone it is Association nite textures and tones. ration of winter. Others enter states possible to see not only the beauty of dormancy or considerably of the season but to begin to com­ Yellowstone Today, which is distributed to visitors at park entrances, is published by the staff of Yellowstone National Park. As a member of the Another force is at work here, too: reduced activity. Still others move prehend the sublime necessity of its Yellowstone Association (YA), you have contributed to the production heat, rising from deep within the to different habitat, grow thicker harshness. costs of this publication, a major source of information for millions of earth. Yellowstone's heat source is coats, change colors, and alter feed­ park visitors each year. YA operates book sales facilities in visitor centers uninfluenced by the change of the ing habits to survive. and museums; YA staff provide information and assistance to park visitors. seasons, and thermal activity—gey­ Ultimately, much of YA's revenue is returned to the park's educational, sers, hot springs, mud pots, and Winter takes life and gives life. interpretive and research programs. As a YA member, you are a part of the fumaroles—continues nonstop. Animals perish but death gives sus­ team striving to preserve Yellowstone "For the Benefit and Enjoyment of Future Generations." Emergency- Contents Spring plowing starts March 8 Dial 911 Throughout the park, groomed roads will close to oversnow vehicle (snowmobile and snowcoach) traffic for spring plowing as follows: Safety 2 March 8 Mammoth to Norris Visitor centers 3 March 10 Madison to Norris to Canyon Snowmobile regulations 10 March 15 All other park roads close to oversnow Entrance fees 13 traffic. Park map 16 Roads close at 8:00 AM on the days listed. M -, *. A Printed mi recycled paper with so\ inL — • '""' 2 Some Things all Visitors Must Know... Yellowstone Today Icy roads and trails

The only roads plowed for the win­ drifting snow. Snow tires or tire Emergency ter season—and not open to over- chains may be required and are snow vehicles—are the 56 mile (90 always recommended. —dial 911 km) stretch between the North Entrance and Cooke City, Montana, Park roads are designed for slower- via Mammoth and Tower Junction, than-highway speeds—45 mph (73 Park and a 1 mile (1.6 km) stretch from kph) maximum, lower where post­ information— Mammoth to the parking area at the ed. Do not stop on the road and Upper Terraces. These roads are block traffic when viewing wildlife (307) 344-7381 maintained only during daylight or scenery, please use pullouts. hours and may close during severe (long distance from storms. Trails and overlooks may be icy, making footing dangerous. Obey some locations in Expect snowpacked roads, icy trail closures. Proceed with cau­ the park) spots, and frost heaves. High tion at all times and watch your winds may cause blowing and children closely.

Unpredictable wildlife; keep Scalding water can ruin your distance your trip You will see more of an animal's but are unpredictable and dangerous. natural behavior and activity if you See page 8 for tips on passing bison Yellowstone's thermal features, rare among the earth's wonders, are are sensitive to its need for space. or other wildlife on a snowmobile, extremely fragile. Boardwalks and trails protect you and preserve delicate That need is most critical in winter. formations. Cold and deep snow make it diffi­ COYOTES can quickly learn bad cult to find food, and every move­ habits like roadside begging. This Stay on boardwalks and designated trails. Scalding water underlies most ment costs precious energy. may lead to aggressive behavior of the thin, breakable crusts; pools are near or above boiling temperatures. toward humans. Do not approach any wildlife. View Pets are prohibited in thermal areas. them from the safety of your vehi­ BEARS may be seen in early and cle. If an animal reacts to your late winter. Be alert for tracks and Swimming or bathing in thermal pools or streams where waters flow presence, you are too close. signs. Never approach animal car­ entirely from a thermal spring or pool is prohibited. Thermal waters may casses. Report all bear sightings to contain organisms known to cause infections and/or amoebic meningitis Each year a number of park visitors a ranger. which can be quickly fatal. Swim at your own risk; for more information, are injured by wildlife when they ask at any ranger station or visitor center. approach animals too closely. SNOWMOBILERS: Stop and allow When on foot, you must stay at wildlife to move off roads before con­ least 100 yards (91 m) away from tinuing. If you must pass, then follow bears and at least 25 yards (23 the guidelines on page 8. BEWARE OF WINTER CAMPING PETS m) away from bison, elk, bighorn HYPOTHERMIA sheep, deer, moose, or coyotes. SKIERS: Give all animals plenty of Wheeled vehicles: winter camp­ Pets must be leashed. They are room. Do not ski through herds. AND FROSTBITE ing is available only at Mammoth prohibited on ski trails, in the back- BISON may appear tame and slow Campground (accessible via the country, and in thermal basins. Yellowstone's weather is unpredict­ North Entrance). Heated Leaving a pet unattended and/or able; a calm, clear day may turn restrooms and water are avail­ tied to an object is prohibited. fiercely stormy. Without adequate able. Overnight camping or stop­ clothing and gear an easy ski tour ping outside of this designated or snowmobile trip can turn into a FIREARMS campground are not permitted. battle for survival. Exposure to wind and cold can result in Firearms are not allowed in hypothermia. This rapid loss of BACKCOUNTRY Yellowstone. However, unloaded firearms may be transported in a body heat can cause death if not PERMITS treated. Early warning signs include vehicle when the weapon is cased, broken down or rendered inopera­ shivering, slurred speech, memory Permits are required for over­ ble, and kept out of sight. Ammuni­ lapses, drowsiness, and exhaustion. night backcountry use and may tion must be placed in a separate be obtained in person up to 48 compartment of the vehicle. Exposure to cold and wind can also hours in advance from any ranger result in frostbite. Frostbite can station. Rangers will provide in­ permanently damage tissue and formation on weather, trails and ATTENTION ANGLERS affect functional use of fingers, snow conditions, and alert you to toes, nose, ears or other bod\ any special winter hazards. Wood Yellowstone National Park's fishing extremities. Protect yourself with fires are only allowed in season closed on the first Sunda\ in warm, layered clothing and fre­ Mammoth Campground so November and will not reopen quent stops to warm up. skiers must carry stoves and fuel until Saturday of Memorial Day for cooking and melting snow. weekend. 3^ Information and Activities Opening and closing dates are weather dependent Yellowstone Today- Ranger-naturalist activitie Visitor Mammoth Hot Springs Centers Evening slide programs are offered Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nigl (December 24-March 6) at 8:30 PM in the Mammoth Hotel Map Room, ranger-naturalist accompanies the Wildlife Bus Tour to Lamar Valley or Wednesdays which leaves the Mammoth Hotel at 1:00 PM. For more inf mation, stop in at the visitor center or call (307) 344-2263. Open year-round. Winter hours 9:00 AM-5:00 PM daily. Informa­ Old Faithful tion, bookstore, and exhibits of the Evening programs are offered Thursday, Friday, and Saturday nights wildlife, early history, exploration (December 18-March 13) at 7:30 PM in the Old Faithful Visitor Center, and establishment of Yellowstone ditorium. Allow one hour. For program topics, check at the visitor cente National Park are available. A 25- or call (307) 545-2750. minute film on the national park idea and a 12-minute film on the artist Thomas Moran are shown on Roving ranger-naturalists request throughout the day. Check Look for ranger-naturalists at Yellowstone warming huts or near major Yellowstone Institute at the visitor center for more infor­ park features. They are intermittently available to assist you, to answer mation or call (307) 344-2263. your questions, and to tell you more about the winter wonderland of courses Yellowstone. Exploring Yellowstone on Skis— As seasons change and winter February 4-7,1999 arrives, the Yellowstone country is transformed into a beautiful snow- Open daily 9:00 AM-5:00 PM from Literature of Yellowstone— Concessioner activities scape, offering visitors rewarding December 16 through March 14. February 13-15,1999 experiences available to relatively Information, bookstore, and geyser Park concessioners operate lodging or ask for a copy of Discover few people. Yellowstone Institute Winter Ecology and Survival— eruption predictions are available. and provide other services, in­ Yellowstone. For more information winter courses provide an opportu­ February 19-21,1999 A short movie on geysers is shown call local Chambers of Commerce cluding evening programs, snow- nity to leam about this special throughout the day. Check at the coach tours, guided ski and snow- for activities starting outside the place in a stimulating, fun, and safe Yellowstone's Wolves—March visitor center for more information shoe tours, guided snowmobile park or AmFac Parks & Resorts at environment, full of the cama­ 12-14,1999 or call (307) 545-2750. (307) 344-7311 for activities start­ tours, and wildlife bus tours. raderie that comes so easily at this Detailed information is available at ing both inside and outside the time of year. Field courses offered Wildlife Observation—March the visitor centers, warming huts. park. Warming Huts this winter are: 18-21,1999 Old Faithful Warming Hut. Open Dec. 16—March 14, daytime Wilderness First Responder— The Yellowstone Association only. Vending machine snacks are January 2-12,1999 Institute offers close to 100 diverse available. courses year-round on such topics Madison Junction Warming Hut Snowshoeing in Yellowstone— as geysers, grizzlies, birds, wild- Open Dec. 16—March 14,24 hours January 15-18,1999 flowers, and park history. For more daily. ArnFac Parks & Resorts sells details about these learning experi­ light snacks and hot drinks during Snow Tracking—January 22-24, ences, call (307) 344-2294 or write the day; vending machine snacks 1999 P.O. Box 117, Yellowstone available any time. National Park, WY 82190. Indian Creek Warming Hut. Winter Ecology on Skis— Open Dec. 16—March 7,24 hours January 28-31,1999 daily. Fishing Bridge Warming Hut. Open Dec. 16-March 14,24 hours daily. Vending machine snacks and Planning is crucial for winter visit cold drinks available. Canyon Warming Hut. Open Winter in Yellowstone is a time of Yellowstone, snow and cold com­ coach travel. Snowmobiles, rented Snowmobiles may be rented from a Dec. 16-March 14, 24 hours daily. extremes: boiling versus frozen bined with natural wonders create or privately owned, and snow- variety of outfitters in nearby com­ AmFac Parks & Resorts sells light water, the suspended animation of an incomparable winter experience. coaches are permitted only on munities or from park concessioner meals and hot drinks during the hibernating animals versus the groomed roadways; sidehilling and AmFac Parks & Resorts. Privately day; vending machine snacks struggle of others to find food, days Yellowstone's season of winter off-road travel are illegal. owned and operated snowmobiles available any time. of blizzard whiteout versus days of operations runs from late December must be registered according to the West Thumb Warming Hut. pure sparkling colors. Transformed to early March. First, decide how Snowcoaches—winter vehicles on laws of the operator's state of resi­ Open Dec. 16-March 14, 24 hours by cold temperatures, water you will get around the park. skis and caterpillar tread—depart dence and have a muffler in good daily. assumes endlessly variable forms Heavy accumulations of snow limit from Old Faithful, Mammoth Hot working order (see page 10). and shapes: waterfalls freeze into driving; the only road open for Springs, West Yellowstone (at the Operators must have a valid giant icicles, geyser spray falls as year-round automobile travel is West Entrance) and Flagg Ranch motor vehicle driver's license. crystal beads or grows into fantas­ the Gardiner, Mont.-Cooke City, (near the South Entrance). Reserva­ Before beginning your trip, get an tic ice sculptures, Yellowstone Lake Mont, road (North Entrance to 7 tions are strongly recommended; up-to-date road and weather report. freezes from shore to shore. miles east of the Northeast En­ call Amfac Parks & Resorts at The key to enjoying your winter trance). All other park roads are (307) 344-7311 for information and visit is preparation. Wildlife and people adapt to harsh closed to wheeled vehicles but reservations. conditions in ways both obvious groomed for snowmobile or snow- and subtle. In the vast wilderness of 4 A Winter Wonderland! Yellowstone Today

