Genome Sequencing of Prototheca Zopfii Genotypes 1 and 2 Provides
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Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae) in Lake Tanganyika (Africa)*
Biologia 63/6: 799—805, 2008 Section Botany DOI: 10.2478/s11756-008-0101-4 Siderocelis irregularis (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae) in Lake Tanganyika (Africa)* Maya P. Stoyneva1, Elisabeth Ingolič2,WernerKofler3 &WimVyverman4 1Sofia University ‘St Kliment Ohridski’, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, 8 bld. Dragan Zankov, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]fia.bg 2Graz University of Technology, Research Institute for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17,A-8010 Graz, Austria; e-mail: [email protected] 3University of Innsbruck, Institute of Botany, Sternwartestrasse 15,A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; e-mail: werner.kofl[email protected] 4Ghent University, Department Biology, Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Krijgslaan 281-S8,B-9000 Gent, Belgium; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Siderocelis irregularis Hindák, representing a genus Siderocelis (Naumann) Fott that is known from European temperate waters, was identified as a common phytoplankter in Lake Tanganyika. It was found aposymbiotic as well as ingested (possibly endosymbiotic) in lake heterotrophs, mainly Strombidium sp. and Vorticella spp. The morphology and ultrastructure of the species, studied with LM, SEM and TEM, are described with emphasis on the structure of the cell wall and the pyrenoid. Key words: Chlorophyta; cell wall; pyrenoid; symbiosis; ciliates; Strombidium; Vorticella Introduction ics of symbiotic species in general came into alignment with that of free-living algae and the term ‘zoochlorel- Tight partnerships between algae and aquatic inver- lae’ was abandoned as being taxonomically ambiguous tebrates, including symbiotic relationships, have long (e.g. Bal 1968; Reisser & Wiessner 1984; Taylor 1984; been of interest and a number of excellent reviews are Reisser 1992a). -
Intestinal Protothecosis in a Young Bengal Cat
Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2021, 11, 157-164 https://www.scirp.org/journal/ojvm ISSN Online: 2165-3364 ISSN Print: 2165-3356 Intestinal Protothecosis in a Young Bengal Cat Sara Manfredini1, Luca Formaggini1, Michele Marino2, Luigi Venco1* 1Clinica Veterinaria Lago Maggiore, Dormelletto (NO), Italy 2Laboratorio Analisi Veterinarie La Vallonea, Passirana di Rho (MI), Italy How to cite this paper: Manfredini, S., Abstract Formaggini, L., Marino, M. and Venco, L. (2021) Intestinal Protothecosis in a Young Background: Intestinal protothecosis is an uncommon and insidious mycotic Bengal Cat. Open Journal of Veterinary disease. Only one human case and a few rare cases in dogs have been reported. Medicine, 11, 157-164. To the authors’ knowledge, intestinal protothecosis has never been reported https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2021.115011 in cats. Case description: This paper describes a case of intestinal prototheco- Received: March 19, 2021 sis in a nine-month-old male, Bengal cat. The cat presented because of onset Accepted: May 15, 2021 of haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Investigations allowed diagnosis of intestinal pro- Published: May 18, 2021 tothecosis, confirmed by PCR test on faeces. Treatment with itraconazole did Copyright © 2021 by author(s) and not improve the clinical signs. Treatment with nystatin was prescribed and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. caused improvement in the clinical signs and decreased number of pathogens This work is licensed under the Creative seen on faecal cytology. PCR on faecal samples was negative two months after Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). treatment, with complete resolution of symptoms. Conclusion: Infection with http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Prototheca should be part of the list of differential diagnoses for diarrhoea in Open Access cats. -
The Non-Photosynthetic Algae Helicosporidium Spp.: Emergence of a Novel Group of Insect Pathogens
Insects 2013, 4, 375-391; doi:10.3390/insects4030375 OPEN ACCESS insects ISSN 2075-4450 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects/ Review The Non-Photosynthetic Algae Helicosporidium spp.: Emergence of a Novel Group of Insect Pathogens Aurélien Tartar Division of Math, Science, and Technology, Nova Southeastern University, 3301 College Avenue, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-954-262-8148; Fax: +1-954-262-3931 Received: 30 May 2013; in revised form: 4 July 2013 / Accepted: 8 July 2013 / Published: 17 July 2013 Abstract: Since the original description of Helicosporidium parasiticum in 1921, members of the genus Helicosporidium have been reported to infect a wide variety of invertebrates, but their characterization has remained dependent on occasional reports of infection. Recently, several new Helicosporidium isolates have been successfully maintained in axenic cultures. The ability to produce large quantity of biological material has led to very significant advances in the understanding of Helicosporidium biology and its interactions with insect hosts. In particular, the unique infectious process has been well documented; the highly characteristic cyst and its included filamentous cell have been shown to play a central role during host infection and have been the focus of detailed morphological and developmental studies. In addition, phylogenetic analyses inferred from a multitude of molecular sequences have demonstrated that Helicosporidium are highly specialized non-photosynthetic algae (Chlorophyta: Trebouxiophyceae), and represent the first described entomopathogenic algae. This review provides an overview of (i) the morphology of Helicosporidium cell types, (ii) the Helicosporidium life cycle, including the entire infectious sequence and its impact on insect hosts, (iii) the phylogenetic analyses that have prompted the taxonomic classification of Helicosporidium as green algae, and (iv) the documented host range for this novel group of entomopathogens. -
