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Depth-Dependent Swimbladder Compression in Herring Clupea Harengus Observed Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Depth-Dependent Swimbladder Compression in Herring Clupea Harengus Observed Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Journal of Fish Biology (2009) 74, 296–303 doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02130.x, available online at http://www.blackwell-synergy.com Depth-dependent swimbladder compression in herring Clupea harengus observed using magnetic resonance imaging S. M. M. FA¨SSLER*†, P. G. FERNANDES‡, S. I. K. SEMPLE§ AND A. S. BRIERLEY† †Gatty Marine Laboratory, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, Scotland, U.K. ‡FRS Marine Laboratory, P. O. Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland, U.K. and §Department of Radiology, University of Aberdeen, Lilian Sutton Building, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, U.K. (Received 30 January 2008, Accepted 13 October 2008) Changes in swimbladder morphology in an Atlantic herring Clupea harengus with pressure were examined by magnetic resonance imaging of a dead fish in a purpose-built pressure chamber. Swimbladder volume changed with pressure according to Boyle’s Law, but compression in the lateral aspect was greater than in the dorsal aspect. This uneven compression has a reduced effect on acoustic backscattering than symmetrical compression and would elicit less pronounced effects of depth on acoustic biomass estimates of C. harengus. # 2009 The Authors Journal compilation # 2009 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles Key words: acoustic surveys; Boyle’s Law; MRI; physostome; target strength; water pressure. Abundance estimates of schooling pelagic fishes such as herring Clupea hare- ngus L. are derived commonly by means of acoustic surveys (Fernandes et al., 2002; Simmonds & MacLennan, 2005). Dense aggregations of fishes in midwater present strong acoustic targets. Echo intensity data are integrated and interpolated across a survey area and converted into fish density according to the species-specific target strength (TS, in dB) to produce abundance estimates (MacLennan, 1990). The accuracy of the abundance estimate is dependent on the accuracy of the applied TS value, which is a measure of the capacity of the fish to scatter sound back towards the echosounder trans- ducer. TS is dependent primarily on the morphology of the fishes, the acoustic frequency used (the echosounder frequency), and the orientation of the fishes in the water (Nakken & Olsen, 1977; Blaxter & Batty, 1990; Ona, 1990). For fishes *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed at present address. FRS Marine Laboratory, P. O. Box 101, 375 Victoria Road, Torry, Aberdeen, AB11 9DB, Scotland, U.K. Tel.: þ44 (0) 1224 295538; fax: þ44 (0) 1224 295511; email: [email protected] 296 # 2009 The Authors Journal compilation # 2009 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles DEPTH-DEPENDENT SWIMBLADDER COMPRESSION IN C. HARENGUS 297 with a gas-filled swimbladder, the swimbladder can be responsible for up to 90–95% of the backscattered sound intensity (Foote, 1980). Consequently, for such fishes, understanding the structural morphology of the swimbladder and its variation with fish behaviour is particularly important for understanding and modelling TS and its variability. Clupea harengus is a physostome and, as such, the swimbladder is not closed but connected to the anal opening and to the alimentary canal via a valved pneumatic duct (Blaxter et al., 1979). Unlike physoclists, most physostomes have no known mechanisms, such as a gas gland, with which to actively adjust the volume of their swimbladder. The present hypothesis for C. harengus is that they are only able to inflate their swimbladders by ‘gulping’ atmospheric air at the sea surface (Brawn, 1962; Blaxter et al., 1979; Ona, 1990). Thus, once C. harengus have left the sea surface, the volume of the swimbladder will decrease with increasing ambient pressure at greater water depths. Since TS at a given frequency (typically 38 kHz for C. harengus surveys) is primarily a function of swimbladder size, the TS in C. harengus and other physostomes is likely to be dependent to some extent on the depth of the fish (Edwards & Armstrong, 1984; Ona, 1990; Mukai & Iida, 1996). Since the acoustic back- scattering intensity is proportional to the dorsal cross-sectional area of the scat- tering body (Ona, 1990), it is important to know how this particular dimension of the swimbladder changes with depth. Using an in vitro experiment, Blaxter et al. (1979) showed that the different dimensions of the C. harengus swimbladder do not compress isometrically with increasing ambient pressure. They observed that the vertical axis of the swim- bladder was most affected by pressure increase and the length of the swimblad- der changed more slowly than its height. As a result, Blaxter et al. (1979) suggested that as pressure changed the swimbladder would not contract con- centrically but would adopt the shape of a flat ellipse. The invasive experimen- tal technique applied by Blaxter et al. (1979) may, however, have led to misleading results: in order to observe changes in swimbladder shape