THERMAL BASINS mined by pinnacles, ridges, gullies, ly as August. Water temperature WILDLIFE food easier to find. Of the large and slopes. Deep in the canyon, gradually drops, cold water sinks as mammals inhabiting Yellowstone, only the moose can survive in the Geysers, hot springs, mud pots, and steam plumes mark locations of hot warm water rises, and the process Winter is the season of greatest higher elevations. Its long legs fumaroles are fascinating any time springs, geysers, and fumaroles. continues until the water is uni­ stress to all living things. For many are well suited to striding through of year. In winter, the clash of ex­ By mid-winter the roar of the formly cold enough to freeze. animals, it is the time of dying. The deep snow to reach the fir nee­ treme heat and cold creates ex­ Upper and Lower Falls is muffled very old, very young, and those dles that it eats. traordinary beauty—ghost trees, ice behind massive sheets of ice. Water Although shallow lagoons or bays weakened by injury or illness are at cones, eruptions seemingly ampli­ seems frozen in motion, as though may freeze earlier, widespread a disadvantage when it is extremely fied in the frigid air to several instantly transformed from tower­ freeze-up takes place after an in­ difficult to find food. Even animals Elk and bison are most common­ times summer height. Warm ing falls to icicle. At the base of the tensely cold subzero night. On av­ in good condition cannot endure ly seen, partly because their win­ ground, steam, and hot water run­ Lower Falls, spray freezes and erage, the lake is ice-locked by repeated stress without depleting ter ranges overlap areas of human off create microclimates; in places, grows into an ice cone that some- December 25. In the few days energy reserves; soon, survival is at occupation and partly due to their plants grow in summer­ numbers. Look for like lushness. Animals them in the Lamar, are drawn to thermal Pelican, and Hayden areas because food is eas­ Valleys, as well as ier to find. along the Firehole River. Most of the park's major thermal basins lie along Winter in northern the 50 mile (80.5 km) Yellowstone, along road between Mammoth the 56 miles (90 km) Hot Springs and Old of road between Faithful. These areas Gardiner and Cooke include the Mammoth City, Montana, is sig­ Hot Spring Terraces, nificantly different Norris Geyser Basin, from the rest of the Fountain Paint Pots, Yellowstone plateau. Midway Geyser Basin, Three river valleys— Biscuit Basin, Black the Yellowstone, Sand Basin, and the Lamar, and Gardner— Upper Geyser Basin combine with the (where you will find Old lowest elevations in Faithful). West Thumb the park to create Geyser Basin, located on ideal winter habitat the shore of Yellowstone for a variety of Lake, is 22 miles (35.4 wildlife. Typically, km) north of the South less snow falls here Entrance. Six miles (9.7 and temperatures are a km) north of Fishing few degrees warmer Bridge junction, in than elsewhere in the Hayden Valley, is Mud park. Few other plac­ Volcano. Boardwalk trails es in North America may be snowpacked and feature the diversity icy, so walk carefully. of wildlife found here.

Often, a visit is most remembered You may be surprised to see puffs times reaches half the height of the between freeze-up and the accumu­ stake. Now more than ever, you and enjoyed for the discoveries of steam at random locations. falls. Overlooks along the North lation of insulating snow, solar ra­ must avoid unnecessarily disturbing made on your own. Patience and Countless tiny thermal features and South Rims offer views of dif­ diation causes heating and expan­ wildlife. Never approach animals alertness may bring you moments elude detection by summer visitors, ferent portions of the canyon and of sion of the vast sheet. Ice noisily closely—you may cause an animal of extraordinary beauty or reveal but winter reveals and highlights the Lower Falls. Facilities at Can­ shifts—creaking, popping, and to move, and exertion through deep the story of a jumble of tracks in their presence. Other cktes to ther­ yon Junction include a warming groaning in the stillness; locals say snow consumes great quantities of the snow. May your visit be safe, mal influence include-patches of hut, snacks, hot drinks, and snow­ this is the time that "the lake energy. rewarding, and special. bare ground; ice-free streams or mobile fuel. sings." ponds; and frozen spray where no Animals have adapted to cold and waterfall exists. Yellowstone's vol­ Yellowstone Lake is snowbound snow in a variety of ways. Ground canic past (and future?) expressed YELLOWSTONE LAKE roughly half the year. Break-up squirrels, marmots, and bears dis­ in thermal activity, is more obvious occurs quickly, usually in late May appear underground or into dens, now than at other times of the year. At an elevation of 7,733 feet (2,345 or June. This vast body of water is entering that mysterious state of m), Yellowstone Lake is North a complex system influencing cli­ suspended animation known as hi­ America's largest body of water at mate, plants, and animals over a far bernation. Others, including many a relatively high elevation. During greater area than its shoreline birds, leave the area for more mod­ GRAND CANYON OF winter, its 136 square miles (354 sq boundaries. Set among the erate climates. For those which THE YELLOWSTONE km) of surface freeze solid from Absaroka Mountains, it defines the remain, adaptations include thicker shore to shore (except for isolated essence of winter—an untouched winter coats, a change to protective The Yellowstone River has carved a spots of thermal activity). Freeze- wilderness snowscape, harshly coloration, or migration to lower el­ great canyon through rocks altered up is a gradual process in such a beautiful. Warming huts are located evations or to thermal basins where by thermal activity. Snow clings to large body of water, starting as ear- near Fishing Bridge and at West winter is slightly less severe and canyon walls in patterns deter­ Thumb. 5 Yellowstone's Weather— predictably unpredictable Yellowstone Today