An Integrative Approach Sheds New Light Onto the Systematics
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN An integrative approach sheds new light onto the systematics and ecology of the widespread ciliate genus Coleps (Ciliophora, Prostomatea) Thomas Pröschold1*, Daniel Rieser1, Tatyana Darienko2, Laura Nachbaur1, Barbara Kammerlander1, Kuimei Qian1,3, Gianna Pitsch4, Estelle Patricia Bruni4,5, Zhishuai Qu6, Dominik Forster6, Cecilia Rad‑Menendez7, Thomas Posch4, Thorsten Stoeck6 & Bettina Sonntag1 Species of the genus Coleps are one of the most common planktonic ciliates in lake ecosystems. The study aimed to identify the phenotypic plasticity and genetic variability of diferent Coleps isolates from various water bodies and from culture collections. We used an integrative approach to study the strains by (i) cultivation in a suitable culture medium, (ii) screening of the morphological variability including the presence/absence of algal endosymbionts of living cells by light microscopy, (iii) sequencing of the SSU and ITS rDNA including secondary structures, (iv) assessment of their seasonal and spatial occurrence in two lakes over a one‑year cycle both from morphospecies counts and high‑ throughput sequencing (HTS), and, (v) proof of the co‑occurrence of Coleps and their endosymbiotic algae from HTS‑based network analyses in the two lakes. The Coleps strains showed a high phenotypic plasticity and low genetic variability. The algal endosymbiont in all studied strains was Micractinium conductrix and the mutualistic relationship turned out as facultative. Coleps is common in both lakes over the whole year in diferent depths and HTS has revealed that only one genotype respectively one species, C. viridis, was present in both lakes despite the diferent lifestyles (mixotrophic with green algal endosymbionts or heterotrophic without algae). -
A First Insight Into the Genome of Prototheca Wickerhamii, a Major
Bakuła et al. BMC Genomics (2021) 22:168 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07491-8 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A first insight into the genome of Prototheca wickerhamii, a major causative agent of human protothecosis Zofia Bakuła1, Paweł Siedlecki2,3, Robert Gromadka4, Jan Gawor4, Agnieszka Gromadka3, Jan J. Pomorski5, Hanna Panagiotopoulou5 and Tomasz Jagielski1* Abstract Background: Colourless microalgae of the Prototheca genus are the only known plants that have consistently been implicated in a range of clinically relevant opportunistic infections in both animals and humans. The Prototheca algae are emerging pathogens, whose incidence has increased importantly over the past two decades. Prototheca wickerhamii is a major human pathogen, responsible for at least 115 cases worldwide. Although the algae are receiving more attention nowadays, there is still a substantial knowledge gap regarding their biology, and pathogenicity in particular. Here we report, for the first time, the complete nuclear genome, organelle genomes, and transcriptome of the P. wickerhamii type strain ATCC 16529. Results: The assembled genome size was of 16.7 Mbp, making it the smallest and most compact genome sequenced so far among the protothecans. Key features of the genome included a high overall GC content (64.5%), a high number (6081) and proportion (45.9%) of protein-coding genes, and a low repetitive sequence content (2.2%). The vast majority (90.6%) of the predicted genes were confirmed with the corresponding transcripts upon RNA-sequencing analysis. Most (93.2%) of the genes had their putative function assigned when searched against the InterProScan database. A fourth (23.3%) of the genes were annotated with an enzymatic activity possibly associated with the adaptation to the human host environment. -
Genetic Diversity of Symbiotic Green Algae of Paramecium Bursaria Syngens Originating from Distant Geographical Locations
plants Article Genetic Diversity of Symbiotic Green Algae of Paramecium bursaria Syngens Originating from Distant Geographical Locations Magdalena Greczek-Stachura 1, Patrycja Zagata Le´snicka 1, Sebastian Tarcz 2 , Maria Rautian 3 and Katarzyna Mozd˙ ze˙ ´n 1,* 1 Institute of Biology, Pedagogical University of Krakow, Podchor ˛azych˙ 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (M.G.