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The Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb: MR Appearance in Asymptomatic Volunteers

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The Carpometacarpal Joint of the Thumb: MR Appearance in Asymptomatic Volunteers Skeletal Radiol (2013) 42:1105–1112 DOI 10.1007/s00256-013-1633-4 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb: MR appearance in asymptomatic volunteers Anna Hirschmann & Reto Sutter & Andreas Schweizer & Christian W. A. Pfirrmann Received: 23 January 2013 /Revised: 1 April 2013 /Accepted: 21 April 2013 /Published online: 15 May 2013 # ISS 2013 Abstract subjects. The AOL showed a variable SI (36 %/42 % low, Purpose To prospectively characterize the MR appearance 27 %/27 % increased, 36 %/30 % striated). The IML was the of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb in asymp- thickest ligament with a mean of 2.9 mm/3.1 mm and the tomatic volunteers. DRL the thinnest (1.2 mm/1.4 mm). There was a mean Materials and methods Thirty-four asymptomatic volun- dorsal subluxation of 1.8 mm/2.0 mm and radial subluxation teers (17 women, 17 men, mean age, 33.9±9.2 years) of 2.8 mm/3.4 mm of the metacarpal base. The AOL was underwent MR imaging of the thumb after approval by the significantly thicker in men (1.7 mm) than in women local ethical committee. Two musculoskeletal radiologists (1.2 mm; p=0.02). Radial subluxation was significantly independently classified visibility and signal intensity (SI) larger in men (3.4 mm) than in women (2.2 mm; p=0.02). characteristics of the anterior oblique (AOL/beak ligament), No subluxation in palmar or ulnar direction was seen. the posterior oblique (POL), the intermetacarpal (IML), and Conclusions Radial and dorsal subluxation of the CMC the dorsoradial ligaments (DRL) on a three-point Likert joint can be a normal finding in a resting position at MR scale. The thickness of all ligaments, cartilage integrity, imaging. The CMC ligaments showed a considerable vari- and presence of joint fluid were assessed. The alignment ability of signal intensity with a typically striated IML; of the first metacarpal base with the trapezium was quanti- thickness of the AOL is typically less than 2.2 mm, of the fied on sagittal and coronal planes. POL typically less than 2.9 mm. Results The ligaments of the CMC joint were constantly visible in all volunteers for the POL and IML, and in all Keywords Carpometacarpal joint . Thumb . Magnetic but one for the AOL and DRL. On intermediate-weighted resonance imaging fat-saturated images the POL (65 %/74 % reader 1/reader 2) and DRL (58 %/64 %) were commonly of increased SI, while the IML had a striated appearance in 91 %/76 % of Introduction The carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is a A. Hirschmann (*) : R. Sutter : C. W. A. Pfirrmann saddle joint with a biconcave-convex shape. The trape- Department of Radiology, Orthopedic University Hospital zium articulates with the first and second metacarpal Balgrist, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, base distally [1]. This unique morphology leads to a 8008 Zurich, Switzerland – e-mail: [email protected] wide range of motion [2 4]. Stability is given by a ligament complex, which consists of five main compo- R. Sutter e-mail: [email protected] nents (Fig. 1): the anterior oblique ligament (AOL/beak ligament), the posterior oblique ligament (POL), the C. W. A. Pfirrmann e-mail: [email protected] dorsoradial ligament (DRL), the intermetacarpal liga- ment (IML) and the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) [2, 3, A. Schweizer 5, 6]. Due to the exceptional anatomy of the joint, it is Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic University lax and incongruent in the resting thumb position while Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland it is stable and tightly congruent in the final phase of e-mail: [email protected] thumb opposition [4, 6, 7]. 1106 Skeletal Radiol (2013) 42:1105–1112 Fig. 1 3D reconstructions show the volar view (a), the dorsal view (b), POL=posterior oblique ligament, DRL=dorsoradial ligament, IML= and the radial view (c) of the carpometacarpal (CMC) ligament complex intermetacarpal ligament, 1st MC=first metacarpal bone, 2nd of the thumb. The dark (AOL) and white (POL) stripes demonstrate MC=second metacarpal bone, T=trapezium the ligament orientation. AOL=anterior oblique ligament/beak, Isolated dislocation of the CMC joint is uncommon and evaluated as well as the handedness. This study was ap- occurs in less than 1 % of all hand injuries [6, 8]. It is more proved by the local ethics committee and informed consent often combined with a fracture of the first metacarpal base was obtained from each volunteer. [7, 9]. A pure dislocation of the CMC joint typically leads to a rupture of the DRL and POL [6–8]. Magnetic resonance MR imaging protocol (MR) imaging can