Visitors to Yellowstone National feet or more. Because of the lower during the win­ Estimated Actual Thermometer Reading, °F Park may be surprised to elevation at this headquarters site, ter when day­ r "^ encounter winter weather any time temperatures will average about time tempera­ Wind 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 of year. If unprepared, the conse­ five degrees warmer, and there is tures reach into Speed in Equivalent Temperature, °F quences range from uncomfortable less precipitation than at other loca­ the 40s. and inconvenient to life-threaten­ tions in the park. MPH ing. During the coldest months, Annual precipi­ 1 wind and snow can kill if protec­ In summer, a general rule is that the tation varies Calm 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 tive clothing is not worn. The in­ higher the elevation, the cooler the from an aver­ 5 48 37 27 16 6 -5 -15 -26 -36 -47 -57 -68 formation presented here describes temperatures and the greater the age of just the "normals" and extremes of moisture and shower activity. In under 14 inches 10 40 28 16 4 -9 -21 -33 -46 -58 _70j -83 -95 Yellowstone's year-round climate winter, precipitation is heavier at at the Lamar 15 36 22 9 -5 -18 -36 -45 -58 -72 -85 -99 -112 and may be used as a guide in the higher elevations and in the Ranger Station planning a visit to the park. Obtain southern portion of the park; the in the north­ 20 32 18 4 -10 -25 -39 -53 -67 -82 -96 -110 -124 information on current weather coldest temperatures occur in the eastern portion 25 30 16 0 -15 -29 -44 -59 -74 -88 -104 -118 -133 conditions and forecasts at visitor mountain valleys. of the park to centers or ranger stations. around 38 inch­ 30 28 13 -2 -18 -33 -48 -63- -79 -94 -109 -125 -140 The average maximum tempera­ es at Bechler 35 27 11 -4 -20 -35 -49 -67 -82 -98 -113 -129 -145 Weather observations were started tures in the summer are in the 70s. Ranger Station at Yellowstone National Park Readings occasionally reach the in the south­ 40 26 10 -6 -21 -37 -53 -69 -85 -100 -116 -132 -148 western corner. headquarters—Mammoth Hot 80s and, rarely, the 90s at the lower Wind Little Danger Increasing Great Springs—by U.S. Army personnel elevations. Temperatures at night speeds (for a properly clothed Danger Danger in January 1887; a Weather Bureau drop into the 30s and 40s. Snowfall is greater person) station was established in 1903. quite heavy than 40 The observation site is located in Winters are cold with temperatures over the moun­ MPH have Danger from freezing of exposed flesh the extreme northern part of the well below freezing most of the tains. For most little park on the mountain slopes above time. In January, which is usually of the park, additional the Gardner River. Mountains to which lies the coldest month, temperatures \ i effect. the east, south, and west rise 2,000 range from near zero at night to the between 7,000 to 3,000 feet higher than the val­ middle 20s in the early afternoon. and 8,500 feet, annu­ J ley. Values frequently are well below al snowfall averages close to 150 Yellowstone's weather is well huts and phones. Careful, thorough zero, and all areas of the park have inches. At higher elevations, known for its unpredictability and pretrip planning is the key to an The station itself, at 6,241 feet recorded at least -40°F at some amounts are normally well over sudden changes. Be prepared for a enjoyable winter visit to Yellow­ above sea level, is lower than most time. The lowest recorded tempera­ 200 inches annually, and, in range of conditions, especially if stone. of the park, which varies from ture is -66°F at the West Yellow­ some locations, over 400 inches. you will be out for several hours or 7,000 to 8,500 feet, with several stone station on February 9, 1933. Of course, amounts vary from overnight. See the park map on ridges and peaks rising to 11,000 There are occasional mild periods year to year. • page 16 for locations of warming Self-guiding trails Take time to stretch your legs and linger in the beauty of the snowscape. Adapt your pace to UPPER GEYSER BASIN winter conditions; trails may be icy and snowpacked, so walk with caution. Trail guide The world's largest array of geysers, including Old Faithful, are found here. Several miles of leaflets are available for 25f at visitor centers or at the parking lot trailheads. Formations trail begin at the Old Faithful Visitor Center. This is a popular area for skiers, and ski trail are fragile and unstable. Thin crusts cover areas of boiling mud and water. For their guide leaflets are available at the visitor center and at the Snow Lodge. Check on trail condi­ protection—and your own—stay on designated boardwalks and trails. Thermal features tions and weather forecasts before starting out on a ski trip; trails may be closed or restricted are easily damaged by objects tossed into them; please do not litter. For safety and courtesy due to hazards. to skiers, please do not walk or snowshoe in ski tracks. Always avoid disturbing wintering wildlife, which are often found in geyser basin areas. WEST THUMB GEYSER BASIN Here you will find thermal features boiling and steaming on the shore of ice-locked MAMMOTH HOT SPRINGS TERRACES Yellowstone Lake. Across the seemingly endless expanse of white the Absaroka Mountains Paths wind around a hillside of active and inactive hot springs. These springs are noted for rise. Otters are occasionally spotted fishing in ice holes. Lake ice is thin and hazardous— their rapid mineral deposition—up to two tons of travertine are added to the hillside daily. do not venture out onto it. From the top of the terraced hillside, you can view the entire Fort Yellowstone complex built by the U.S. Cavalry in the late 1800s and early 1900s when they administered the park. MUD VOLCANO This area, approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Fishing Bridge Junction and 10 miles NORRIS GEYSER BASIN (16.1 km) south of Canyon Junction, is unique in Yellowstone because of its acidity. The tur­ Take a walk and explore the hottest, most active thermal basin in the park. Trails from bulent, seething pools of thick, dark water; the billowing steam; and the all-pervasive smell the Museum lead you through both colorful, steamy Porcelain Basin and the more of rotten eggs (hydrogen sulfide) will long be remembered after your walk here! wooded Back Basin, site of the world's tallest active geyser, Steamboat geyser. While Steamboat rarely erupts (the last eruption was in 1991), Echinus Geyser is a perennial crowd pleaser, erupting many times each day. GRAND CANYON OF THE YELLOWSTONE Views of the colorful canyon and its spectacular waterfalls are awe-inspiring at anytime of year. But, in the winter, the quiet softness of the snow enhances the dramatic colors of the FOUNTAIN PAINT POT canyon walls and the waterfalls seem frozen in time trapped by the icy spray of the river's This interesting geyser basin is located halfway between Madison Junction and Old Faithful. water. The trails and overlooks are snowpacked and icy, please use extra caution. Along the short, V: mile boardwalk you will see every type of geothermal feature found in [NOTE: the road is closed to snowmobiling 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Canyon Junction.] Yellowstone—geysers, fumaroles, mud pots, and hot springs. \* Cross Country Skiing Information Yellowstone Today

ellowstone National Park, difficult to find in winter. Few Yencompassing 2.2 million streams have bridges. Parties ven­ acres, is one of the world's premier turing into the backcountry should wilderness areas. Most of the park carry a USGS topographic map and is backcountry and managed as a compass—and know how to use wilderness; many miles of trails are them. Even on a well-marked trail, available for skiing. it is easy to get lost in a "whiteout" or blizzard. Only skiers thoroughly However, there are dangers inher­ familiar with the area should ent in wilderness: unpredictable attempt off-trail travel. When plan­ wildlife, changing weather condi­ ning your trip, get specific informa­ tions, remote thermal areas, deep tion on conditions from rangers at a snow, open streams, and rugged ranger station or visitor center. mountains with extreme avalanche danger. You have chosen to explore Park elevations with adequate ski- and experience the land on its own able snow range from 7,000 to terms, but there is no guarantee of 10,000 feet. Skiers and snowshoers your safety. Be prepared for any who live at lower elevations should situation! Carefully read all back- take a short day or overnight trip to country guidelines/regulations, and test their capabilities before at­ know the limits of your ability. tempting longer outings.

All unplowed roads and trails are A permit is required for all open to cross country skiing and overnight trips in the Yellowstone snowshoeing; on unplowed road­ backcountry. Inquire about back- ways used by snowmachines, keep country permits at visitor centers to the right to avoid accidents. or ranger stations. Pack it in—Pack it out: All refuse Most backcountry trails are marked must be carried out of the back- for summer use. Orange metal country. markers attached to trees may be