with pres- sure, fish had to be dissected to expose the swimbladder. The results of Blaxter et al. (1979) were, therefore, effectively based on observations of partly exposed swimbladders, which may have behaved differently than if they had been fully surrounded by tissue. Gorska & Ona (2003) compared empirical observations of C. harengus TS at various water depths with results of models that applied different swimbladder contraction rates. The spheroid model they used led them to conclude that the swimbladder must contract in a way where the length-contraction is less than the width-contraction, but they could not quan- tify the difference. Radiographic techniques have been used extensively to extract shapes of swimbladders for use in acoustic backscattering models (Clay & Horne, 1994; Horne & Jech, 1999; Hazen & Horne, 2003; Gauthier & Horne, 2004; Reeder et al., 2004). These techniques are non-invasive and can deliver high resolution representations of the swimbladder. Such examinations, however, have mostly been made on physoclists, where pressure effects are less important since swimbladder volumes may well remain constant throughout the water column. This study provides the first description of the use of magnetic reso- nance imaging (MRI) to examine the swimbladder compression in three # 2009 The Authors Journal compilation # 2009 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles, Journal of Fish Biology 2009, 74, 296–303 298 S.M.M. FA¨SSLER ET AL. dimensions at various ambient pressures in a physostomous fish, North Sea C. harengus. Fish samples were collected in the northern North Sea during the 2007 North Sea C. harengus acoustic survey using a PT160 pelagic trawl at depths between 77 and 165 m (ICES, 2007). The fish were euthanized using benzocaine and then frozen. One suitable specimen (total length ¼ 250 mm) was selected after X-ray examination to ensure that the swimbladder and other internal or- gans were intact. The fish was defrosted shortly before being subject to a range of water pressures (1–7 bar) using a purpose built, MRI compatible, perspex pressure chamber containing only non-ferrous components. The magnetic resonance (MR) images of the interior of the fish were obtained using a Philips 3T Achieva X-Series scanner (Philips Medical, Best, Netherlands) using the 16 channel neurovascular (NV) array coil. Once the fish had been secured in the pressure tank, the tank was filled with fresh water and secured in the MR coil using foam pads and Velcro straps to prevent movement of the tank within the coil during image acquisition (Fig. 1). After an initial survey scan was acquired for positioning of subsequent scans, a T2-weighted spin-echo utilizing CLEAR (Philips Medical) was used to acquire high resolution scans of the swimbladder in the sagittal plane. Image acquisition variables were field of view 160 mm, with a rectangular field of view of 80% in the fold-over direction (anterior–posterior). An acquisition matrix size of 160 Â 160 was used, which was reconstructed using a 320 Â 320 matrix to give an effective in-plane resolu- tion of 0Á5 mm. Slice thickness was 1Á0 mm, and 30 slices were acquired to cover FIG. 1. The perspex pressure chamber (PC), containing the Clupea harengus sample, was secured in the neurovascular (NV) array magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coil. A tube (T) connects the chamber to the pressure source located outside the MR scanner room. # 2009 The Authors Journal compilation # 2009 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles, Journal of Fish Biology 2009, 74, 296–303 DEPTH-DEPENDENT SWIMBLADDER COMPRESSION IN C. HARENGUS 299 the swimbladder. Repetition time was set to 1000 ms and echo time to 50 ms with four signal averages, resulting in an overall acquisition time of 17 min and 8 s. During protocol development, spin-echo sequences were acquired using SENSE (Pruessmann et al., 1999) in an attempt to cut down the acquisition time, but it was observed that the brass components of the pressure tank interfered with the SENSE sensitivity map, resulting in severe image artefacts. Subse- quently, all spin-echo scans used in this study were acquired without SENSE, or any other speed-up factor. The C. harengus was scanned at discrete water pressures corresponding to 0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 m depth. The choice of the water pressures reflects the fact that volume reduction of gas-filled elastic objects is greatest over the surface depths (e.g. c. 85% reduction in volume from 0 to 60 m). At the end of the series of increasing pressures a repeat scan was done at the lowest pressure in an attempt to determine if any gas was from of the swimbladder over the course of the experiment. The high image contrast between the gas-filled swimbladder and surrounding tissue (Fig. 2) enabled accurate assessment of the swimbladder volume. MATLAB’s (The MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, U.S.A.) Image Processing ToolboxÔ was used to construct 3-D representations of the swimbladder from the image slices. Boundaries of the swimbladder were defined on every slice by applying a threshold value to extract the dark pixels characteristic of the gas- filled bladder.
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