-S.); [email protected] (P.Z.L.) 2 Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland; [email protected] 3 Laboratory of Protistology and Experimental Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab. 7/9, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Paramecium bursaria (Ehrenberg 1831) is a ciliate species living in a symbiotic relationship with green algae. The aim of the study was to identify green algal symbionts of P. bursaria originating from distant geographical locations and to answer the question of whether the occurrence of en- dosymbiont taxa was correlated with a specific ciliate syngen (sexually separated sibling group). In a comparative analysis, we investigated 43 P. bursaria symbiont strains based on molecular features. Three DNA fragments were sequenced: two from the nuclear genomes—a fragment of the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region and a fragment of the gene encoding large subunit ribosomal RNA (28S rDNA), Citation: Greczek-Stachura, M.; as well as a fragment of the plastid genome comprising the 30rpl36-50infA genes. The analysis of two Le´snicka,P.Z.; Tarcz, S.; Rautian, M.; Mozd˙ ze´n,K.˙ Genetic Diversity of ribosomal sequences showed the presence of 29 haplotypes (haplotype diversity Hd = 0.98736 for Symbiotic Green Algae of Paramecium ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 and Hd = 0.908 for 28S rDNA) in the former two regions, and 36 haplotypes 0 0 bursaria Syngens Originating from in the 3 rpl36-5 infA gene fragment (Hd = 0.984). -
Neoproterozoic Origin and Multiple Transitions to Macroscopic Growth in Green Seaweeds
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/668475; this version posted June 12, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Neoproterozoic origin and multiple transitions to macroscopic growth in green seaweeds Andrea Del Cortonaa,b,c,d,1, Christopher J. Jacksone, François Bucchinib,c, Michiel Van Belb,c, Sofie D’hondta, Pavel Škaloudf, Charles F. Delwicheg, Andrew H. Knollh, John A. Raveni,j,k, Heroen Verbruggene, Klaas Vandepoeleb,c,d,1,2, Olivier De Clercka,1,2 Frederik Leliaerta,l,1,2 aDepartment of Biology, Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, 9000 Ghent, Belgium bDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium cVIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium dBioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium eSchool of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia fDepartment of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic gDepartment of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA hDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA. iDivision of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK jSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia (M048), 35 Stirling Highway, WA 6009, Australia kClimate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2006, Australia lMeise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] or [email protected]. -
Towards Engineering the Microalga Chlorella Sorokiniana for the Production of Tailored High-Value Oils
Towards engineering the microalga Chlorella sorokiniana for the production of tailored high-value oils Xenia Spencer-Milnes UCL (University College London) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) September 2018 1 DECLARATION DECLARATION I, Xenia Spencer-Milnes confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. …………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Saul Purton, for his continued support throughout these last four years and the opportunity to be part of such an interesting project. Also, many thanks go to my thesis committee and secondary supervisors: Dr Olga Sayanova for providing such expertise in the area of lipid metabolism and the opportunity to conduct some research at Rothamsted Research, Professor Kaila Srai for such constructive feedback, and Dr Vitor Pinheiro for providing invaluable support and advice through some difficult times. I would also like to thank all members of the Algal Oils by Design sLoLa group for continued stimulating discussion and inspiration at meetings. I would especially like to thank Dr Mary Hamilton and Dr Richard Smith from Rothamstead Research for their patience and support in teaching me new techniques and putting up with a myriad of questions. I also must thank former lab members Noreen Hiegle for showing me the ropes using Agrobacterium and Dr Sofie Vonlanthen who established much Chlorella work in the lab and was very quick to respond to my flurry of email questions in the beginning. -
Protothecosis and Chlorellosis in Sheep and Goats: a Review
VDIXXX10.1177/1040638720978781Protothecosis and chlorellosis in sheep and goatsRiet-Correa et al. 978781review-article2020 Review Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 1 –5 Protothecosis and chlorellosis in sheep © 2020 The Author(s) Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions and goats: a review DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638720978781 10.1177/1040638720978781 jvdi.sagepub.com Franklin Riet-Correa,1 Priscila Maria Silva do Carmo, Francisco A. Uzal Abstract. Protothecosis and chlorellosis are sporadic algal diseases that can affect small ruminants. In goats, protothecosis is primarily associated with lesions in the nose and should be included in the differential diagnosis of causes of rhinitis. In sheep, chlorellosis causes typical green granulomatous lesions in various organs. Outbreaks of chlorellosis have been reported in sheep consuming stagnant water, grass from sewage-contaminated areas, and pastures watered by irrigation canals or by effluents from poultry-processing plants. Prototheca and Chlorella are widespread in the environment, and environmental and climatic changes promoted by anthropogenic activities may have increased the frequency of diseases produced by them. The diagnosis of these diseases must be based on gross, microscopic, and ultrastructural lesions, coupled with detection of the agent by immunohistochemical-, molecular-, and/or culture-based methods. Key words: chlorellosis; goats; protothecosis; sheep. Introduction pathogenic for animals and humans.1,2,12,26 Genotype 2 is involved more frequently than genotype 1 in protothecosis of Prototheca spp. (achlorophyllous algae) and Chlorella spp. animals and human.1,2,12,16,26 Since 2008, 2 more species have (chlorophyll-containing algae) are ubiquitous algae that been recognized as pathogens: P. blaschkeae was isolated reproduce asexually by internal septation (endosporulation) from the mammary gland of cows with mastitis,16 and P. -