Ski Touring Trails

here are a number of popular quite steep. It is easiest to catch the not allowed). Besides views of the Geyser. The geyser erupts about For more details about these and Tski trails throughout the park; concessioner-operated ski shuttle Yellowstone River Canyon, you every three hours from a 12-foot other ski trails, check at the Mam­ maps and trail descriptions are from Mammoth to the trail's upper might see bison, bighorn sheep, or high sinter cone. Beginning skiers moth or Old Faithful Visitor available at visitor centers for trails end, just south of Rustic Falls. bald eagles. Continue on the 5.5 should return the same way, while Centers. in the Mammoth, Tower, Northeast, Along the trail, you will have fine mile Chittenden Loop Trail or more advanced skiers might like to Canyon, and Old Faithful areas. views of the Gallatin Mountains return to Tower Junction. return via the Howard Eaton Trail. These half- to full-day trails range and the Gardner River Canyon. The This trail is quite steep (downhill) from easy to difficult. j trail ends in the Mammoth mainte­ upon leaving the geyser area and nance area (called the YCC camp). Barronette Trail should be skied with caution. Many skiing opportunities abound- along the plowed road between Mammoth and the Northeast Blacktail Plateau Trail This 3.5 mile trail near the North­ Fairy Falls Trail Entrance. Some popular trails in the east Entrance follows Soda Butte park include: Creek along an abandoned roadway The trail, 7.5 miles east of Mam­ and parallels the Northeast Catch a snowcoach shuttle at Old Upper Terrace Loop moth, follows an unplowed 8 mile Entrance Road. The trail is mostly Faithful Snow Lodge to the south- road. Broad vistas of meadows sur­ in a conifer forest at the base of em end of the Fountain Flats Drive. Trail rounded by mountain peaks are Barronette Peak, but offers some From here you can ski to one of the seen, often with elk, deer, coyotes, spectacular mountain scenery and most spectacular ice-encrusted falls The 1.5 mile trail follows the road and occasional bison scattered consistent snow conditions. in the park. You will be skiing through the upper terrace area with throughout their winter range. through areas of burned forest so fantastic views of the steaming be cautious of falling trees. You can lower terraces and historic Fort Lone Star Geyser Trail ski back to Old Faithful by follow­ Yellowstone. This is a thermal area; Tower Falls Trail ing the trail next to the snow vehi­ V - please stay on the trail. cle road until you reach the Biscuit This 9-mile trail is fairly easy. It Basin Trail, which takes you This trail begins at the Tower begins at the Old Faithful Snow through the Upper Geyser Basin Bunsen Peak Trail Junction and follows the unplowed Lodge and takes you to Kepler past Morning Glory Pool and Tower-Canyon road for 2.5 miles Cascades where you then follow an Geyser Hill. The entire trip is about past the Calcite Springs Overlook unplowed service road lying next to 8 easy miles. This 6 mile trail follows the old to Tower Falls (snowmobiles are the Firehole River to Lone Star Bunsen Peak road; in places it is 7 Cross Country Skiing Information Yellowstone Today Ski Gear Guide hoose skis and boots made shirts. Thick wool socks and are a must for sunny days. High to exposed skin to avoid painful On day trips consider taking Cfor touring or mountaineer­ gaiters or overboots help keep altitude sunlight reflected from sunburn. some or all of these items to ing. Narrow racing skis won't your feet warm and dry. Wear snow is much more intense than Trip planning should include allow­ increase your safety: give you enough surface area to gloves or wool mittens with shells ances for limited daylight, snow • extra clothing break trail. Low shoes won't give that breathe to allow mois­ conditions, temperature ex­ • matches or lighter you enough ankle support, and ture to escape from tremes, and the num­ • water track is set only on a few sweaty hands. ber of people in • map Yellowstone trails. Before you the group • compass rent or borrow equipment, check and • snack food for fit and suitability for wilder­ • ski repair kit ness use. Equipment that fits both you and park conditions can make Skiers who are planning exten­ or break your trip. sive backcountry trips involving overnight camping should Winter temperatures are severe carry all of the above as well in Yellowstone but you can be as the items below: comfortable and confident if • backpack you are properly dressed. • sleeping bag Prepare for changing condi­ • small tarp tions by wearing clothes in • tent or bivouac bag several adjustable layers. It is • closed-cell sleeping pad as important to prevent over­ • stove and pots heating as it is to prevent chilling. • easily prepared food • first aid kit Be sure your clothing includes a • repair parts and tools for skis windproof hooded outer layer their • avalanche cord with wool or other insulated gar­ Since experi­ • transceiver ments underneath. Wool or syn­ you lose ence and • shovel thetic trousers and long underwear more heat from physical condition. • maps will help keep your legs warm your head than from Overnight ski and snow- • pack and dry in deep snow. Wind or any other part of your body, wear shoe trips during December and • compass rainpants are lightweight and pro­ a facemask-style stocking cap or at lower elevations; snowblind- January are difficult due to short • knife vide extra warmth on windy days. parka hood when you need maxi­ ness may occur if sunglasses are days (8:30 am-5:00 pm). tempera­ Avoid cotton jeans and sweat­ mum protection. Dark sunglasses not worn. Apply sunscreen lotion ture extremes, and soft snow.

Skiing Safety 1. Evaluate your party's 4. Avalanches are possible on hill­ dangerous; some have bridges and 8. Exertion in dry mountain air capabilities. Plan your outing so sides or in canyons with slopes of some do not. Ask a ranger about can dehydrate you. Carry and that the weakest group will enjoy 25-45%. Slides occur most fre­ local crossings. drink two quarts of water a day. and survive it. quently after heavy snowstorms or Carry gear to melt water from snow during warm periods. 6. Do not approach wildlife. All or dip it out of a stream from a safe 2. Learn about your equipment's wild animals are unpredictable; if distance with a ski pole. Boil water capabilities and weaknesses and Avalanche hazard can be high on they charge, you can't outrun them from lakes or streams to reduce the be prepared to repair it. roads between the East Entrance in deep snow. If they run, you are chance of infection. and Fishing Bridge Junction, on forcing them to use energy they 3. Never closely approach gey­ Dunraven Pass, on trails in the need to survive. 9. Learn as much as you can sers, hot springs, or mud pots. Cooke City vicinity, and in many about winter survival. Talk with You may fall through overhanging areas of the backcountry. Learn 7. Fires during the summer of 1988 park rangers before you leave on snow ledges or thin crust. Do not about avalanche mechanics, safe burned near or across many ski any trip. Many good books are also leave designated trails in geother- travel methods, and rescue proce­ trails and destroyed the trunks and available on this topic. mal areas. dures. root systems of many trees, creat­ ing hazardous standing snags 10. Basic ski etiquette: yield to Beware of icy conditions on 5. When crossing frozen lakes, which could fall with little warn­ those going downhill when skiing downhill grades leading into ther­ use extreme caution and check ice ing. Skiers—be alert for this possi­ uphill on trails. mal areas. Side-step or walk thickness by prodding with a ski bility, and, while in burned areas, down the hill rather than risk ski­ pole. Ice, snow covered or not, may stay on established trails. 11. Hikers: please do not walk in ing out of control into a boiling be thin, especially near inlets, out­ ski tracks. pool. lets, and waters warmed by thermal activity. Crossing rivers may be 8 Bison in the Yellowstone Ecosystem Yellowstone Today

ild, free-ranging bison have have met with very To address these Until a decision is made on the Wbeen a part of the limited success. issues, the National long-term management plan, the Yellowstone landscape since pre­ Park Service, together agencies will continue to manage historic times. Primarily because of Unfortunately, early with the U.S. Forest bison under an adjusted Interim poaching and market hunting, the in this century, bison Service and the state Bison Management Plan, approved bison population declined until just were exposed to the of Montana, released a in August 1996 and adjusted in after the turn of the century when disease brucellosis, draft environmental 1997. (Copies of this plan are avail­ less than 50 bison were known to probably a result of impact statement (BIS) able from the Yellowstone Center exist in Yellowstone National Park. contact with domestic in June 19-98 for the for Resources. P.O. Box 168. livestock. It was first Interagency Bison Yellowstone National Park, WY In this century, bison populations detected in Management Plan for 82190.) A variety of methods are have made a remarkable recovery, Yellowstone bison in the state of Montana used along the north and west now numbering more than 150.000 1917. Representa­ and Yellowstone. The boundaries of the park to limit the animals in private and public herds tives of the livestock E1S examined seven distribution of bison and to main­ nationwide. Bison are not listed as industry have con­ alternatives for man­ tain separation of bison and cattle a federally endangered or threat­ cerns about the possi­ aging bison and mini­ on public and private lands. When ened species. The Yellowstone bility of brucellosis mizing the possible and practicable, bison are bison population numbers about transmission from risk of transmission of hazed back into the park. 2,500. bison to cattle. While brucellosis from bison Otherwise, bison that leave the park no documented case to domestic cattle. are captured and tested for brucel­ Maintaining a wild, inherently exists of wild, free- The public comment losis (and. if sero-positive. sent to nomadic bison herd can present ranging bison from period on the plan slaughter; if sero-negative. marked problems. Bison do not recognize Yellowstone trans­ ended on November 2. and released), or are shot, depend­ political boundaries and sometimes mitting brucellosis to 1998. However, ing on location. The Interim Plan move to adjacent public and private domestic cattle, the copies of the docu­ is designed to maintain a wild, free- land, especially during the winter. small risk of trans­ ment can be obtained ranging bison population and to Increased numbers of bison, weath­ mission is of con­ from: Sarah Bransom, assist the state of Montana in main­ er conditions, and human activities cent. Interagency Bison taining its "brucellosis class-free" all affect distribution of animals; Management Plan. status until the long-range manage­ attempts to manipulate DSC-RP, P.O. Box ment plan can be completed. bison movements 25287. Denver. CO by hazing or 80225-0287. herding