be used to accurately evaluate these ligament injuries [5]. MR imaging was performed with a 1.5-T extremity The ligamentous anatomy of the CMC joint has been scanner (Optima MR 430 s, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, extensively studied in cadaveric dissections [1, 10–18]. WI, USA). All subjects were examined in the static Normal CMC ligament appearance on MR images is often resting position of the thumb in a dedicated 100-mm described as low signal intensity (SI) with a thin linear shape coil. The patient was sitting next to the extremity scan- in all sequences [3, 5], although there are reports of variable ner, the arm was placed in the neutral position, the SI in asymptomatic healthy volunteers in elbow and ankle thumb rested parallel to the second digit. Intermediate- ligaments [19, 20]. Only a few studies have addressed the weighted fat-saturated (FS) images were acquired in the complex MR anatomy of the CMC ligaments in detail [3, 5]. sagittal plane (repetition time ms/echo time ms, 2,000/24; Also, the spectrum of normal MR morphology of the CMC section thickness, 2 mm; field of view, 67 mm; acqui- joint structures in healthy volunteers is not known. The sition time, 5 min 24 s), in the coronal plane (2,039/25; purpose of this study was to prospectively characterize the section thickness, 2 mm; field of view, 135 mm; acqui- MR anatomy and variants of the CMC joint in asymptom- sition time, 5 min 29 s) and in the axial plane perpen- atic volunteers. dicular to the first metacarpal bone (2,079/22; section thickness, 2.5 mm; field of view, 60 mm; acquisition time, 5 min 48 s). T1-weighted turbo spin echo images Materials and methods were obtained in the sagittal plane (598/14; section thick- ness, 2 mm; field of view, 67 mm; acquisition time, 4 min Thirty-four asymptomatic healthy volunteers (17 women, 55 s) and in the axial plane perpendicular to the first mean age 33.5±9.8 years, range, 20–49 years; 17 men, metacarpal bone (557/13; section thickness, 2.5 mm; field mean age 34.4±8.8 years, range, 23–49 years) were pro- of view, 60 mm; acquisition time, 5 min 5 s). spectively included in this study. For each decade between 20 and 50 years, at least five women and five men were Definition of ligaments included. All volunteers completed a questionnaire to ensure that they had not undergone prior thumb and hand surgery, Anterior oblique/beak ligament (AOL) had no thumb and hand pain, had never seen a physician for thumb and hand complaints, had never injured the thumb The AOL has its origin at the palmar tubercle of the and hand and did not suffer from a systemic inflammatory trapezium and attaches at the volar beak of the first disease. Daily and labor activities of the thumb were metacarpal base (Figs. 1 and 2). The AOL runs in a Skeletal Radiol (2013) 42:1105–1112 1107 Fig. 2 a Sagittal intermediate- weighted fat-saturated image (2,000/24 ms) shows the AOL (black arrows)andthePOL (white arrows) of the right CMC joint of the thumb in a 48-year- old healthy volunteer. b Schematic drawing of the AOL and POL at the same position as a. AOL=anterior oblique ligament/beak, POL=posterior oblique ligament, 1st MC=first metacarpal bone sagittal orientation. The ligament spans volarly around Intermetacarpal ligament (IML) the CMC joint and runs in a diagonal fashion from proximal-radial to distal-ulnar. This extracapsular ligament arises from the radial base of the The AOL is composed of two layers, a superficial and a second metacarpal bone and runs transversally to the ulnar deeper intraarticular one. Most authors do not differentiate side of the first metacarpal base (Figs. 1 and 3). It is best between these two layers and term the AOL “beak ligament” visualized in coronal images. [4, 7, 10, 17, 21], while a few authors name the deep bundles “beak ligament” [3, 16]. Qualitative analysis Posterior oblique ligament (POL) MR images were analyzed independently by two fellowship- trained musculoskeletal radiologists. They were blinded to the The POL runs obliquely from the dorsal tubercle of the results of each other’s readings and to any information regard- trapezium to the dorsoulnar tubercle of the metacarpal ing the volunteers. base (Figs. 1 and 2). Best visualization is in the sagittal Visibility (no/yes) and SI (low as the normal low signal imaging plane. of ligaments and tendons/increased compared to the normal low signal of ligaments and tendons/striated) of the ligament Dorsoradial ligament (DRL) complex (AOL, POL, DRL, IML) were evaluated on fluid- sensitive intermediate-weighted FS images. The cartilage The DRL origins at the dorsoradial tubercle of the trapezium, (intact/inhomogeneous SI/presence of chondral defects) as attaches to the adjacent aspect of the metacarpal base and has a well as the presence of joint fluid (no/minor/joint distension) coronal orientation (Figs.
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