Disseminated Prototheca Wickerhamii Infection with Arthritis and Tenosynovitis JOAN S
Case Report Disseminated Prototheca wickerhamii Infection with Arthritis and Tenosynovitis JOAN S. PASCUAL, LUCIA L. BALOS, and ALAN N. BAER ABSTRACT. Achloric algae of the Prototheca species are a rare cause of infection in humans. These infections are usually localized to the skin, olecranon bursae, and tendon sheaths of the hands and wrists. Our patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a chronic Prototheca wickerhamii skin infec- tion of the hand developed tenosynovitis and arthritis of his ankle in the setting of a documented algemia. This is the first reported case of protothecal arthritis and tenosynovitis resulting from hematogenous dissemination. The reported musculoskeletal manifestations of protothecal infections are reviewed. (J Rheumatol 2004;31:1861–5) Key Indexing Terms: PROTOTHECA ALGAE TENOSYNOVITIS INFECTIOUS ARTHRITIS ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME Prototheca are achloric algae that can be a rare cause of tous inflammation with ovoid basophilic bodies both in and around histio- infection in humans. Infections are generally localized to cytes (Figure 1). A culture grew P. wickerhamii. Oral itraconazole was resumed. Within 3 weeks of this biopsy, the patient inadvertently stepped exposed skin of the face and distal extremities, olecranon in a hole and forcibly dorsiflexed his left ankle; swelling of the ankle bursae, and tendon sheaths of the hands and wrists. They persisted for over 2 months, prompting an intraarticular injection of dexam- occur in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised ethasone. Five months prior to hospitalization, the patient developed hosts. Systemic protothecosis with visceral and meningeal several subcutaneous nodules in his left lower extremity, despite ongoing involvement occurs rarely in immunocompromised individ- itraconazole therapy. -
Martinez, E. Alkyl Silanes As a Source of Carbon for Microbial Growth
Alkyl Silanes as a Source of Carbon for Microbial Growth Eduardo J. Martinez Microbial Diversity Course Woods Hole, MA Tuesday, August 1, 2006 Abstract: Alkyl silanes have not been described as substrates for microbial growth and no precedent exist for naturally occurring carbon-silicon bonds. Enrichments on minimal media using alkyl silanes as the sole carbon and energy source may be a novel method for the isolation of new microorganisms or the discovery of new enzymatic pathways. Triethylsilane, diethylsilane, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol and trimethylsilylacetic acid were used in enrichments under aerobic shake tube conditions. No growth was observed on the unfunctionalized silanes but 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol and trimethylsilylacetic acid were successful substrates. Organisms growing on 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethanol took several weeks to grow up so pure cultures could not be obtained, but they are clearly bacteria (about 2 µm in diameter) and can also utilize methanol as a carbon source. Trimethylsilylacetic acid in media at pH 5 selects for eukaryotes. Two very different species were isolated. Issatchenkia occidentalis is a common variety fruit fungus isolated from various soil samples. Prototheca zopfii var. hydrocarbonea is a non- photosynthetic algal which can grow on n-alkanes and exhibits very interesting cell fission morphology. Unfortunately, trimethylsilylacetic acid was shown to be unstable under the aqueous incubation conditions, decomposing to acetic acid and trimethylsilanol. However, decay kinetics could not be measured to compare with growth rates and determine if this decomposition was significant. Background: New carbon sources are useful in the discovery of novel microbial life and metabolism. Alkyl silanes have not been described as substrates for microbial growth and furthermore no literature could be found on the natural occurrence of carbon-silicon bonds. -
Infectious Diseases of the Philippines
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE PHILIPPINES Stephen Berger, MD Infectious Diseases of the Philippines - 2013 edition Infectious Diseases of the Philippines - 2013 edition Stephen Berger, MD Copyright © 2013 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-1-61755-582-4 ISBN-10: 1-61755-582-7 Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER: Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. Scope of Content: Disease designations may reflect a specific pathogen (ie, Adenovirus infection), generic pathology (Pneumonia - bacterial) or etiologic grouping (Coltiviruses - Old world). Such classification reflects the clinical approach to disease allocation in the Infectious Diseases Module of the GIDEON web application.