Tips for passing bison and other wildlife on park roads

f bison or other wildlife are slowly walking If an animal raises its tail, paws the ground, or throws toward you on the road: Pull your machine over its head and body around, do not attempt to pass. Wait I k't (• iYi»: 1 •Tflli • •JLcTtlifl I to the side of the road opposite the animal (s) as far as for the animal to leave the road on its own. Any Bison are one of the most commonly seen animals in the park. In possible and stand to the side of it, leaving the advance may be perceived as a threat, and the ani- May and June, newborn bison calves can be viewed in the Firehole, machine between you and the animal(s). Wait until mal(s) could charge. Lamar, and Pelican valleys. The small, gangly, reddish-colored calves they are completely past you before driving on. Do stay close to their mothers and other young females for protection not make any quick or loud movements. Wildlife are If animals are running toward you: It is likely that from predators, such as wolves and bears. generally not aggressive unless they have been pro­ oncoming snowmobile traffic is pushing them your voked or surprised. way. If you have enough time and space, turn your In summer bison feed on grasses and sedges in Yellowstone's lush, machine around and move down the road until the high-elevation meadows. Bison also create wallows by lying on the If animals are standing in the road: Stop at least 25 animals have moved off the road or until you find a ground and kicking up dust, perhaps to deter insects. These patches of yards (23 m) before reaching them. Give them the safe place to pull over. Remember that it is difficult to bare ground then provide resting places for the bison themselves. opportunity to move off the road. If they don't move, turn a snowmobile around quickly. If your machine and you want to pass them, assess their behavior. does not have reverse, remember that you will need During July and August, the bison mating season—or rut—occurs. At the space of both lanes to turn your vehicle around. other times of the year, adult male bison often stay separate from the If the animals do not appear to be agitated and if they afemales and calves. But during the rut, males form vast herds of remain standing calmly, inch toward them and stop. If you do not have time to turn around, pull your bison can be seen and heard snorting and socializing in the upper Watch how they respond to your advance. They may machine as far as possible to the side of the road Lamar and Hayden valleys. Male bison, competing for females, often decide to get out of your way by walking off the road opposite the animal(s) and stand to the side of it, leav­ fight and gore each other, sometimes causing injury or death. Grizzly or by moving to avoid you. If so, pass safely on the ing the machine between you and the animal(s). bears and other scavengers feed on and defend these carcasses from opposite side of the road at a moderate and consistent competitors. speed. Use groomed pullouts whenever possible to Be aware of the urgency of this situation. Anticipate it give the animals maximum space when you are pass­ as you come around a curve and be prepared to act In winter, bison migrate to geothermal areas and winter range at lower I ing. quickly. Also, make an effort to avoid running wildlife elevations. Winterkill (death of the old, young, and sick) may occur down the road, pushing them toward oncoming snow- from the combined effects of climatic stress, food availability, and the | If the animals remain calm, but do not move as you mobilers. And remember, there is no guarantee of condition of individual animals. inch toward them, stop, pause, and then try again. your safety. Give them the right of way. If they feel pressured or When walking or skiing, give bison a wide berth. Along roadways, pushed, they may begin to stampede. watch the bison safely from your snowmobile or car! A, • .,..,. - - ..,.,, f ^ Yellowstone's Wildlife in Winter Yellowstone Today Habituation spells disaster ellowstone offers unique Yopportunities to view wildlife in their natural environment. While most animals avoid humans and their developments, some birds and mammals live near roads and park communities. Unfortunately, this increases the likelihood that some individuals will become ha- bituated—that is. used to people. Habituated wildlife are misleading; they may appear to be highly toler­ ant of humans, but they are still wild and unpredictable.

Approaching wildlife at close range can cause the animals stress. Be observant —many animals will show signs of increased alertness or fear. The animal(s) may move away; heads may perk up, or eyes widen and focus on nearby humans; the animal may flatten its ears, flare its nostrils, change body direction, stop eating, or rise from a resting stance.

Habituated wildlife can quickly become conditioned to human foods. Swans, coyotes, bighorn ellowstone's wildlife live in an environment characterized by long Some, but not all, ravens remain in the park year-round. Ravens, along sheep, ground squirrels, bears, Ywinters that range in severity of temperature and snowfall depending with the rest of their cousins in the crow family, have evolved the highest ravens, and other species have on location. Each species has adapted to these conditions in their own way. degree of intelligence among birds. Experiments have shown these birds all demonstrated "begging" behav­ For example, many bird species leave the park and move to lower and/or can count up to three or four, are good at solving puzzles, and have amaz­ ior in Yellowstone. This seemingly distant areas for the winter. Grizzly and black bears spend the fall gorging ing memories. All this helps to explain the behavior that many harmless activity is dangerous for themselves on high-fat foods in preparation for entering their winter dens Yellowstone snowmobilers complain about: ravens that unzip or unsnap both you and the animal(s). When sometime between mid-October and early December where they will the packs on their '"biles" looking for a snack! Visitors are reminded that they come to the roadside to obtain "sleep" or hibernate through the adverse conditions. Other familiar park no wildlife should be fed human foods, and this behavior should be food, animals often are hit by vehi­ species such as marmots, ground squirrels, and chipmunks also hibernate strongly discouraged. cles or become exhausted chasing through the cold and snowy months. traffic.

While approximately 30,000 elk summer in the park, many leave the park Human foods in an animal's diet in the winter. About 15,000 to 20,000 elk winter here, mainly in the north- may result in tooth decay, ulcers, em portion of the park where the elevation is lower and snowfall and tem­ digestive problems, or failure to peratures are more moderate. Often huge herds of elk on their winter range accumulate adequate fat reserves can be viewed from the road between Mammoth and the Northeast for the winter when food is scarce. Entrance. One park elk herd summers and winters entirely within the inte­ Beggar birds and wildlife may rior of the park. The Madison-Firehole herd numbers about 600-800 ani­ become aggressive, and have occa­ mals and spends it winter among the thermal basins of the park, taking sionally injured park visitors. advantage of exposed vegetation and the warmth of the area. Please enjoy the opportunity to view and photograph park wildlife Moose, typically solitary creatures, often move up in elevation (to as high in their wild, natural state. The as 8,500 feet) during the winter where they spend the long, cold months in park is not a zoo; animals live and subalpine fir and Douglas-fir forests. There they browse almost exclusive­ die based on their species' adapta­ ly on the twigs and needles of these conifers. In the thick fir stands, much tions and their individual ability to of the snow builds up on the branches of the trees, which results in less survive in this environment. snow being on the ground beneath the trees. The snow is also shaded by Respect park wildlife—never the trees and is, therefore, less crusty, which enables the long-legged approach too closely and be alert moose to move more easily. for changes in their behavior. All park animals are wild and po­ tentially dangerous. Never feed or approach any park animals. 10 Snowmobiling and Other Information Yellowstone Today Snowmobile Regulations

nowmobiling is one way to avoid injuring yourself, damaging Keep your Sdiscover Yellowstone's winter your machine, or harming the envi­ wonders. Snowmobile regulations ronment. trip safe are designed to protect park • Travel in groups; emergencies resources and you, and they are • Operating a snowmobile while in­ are more easily handled than if strictly enforced. toxicated is illegal. Possession of you are alone. open containers of alcoholic bever­ • Snowmobile operators must ages, including bota bags, is illegal • Dress for extreme cold. Items have a valid state motor vehicle while operating a snowmobile or essential for snowmobilers driver's license in possession (see riding as a passenger. include: helmet, face mask, heavi­ article below). ly insulated gloves or mittens, felt • Wildlife have the right of way! lined boots, and a heavily insulat­ • Drive on the right side of the Chasing, molesting, approaching or ed snowmobile suit. Avoid tight- road and in single file. When stop­ feeding any animal is prohibited. fitting garments; they restrict cir­ ping, pull to the far right and park culation and increase the possibil­ in single file. Stay to the right • Snowmobiles must be registered ity of frostbite. even if the roads are rough. according to applicable state law. • Carry extra food for 12 hours • Maximum speed limit is 45 mph • Snowmobile exhaust and muffler beyond your planned trip, extra (73 kph) or less where posted or systems must be in good working fuel, drive belt, spark plugs and as conditions warrant. Obey all order. The maximum noise allowed appropriate tools, plus extra parts speed limits and stop signs. is 78 decibels. Snowmobiles that frequently break down or exceeding the decibel standard wear out on your machine. • Snowmobiles may be driven on will be denied entry into the park. Always include matches and a designated roads only. Sidehilling first aid kit. Repair services are is prohibited and carries a fine of not available in the park except up to $5,000. Stay on roads to for minor repairs and pairs at Old Faithful.

• Know the locations of warm­ ing huts, visitor centers, and public phones (see the back page License is needed to snowmobile of this newspaper). ll snowmobile operators in Snowmobile use has-increased snowmobile operators. biling in Yellowstone is not AYellowstone National Park dramatically in the park during unprecedented. A number of • Before starting your trip, check are required to possess a valid the past decade, and it is now Park officials believe that winter states require the possession of a on road and weather conditions. motor vehicle operator's common to have more than 1,600 traffic conditions are more similar valid driver's license to operate Blowing and drifting snow can be license. In addition, persons snow-machines a day. including to a highway driving situation a snowmobile on public lands or especially hazardous in Hayden possessing a learner's permit track-conversion vehicles and than to the snowmobile and off- on public roads. Options for Valley (between Canyon and may operate a snowmobile in snow coaches, operating each day road vehicle trails found else­ young people visiting the park Fishing Bridge junctions) and on the park when supervised one- on the park road system. Modern where. Under the high-speed during the winter include dou­ Swan Lake Flats (approximately 4 to-one within line of sight (but snowmobiles weigh 400-500 highway conditions found in the bling up on a snowmobile oper­ mi [6.4 km] south of Mammoth not further than 100 yards) by a pounds and are capable of quick park, most young snowmobilers ated by a licensed driver or Hot Springs). licensed person 21 years of age acceleration to over 70 mph. are at a distinct disadvantage in using any of the authorized com­ or older. The policy change Was Between 1987 and 1992, youthful terms of their judgment, experi­ mercial snowcoach services that • Avalanches may occur on steep implemented because of the operators accounted for an aver­ ence, and physical capabilities provide transportation in the hills or in canyons. When travel­ park's concern about the num­ age of 16 percent of the snowmo­ compared to a licensed driver. park. ling through such areas, do not ber of snowmobile accidents bile accidents in the park, while bunch up—spread out. involving young operators. composing an estimated 5 percent The driver's license requirement Avalanches are more likely to or less of the total number of being implemented for snowmo­ occur during or after heavy fresh snowfall, high winds, or extreme temperature changes.

• Hazardous conditions may tem­ porarily close Sylvan Pass (between the East Entrance and Fishing Bridge Junction). The road from Tower Junction to the Washburn Hot Springs Overlook, 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Canyon Junction is closed to snow­ mobiling due to avalanche danger.

• See article on previous page to assist you in passing bison and other wildlife. 11 Winter Use Yellowstone Today The winter use dilemma Many of Yellowstone's employees els in the year 2000 were reached in Snowmobile studies underway consider winter to be their favorite the 1992-93 winter season. season. Wildlife is more visible; nowmobiles are powered by fleet for the past two winters. The • Denver University is working the scenery is spectacular covered Today, scientific studies are begin­ Stwo-stroke engines, which Conoco oil, other low-particulate to develop a technique to measure with snow; and thousands of ther­ ning to reveal the extent of our have extremely high power-to- oils, and oxygenated fuels were snowmobile emissions in the mal features are at their most dra­ impacts upon resources such as air weight ratios and operate well in tested by the Southwest Research field. sub-zero weather but are inher­ Institute in 1997. Tests will contin­ matic, wreathed in delicate ice for­ quality. Budgetary realities are that • Montana State University is ently polluting. Two-stroke ue this winter. mations and billowing steam. our staff and resources have not doing further analysis on the engine technology mixes oil and increased in proportion to winter use. In addition to the alternative fuels deposition of snowmobile emis­ gasoline in the combustion We hope your visit is safe and Individuals and organizations are ex­ and lubricant studies, other studies sions in the snowpack. process. This results in signifi­ memorable, and that Yellowstone pressing concerns that the experience have been or are currently being cant amounts of burned and These studies will help define lives up to your expectations. But is slipping in quality. We in conducted in Yellowstone to unbumed fuel and oil emissions. how transportation emissions while you are here, we would like Yellowstone are actively seeking address winter air quality issues. Snowmobiles produce much react in the fragile environment you to think about a vexing dilem­ ways to address these problems. The following studies completed in more carbon monoxide and par­ and impact natural resources. This ma we all face. The focus of our the 1997-98 winter are in the ticulates than modern automo­ information will allow the NPS to concerns revolves around the Working with the National Forest process of being analyzed and biles and may contain significant determine appropriate, measur­ extraordinary wonders we all enjoy Service and eight other state and finalized. and their need for special consider­ local cooperating agencies, the quantities of air toxics. able indicators for monitoring air ation in the winter. • A social science study conducted quality, establish appropriate stan­ National Park Service is in the The National Park Service (NPS) by the University of Montana and dards to ensure that air quality process of producing a draft Winter is concerned with how snowmo­ the University of Vermont expand­ does not become unacceptable, For all its beauty, winter is a time Use Plan and Environmental Impact bile emissions affect the health of ed on earlier work to develop develop management actions to of extreme hardship for much of Statement for Yellowstone and Grand visitors, NPS employees, and appropriate indicators of carrying ensure that the standards are not Yellowstone's wildlife. Winter con­ Teton National Parks and the John D. natural resources. The NPS initi­ capacity such as air quality. In exceeded, and implement those trols the size of many animal popu­ Rockefeller, Jr., Memorial Parkway. ated air quality monitoring in the management actions. lations, and those populations have One of the goals of this plan is to winter of 1994-95. Monitoring 1997-98 a more detailed survey evolved to survive in an extreme continue to provide a range of winter included visitor reactions to emis­ efforts continued the following Another concern to the NPS is environment. recreation opportunities in sions and willingness to change use two winter seasons. This moni­ how groomed roads affect Yellowstone. patterns to protect the park. toring indicates that on peak-use wildlife movements. The But human use of the park has sky­ days that coincide with cold, • A pilot study by the NPS and the Biological Research Division of rocketed in the past 20 years, and We all want the chance to enjoy Yel­ calm weather, there are high lev­ U.S. Geological Survey revealed the U.S. Geological Survey, though we humans try very hard to lowstone at its best, and we all want els of carbon monoxide in some elevated levels of ammonia, sul­ Montana State University, and the use the land lightly, we have many Yellowstone to last in good shape, areas. To further understand fates, and total organic carbon in NPS will continue studies this effects that we only now are begin­ not only for your next visit but also these results and corresponding areas near groomed roads. Work winter on bison habitat use and ning to understand. As well, we for future visitors. impacts, the NPS is continuing to continues to better understand if movements within Yellowstone. have effects on each other; the conduct research on snowmobile pollutants in the snow are entering Additionally, Montana State more people there are, the less If you would like to comment about emissions. streams and lakes in measurable University will begin a study on each person can be assured of the your winter experience in the national quantities. the effects of winter recreation on quality experience for which Yel­ parks, please do so at any of the Some oil companies have recog­ wildlife in Yellowstone. lowstone is so famous. warming huts or visitor centers in the nized these concerns. For exam­ New and continuing research stud­ parks or when you return home by ple, Conoco Oil developed a bio­ ies include: The NPS will be collecting addi­ In 1990, after extensive public in­ writing to: Winter Use, P.O. Box 168, degradable 2-cycle motor oil that tional data on the economics of • The University of California- volvement, we issued a Winter Use Yellowstone National Park, WY reduces the oil component of the winter recreation in the Greater Davis will conduct a study to deter­ Plan, aimed at ensuring the protec­ 82190 or visit our web site at emissions and breaks down more Yellowstone region. mine the effects of human exposure tion of park resources and the qual­ www.nps.gov/yell/winteruseplan.htm. easily in the environment. to ambient snowmobile emissions. ity of the visitors' experience. This Yellowstone has used this oil in plan's estimates of winter use lev­ its administrative snowmobile

Winter use concerns

s we described above, the rapid Visitor Conflicts: Many winter visitors Yellowstone National Park during the winter resources. Snowmobile exhaust and noise Aincrease in winter visitor use is bring­ expect a quiet, serene experience, while oth­ must be brought into the park in the fall and levels raise health concerns for employees ing a whole host of concerns to the man­ ers prefer a more social setting. There are stored for the winter season. Storage tank and visitors. agers and staff here at Yellowstone. Some often conflicts where different and diverse capacity is limited. of these issues come from our own obser­ uses exist (snowmobilers and cross-country Visitor Behavior: Some visitors are vations; most have been suggested by visi­ skiers, for example). Community Expectations: Communities unaware of wilderness mandates, impacts tors like you. Some of the concerns that we around the region have become increasingly to resources, safety issues (such as face are: Safety: Young or unskilled drivers can cause dependent on winter use. Community expec­ avalanche danger), and appropriate behav­ safety problems. Heavy use and warm tations and marketing efforts assume unlimit­ ior. Overcrowding: During peak use periods, weather make it impossible to keep roads ed growth in winter recreation use, which parking areas, roads, warming huts, and and trails well groomed. In locations where may intensify other issues as well as over­ Operational Concerns: At the major restrooms are full, making it difficult for snow machines and autos are in close prox­ crowding. developed areas in Yellowstone, all solid visitors to enjoy the areas they have come imity, safety concerns increase. waste and sewage must be stored for the to see. Eating and shelter facilities are es­ Resources: Rapidly increasing winter use winter. Storage capacity in garbage trucks pecially crowded in inclement weather. Gasoline: All gasoline that is sold in may be adversely affecting wildlife and other and sewage lagoons is limited. 12 Life in the Snow —some fascinating stories Yellowstone Today

ook closely, and you will see and make movement difficult for large heavy with the permission of Biologue: A Journal of —Illustration by Denise Casey. Lthat the snowscape tells some fascinating animals, which sink in or break through. the Interpretation and Discovery in the Life —Adapted from text and concept by Kim stories. The following description relates to Under such conditions wolves are more like­ Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, Winter 1988, "Looking Fadiman, a "freelance explainer," who has the illustration above, roughly left to right. ly to bring down an exhausted cow moose, at Winter." Back issues of Biologue are avail­ taught natural science courses at the Teton but a snowshoe hare is more likely to escape able from the Teton Science School, P.O. Box Science School and elsewhere. 1. Many different types of snow pile up like a pursuing lynx. If the snowpack is firm, the 68, Kelly, WY 83011, (307) 733-4765. a layer cake to make the snowpack. Here the situation is reversed, and the larger animals bottom layer is composed of large, angular, have the advantage. bell-shaped crystals of temperature-gradient snow, weakly bonded to each other and 4. Unlike many other small rodents, voles do Attention Teachers! therefore easy to dig through. An ice crust not hibernate, but remain active all winter in (melted and refrozen earlier in the winter extensive tunnel systems beneath the snow. Expedition Yellowstone! is a curriculum for fourth-sixth grades. The Teacher's Activity when this was the surface of the snowpack) Voles usually stay near the ground surface Guide presents a variety of topics including geology, animal and plant life, and human his­ marks the upper limit of depth hoar, or snow since that is where the warmest temperatures tory, each with extensive background information and student activities. A companion stu­ with little cohesion which has metamor­ and most plentiful food supplies are found dent storybook, Expedition Yellowstone! A Mountain Adventure presents Yellowstone phosed under graded temperatures at depth. (here a vole is raiding a squirrel midden history. Materials may be used in the classroom or in conjunction with a student trip to the The middle layers of the snowpack are all under a fallen tree). park through participation in a residential program (4-5) days taught by park rangers. rounded, strongly bonded grains of equitem- perature snow, while the top few inches are However, if the snowpack loses its oxygen light, new snow, unchanged by metamor- permeability due to a heavy wet snow or ice Please send me more information about phism and still showing its original crystal crusts, voles are forced to dig ventilator Expedition: Yellowstone! structure. shafts up to the snow surface. An alert red fox, listening and smelling at the shaft open­ Name: 2. Shrews occasionally forage on the snow ings, will hunt more successfully during peri­ School: surface for wind-blown insects. Whether this ods of impermeable snow. A pine marten, School Address: shrew becomes a meal for a great grey owl using its nose as it burrows beneath the snow, City, State, Zip: _ will catch more voles if the snow is loose and may depend on the texture of the uppermost Phone: ( ) snow layer. Owls rely on both sight and permeable to smell. sound in locating their prey. If the snow is Mail to: "noisy" (with an icy crust, for example), this 5. Ptarmigan (and grouse) seek shelter within Expedition Yellowstone owl will be more likely to catch the shrew the snowpack at night, flying straight in at National Park Service than if the surface is soft, sound-muffling full speed if the snow is soft. In harder snow, powder. they "walk" in, digging with their specially P.O. Box 168 adapted claws. Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190 3. Deep, soft snow and icy crust both favor smaller animals, which stay on the surface, This article and artwork have been reprinted 13 Friends of Yellowstone Yellowstone Today

Private, noncommercial automobile $20 (7 days, both Yellowstone and Grand Teton) Yellowstone Entrance Fees Individual snowmobile, motorcycle $15 (7 days, both parks) Single entry (foot, bike, ski, etc.) $10 (7 days, both parks) n 1996, Congress authorized a pilot fee Congressional allocations. Funded projects Annual Permit, both parks $40 (one year from date of purchase) program to demonstrate the feasibility of increase the quality of the visitor experience I Golden Eagle Passport $50 (one year from date of purchase—valid at most spreading some of the costs of managing and enhance the protection of park resources. federal fee collection areas) public lands among those who use them. Projects that have been completed include Golden Age Passport $10 (one-time fee for lifetime pass—available to those Yellowstone and Grand Teton are two of the new bison exhibit at Canyon Visitor citizens or permanent residents of the U.S. 62 years 100 National Park Service units that were Center and rehabilitated facilities at the of age and older) selected to participate in the new fee pro­ Mammoth Campground. Projects that are Golden Access Passport Free (available to those^itizens or permanent residents gram. The additional funds generated by planned include new geology exhibits at the of the U.S. who have been determined to be blind or the fee increase are being used to accom­ Canyon Visitor Center and amphitheater and permanently disabled) j plish projects that the parks have been campground upgrades parkwide. unable to fund through yearly NOTE: Remember to keep your admission receipt in order to re-enter the park. Yellowstone Park Foundation ellowstone National Park is one of logical diversity of Yellowstone's aquatic Yellowstone YAmerica's greatest treasures. Every year, and terrestrial ecosystems; millions of people like you come to visit and YELLOWSTONE Association experience the beauty and mystery of the • A self-guiding trail through Fort ASSOCIATION world's first national park. More than 50 mil­ Yellowstone that interprets the role of the lion people have visited Yellowstone during U.S. Army in protecting Yellowstone dur­ Public appreciation and dedication have ensured Yellowstone's protection and preserva­ the last 20 years. Unfortunately, shrinking ing its early years; tion for the first 125 years of its history. The non-profit Yellowstone Association has dedicated federal budgets make it more and more diffi­ itself to fostering this critical public support through education since its founding in 1933 and, cult to protect and care for Yellowstone in • A landmark effort to restore the park's with the help of visitors like you, has provided funding of over $6,100,000 to Yellowstone perpetuity. native Westslope Cutthroat Trout popula­ National Park in support of educational, historical, and scientific projects. tion. The Yellowstone Park Foundation is the only How can you help? non-profit organization dedicated exclusively The Yellowstone Park Foun ation receives First, visit a Yellowstone Association educational bookstore, located in all park visitor to raising money for projects that protect, no government support. It relies solely on centers. ,'One hundred percent of the profit from your purchase is returned directly to preserve, and enhance Yellowstone National the generous contributions of private individ­ Yellowstone to fund critical educational programs, scientific research, ranger-naturalist train­ Park. The goal of the Foundation is to allevi­ uals, foundations, and corporations to help ing, and program supplies. ate the environmental and financial pressures protect and preserve Yellowstone for our that Yellowstone faces by raising money for enjoyment and that of future generations. Second, become a member of the Yellowstone Association and provide substantial sup­ projects that would otherwise go unfunded. Yellowstone needs your support now more port to Yellowstone while receiving a year's subscription to the Association's informative The Foundation supports many important than ever. Please help to preserve the beauty Yellowstone newsletter and to Yellowstone Today, the official park newspaper, both published projects, including: and wonder of the park by becoming a quarterly. You will also receive a 15% discount on purchases in Association park bookstores Friend of Yellowstone. With a donation of and a discount on Yellowstone Institute classes. In appreciation for their contribution, mem­ • The Wolf Restoration Project which tracks $100 or more you will receive Yellowstone's bers who join in the park will also receive their choice of a large, beautiful and reusable fabric- tn book bag depicting a grizzly bear or gray wolf. and monitors the habits, habitat needs, and limited edition 125 anniversary pin while ecological impacts of Yellowstone's new supplies last. If you make a donation of For more information on Association membership or activities, ask one of our helpful wolf packs; $1,000 or more, you will receive special staff members at any park visitor center, or write RO. Box 117, Yellowstone National Park, recognition as a Yellowstone National Park WY 82190; or call (307) 344-2296. You can also visit our website at • A beaver population survey to determine Steward on the park's Honor Wall at Old www.YellowstoneAssociation.org. the range and impact of beavers on the bio­ Faithful for one year.

Yes, make me a Friend of Yellowstone National Park! I want to help save Yellowstone Contributor Supporter Guardian Steward Other YES! through education. $25[J $50 [J $100 • $i,ooor~j To receive all the benefits of membership, visit any park visitor center or complete and mail Enclosed is a tax deductible gift of_ this form with your dues to: The Yellowstone Association, P.O. Box 117, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190. Name Name Address Address City State Zip

City_ Annual dues: [~~J Associate $25 • Patron $250 • Contributing $50 • Sponsor $500 State Zip code_ Phone ( ). Q Sustaining $100 Q Benefactor $1,000 Make checks payable to The Yellowstone Park Foundation. The Yellowstone Park Foundation Make checks payable to The Yellowstone Association. 37 East Main, Suite 4 Charge to: VISA _ . Mastercard Discover Bozeman, MT 59715 (406)586-6303 Card# Expiration Date_ www.ypf.org Signature PNP 14 Services in the Park Yellowstone Today

Comprehensive Medical Care Yellowstone Park Medical Services in a Wilderness Setting... West Park Hospital, Cody, Wyoming, through its Yellowstone Park Medical Services Division, has been offering medical care to Yellowstone's visitors, employees, and residents since 1980. Mammoth Clinic • Open weekdays 8:30 AM and 2:00-5:00 PM; A board-certified family practitioner provides year-round health care to the Yellowstone park closed Wednesday afternoons. Phone (307)344-7965 community, including biweekly visits to Old Faithful during the snowmobile season. Experi­ Old Faithful Clinic enced registered nurses and office staff complete the team, offering courteous, professional • Staffed every two weeds beginning December 30, 1998, through the SnowLodge family and emergency medical care. Winter Season. Call Mammoth Clinic for specific information and appointments. In the summer, the operation grows to meet the needs of the park's increased number of visi­ • Board Certified physicians tors and the employees who serve them. Outpatient services are provided at Lake Hospital • Prompt personal, family, and emergency medical care and Old Faithful Clinic as well as at Mammoth Clinic. • For appointments, cal (307) 344-7965 • For emergencies, dial 911 Lake Hospital is also an acute-care facility with ten inpatient beds, clinical laboratory, phar­ macy, radiology, and 24-hour ambulance and emergency services. The staff is assembled from highly qualified, experienced professionals from across the country.

Yellowstone Park Medical Services For information on employment for the 1999 season (both professional and nonprofessional A division of West Park Hospital- positions are available), send a resume to: Yellowstone Park Medical Services, 707 Sheridan Cody, Wyoming Avenue, Cody, WY 82414 or call 1 (800) 654-9447, ext. 462. We're there when you need us!

CELLULAROME* CellularOne of Cody is now serving Yellowstone with cellular service. Share your Yellowstone experience with a friend!

Hamilton Stores—oldest park concessioner

The 1872 Act that set the park aside "for the ted the tire marks in the dirt. In the next five benefit and enjoyment of the people, and the years he acquired store concessions at Lake HAMILTON STORES INC. protection of the natural and scenic treasures and Fishing Bridge, and he built filling sta­ EST. 1915 therein" also granted leases for the various tions at each location. This was the start of concessioners who served the public. For the YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK what was to become the oldest, privately first decade of the park's official existence, owned family concession in the National erving the traveling public since 1915, no lease to sell general store merchandise Park system, serving the traveling public for SHamilton Stores, Inc., offers a wide variety was issued. Then, in 1882, Henry E. Klamer more than 75 years. of merchandise, including Yellowstone sou­ applied for and received permits to provide venirs, gifts, film and photo supplies, souvenir fresh meat to camps and hotels, to pasture Hamilton Stores invites you to visit its loca­ HAMILTON STORES INC. and slaughter beef cattle, operate a dairy tions during the summer season for EST. 1915 T-shirts and sweatshirts, winter accessories, gro­ herd, and YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK a bit of that history—most especially, the ceries, and food, including hot and cold bever- to open a general store in the Old Faithful original store at Old Faithful (the Lower ages, beer, and liquor. area of the park. Basin Store) and the General Store in the Lake area. The upper store at Old In 1915, a year after the Klamer General Faithful and the Fishing Bridge General Mammoth General Store is open year-round to serve the traveling pub­ Store was purchased by Charles Ashworth Store also convey rustic charm. The newest lic and, for your convenience, is an authorized UPS shipping agent. Hamilton, horse transportation in Yellow­ store, Grant Village General Store, was built stone reached its zenith. Three thousand and decorated with the craft of many We are also happy to invite you to visit our on-line catalogue at: "hayburners" pulled Yellowstone wagons, Montana artisans. The general store at coaches, surreys, freight wagons, and— Mammoth Hot Springs, open year-round, can http//www.hamiltonstores.com grandest of all—double-decker 26 passenger also be seen in historic photos from around Tallyhos or stagecoaches. However, autos the turn of the century with horse-drawn were allowed into the park for the first time stagecoaches and people in period dress in that year, and Charles Hamilton quickly spot­ front of the store. 15 Services in the Park Yellowstone Today

Amfac Parks and Resorts—committed to hospitality excellence

Amfac Parks and Resorts has been Yellow­ any lodging front desk or activities desk as stone's principal concessioner since 1979. soon as your plans are made. Park visitors Amfac Parks and Resorts operates the are advised to carry along a jacket, sweat­ park's lodging, RV park, four campgrounds, shirt, and/or rain gear when participating in restaurants, cafeterias, snack shops, cocktail any outdoor activity. lounges, gift shops, dinner cookouts, horse corrals, motorcoach sightseeing tours, self- Amfac Parks and Resorts also operates visi­ guided auto tour rentals, and a full-service tor facilities at Zion, Bryce Canyon, North marina. For details on the Winter in Rim-Grand Canyon, and Everglades national Yellowstone! operation, see the advertise­ parks; Mount Rushmore National Memorial; ment at right. and Scotty's Castle at Death Valley National Monument. Amfac Parks and Resorts rein­ Amfac Parks and Resorts is committed to vests millions of dollars into improvements hospitality excellence and will do the and new concession facilities at these loca­ utmost to assure that your visit to this park tions as well as in Yellowstone. i i Ui,»sWttUf Vium.il t ark j>m- „,-*•„ that unit mere with <, ontuu fax - pi 'i.«s, is a memorable experience; your comments br-.-.thfai ins .ww t*.(>lii !• -ii-tila! I ,-V-,T, -.\ M mow, Uiltl tiuth-. imttttmxptfikJng are welcome. Employees are one of Amfac's greatest waterfalls. !v> matter what ssasr«tyo« visit. YELLOWSTONE assets. Amfac hires more than 3,700 seasonal juulIiliMJ ytiursetfwraideringjustwht ><>u NATIONAL PAR* UHJGES Reservations for lodging, activities, and employees in Yellowstone alone. If you ttptKtti S> tWtFar Jar* < A/ m dinner at two hotel dining rooms are would like to receive an application to join Mi»i;.,ii.:tt-.;,ll I 31)7-344-7311 or visit wtvwsantiis.M'tjm strongly recommended. Please inquire at this team, please call (307) 344-5324. U-t the memories tx gin.

Yellowstone Today Providing electricity to is produced by the Division of Interpre­ tation, National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park since 1959. Yellowstone National Park, in coopera­ tion with the Yellowstone Association May your visit to Yellowstone be memorable. and park concessioners.

For more information, call (307) 344- 2265. £ The Montana Power Company www. mtpower.com

Snowmobilers: YPSS offers services, advice

Prior to the invention and proliferation of the know where you are as you travel. Dress snowmobile, the roads of Yellowstone intelligently and carry a tow rope, flashlight, YELLOWSTONE PARK National Park were seldom travelled in the matches, an extra drive belt, and spare spark SERVICE STATIOIMS winter months. The resident winterkeepers. a plugs. Fill your fuel tank when you have the few hardy souls on skis and snowshoes or in opportunity to do so. Travel at least in pairs Yellowstone Park Service Stations has been serving Yellowstone snowplanes. and an occasional ranger were if you can and watch each other for signs of visitors since 1947. Since 1972, we have also served winter travelers, offering about the only people out there among all of hypothermia. Let someone know what your the winter wildlife and scenery. The tempo has travel plans are. especially if travelling at quality petroleum products at four winter locations. changed during the past 20 years, but the night, and check back in with them when you unique Yellowstone winter wilderness experi­ arrive at your destination. Be on the lookout Snowmobile fuel is available at Canyon and Old Faithful ence is still here. for animals on the road. Do not approach December 18-March 14, at Fishing Bridge December 18- wildlife closely. The energy an animal approx. March 14, and at Mammoth Terraces December 22-March 7. Yellowstone Park Service Stations (YPSS) has expends running from you may seriously offered basic services to snowmobilers in affect the animal's prospects for survival. Drive belts, spark plugs, and accessories are available at Old Faithful. Yellowstone since 1972. You are encouraged to play it safe out there—Yellowstone can be It is a privilege to be able to live and work Canyon and Fishing Bridge (Snowmobile repair services are not very unforgiving in winter. Familiarize your­ here in the winter. All of us who do hope you available). self with the location of warming huts, public enjoy your winter visit. telephones, and other services in the park, and Conoco, Master Card, Visa. Discover, and American Express credit cards are accepted. Yellowstone National Park Winter Facilities I I d I IV llllwl llClllVrlll IvUA———f '/ w"*T* ( wO I : I aJllar* tOvl* f 'I V^H'wWvQ CI I IV»! *V*l vJl lV/•V* vHul '

DATES SUBJECT TO CHANGE DUE TO WEATH­ ER CONDITIONS AND/OR RESOURCE MANAGEMENT CONCERNS.

Visitor centers Food service Snowmobile fuel Mammoth Hot Springs: Open year-round Dining Rooms: Mammoth Hotel, Dec. 22-Mar. 2 Old Faithful, Canyon Junction: Dec. 18-Mar. 14 Old Faithful: Dec. 16-Mar. 14 Old Faithful Snow Lodge, Dec. 18- Fishing Bridge: Dec. 18-approx. Mar. 14 Mar. 7 Mammoth Hot Springs: Dec. 22-Mar. 7 Warming Huts Snack Shop: Old Faithful Four Seasons Snack Shop, Dec. 16-early Mar. Campground Dec. 16-Mar. 14 Indian Creek. Madison Junction, Old Faithful, Mammoth Hot Springs: Open year-round Light Lunches: Mammoth Genera Store, Open West Thumb, Fishing Bridge, Canyon year-round Mammoth Clinic: Open weekdays 8:30 AM-LOO Lodging Snack Bars: Madison and Canyon warming huts, pm and 2:00-5:00 PM: closed Wednesday after­ Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel: Dec. 22-Mar. 7 Dec. 16-Mar. 7 noons; phone (307) 344-7965. Old Faithful Snow Lodge: Dec. 18-Mar. 14 Old Faithful Clinic: Staffed every 2 weeks beginning General store: December 30. Call Mammoth Clinic for more info. Telephones Mammoth Hot Springs: Open year-round Restrooms

This map is courtesy of Conoco—providing petroleum products since 1917... (conoco) All service stations in Yellowstone offer environmentally sensitive fuels, specially formulated by Conoco to reduce hydrocarbon emissions and decrease other pollution- related problems.