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Visible Minority Neighbourhoods in Toronto, Montréal, and Vancouver

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Visible Minority Neighbourhoods in Toronto, Montréal, and Vancouver VisibleVisible minorityminority neighbourhoodsneighbourhoods inin Toronto,Toronto, Montréal,Montréal, andand VancouverVancouver by Feng Hou and Garnett Picot ithin Canada’s large cities, 1991 and another one third (30%) are bonds associated with immigration may ethnic neighbourhoods Canadian-born.3 In 2001, the three draw together newcomers of the same W with a significant presence largest groups, in the decreasing order origin.4 Visible minority neighbour- of a visible minority group vividly of their population size, were the hoods could form rapidly if immigrants reflect how successive waves of immi- South Asians, Chinese, and Blacks in from a minority group settle exclusively grants have adjusted and adapted to Toronto; Blacks, Arabs and West Canadian society. The once up-and- Asians, and South Asians in Montréal; coming neighbourhoods of some and the Chinese, South Asians, and 1. Visible minorities are defined by the earlier European immigrant groups, Filipinos in Vancouver. Employment Equity Act as “persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are such as “Little Italy” or “Little Greece,” In this article, the expansion of non-Caucasian in race or non-white in have gradually dispersed or stopped visible minority neighbourhoods in colour.” Chinese, South Asians and growing as the result of declining Canada’s three largest CMAs is exam- Blacks are among the groups identified ined using Census data from 1981 to as visible minorities in the Employment immigration from these countries. Equity regulations. Unlike the 19th and early 20th cen- 2001. The article explores how visible 2. Statistics Canada. 2003. 2001 Census: tury, immigrants arriving in the later minority neighbourhoods were formed. analysis series. Canada’s Ethnocultural half of the 20th century have settled pri- In particular, are they formed by non- Portrait: The Changing Mosaic (Statis- marily in a few large metropolitan areas. visible minority residents moving out tics Canada Catalogue no: 96F0030XIE 2001008). Many of these recent immigrants as large numbers of a visible minority belong to visible minority groups.1 In group move into the neighbourhood? 3. In 2001, another 3% of visible minorities were non-permanent residents. 2001, nearly three-quarters (73%) of 4. The Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to the nation’s 4 million visible minori- Visible minority neighbourhoods Canada, conducted during 2000 and ties lived in Canada’s largest census are formed in a variety of ways 2001, found that family and friends were a metropolitan areas (CMAs): Toronto, There are many possible reasons for the strong magnet for newcomers. In fact, Montréal, and Vancouver.2 According establishment of visible minority neigh- 41% of newcomers chose where they live because they had a family member living to the 2001 Census of Population, bourhoods in Canada’s largest cities. there and 18% chose because they had about one third (34%) of the visible International immigration has histori- friends living there. Statistics Canada. minority population entered Canada cally provided a demographic base for 2003. Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada: Process, Progress and during the 1990s, one third (33%) are the emergence of ethnic neighbour- Prospects (Statistics Canada Catalogue immigrants who entered Canada before hoods. Kinship ties and community no. 89-611). 8 CANADIAN SOCIAL TRENDS SPRING 2004 Statistics Canada — Catalogue No. 11-008 What you should know about this study This study used data from the 1981 to 2001 censuses. matched using published conversion tables. New tracts Census tracts are small geographic areas that usually created due to CMA expansion are excluded from the have a population of a few thousand. In 2001, the median longitudinal analysis of visible minority neighbourhoods. population size of tracts was about 4,000 to 5,000. In this The composition of the population in census tracts is article, a census tract is the basic unit of neighbourhood. traced between 1981 and 2001 using longitudinally- A census tract becomes a visible minority neighbourhood matched census tracts. Each tract is classified into one of if a visible minority group represents over 30% of the four types based on the characteristics of the change in population of the tract. composition: relative concentration, rapid replacement, The isolation index measures the extent to which minor- gradual transition and stable or in decline. In the case of ity group members are exposed only to one another in “relative concentration”, both non-visible minorities and a their neighbourhood.1 The index ranges from 0 to 100, visible minority group increased in numbers in a neigh- and is interpreted as the probability that a member of one bourhood, but the visible minority group increased at a group will only meet other members of the same group. faster pace. For both “rapid replacement” and “gradual In this article, the groups are particular visible minorities. transition”, the non-visible minority population in the For example, an isolation index value of 13 for Blacks in neighbourhood decreases while a visible minority group Toronto is interpreted as Blacks having a 13% chance of increases. “Rapid replacement” and “gradual transition” only meeting other Blacks in their neighbourhood. only differ in the rate of decrease of the non-visible minor- ity population. “Rapid replacement” implies that the rate The isolation index depends on a group’s residential of decrease of the non-visible minority population is segregation where a group becomes increasingly con- faster than that of “gradual transition.”2 Lastly, a minority centrated in particular neighbourhoods and on its neighbourhood is classified as “stable or in decline” if the proportion in the CMA’s population. The effect upon the percentage of the minority group did not increase isolation index of changes in a group’s proportion in the between 1981 and 2001. CMA’s population between two time points can be esti- mated by holding the group’s initial distribution constant. Changes in the composition of visible minority neighbourhoods 1. Massey, D.S. and N.A. Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge: Between 1981 and 2001, the population in some neigh- Harvard University Press. bourhoods grew substantially. When substantial growth 2. Visible minority neighbourhoods formed by rapid replace- occurs within a tract, the census divides it into two or ment have a non-visible minority population that decreases at more tracts. New tracts are also added as the boundaries a rate higher than the median rate among all tracts that expe- rienced decreases in the non-visible minority population.The of CMAs expand. To study changes in neighbourhoods median rate of decrease between 1981 and 2001 was 24% in over the 20-year period, census tracts were longitudinally Toronto, 20% in Montréal and 21% in Vancouver. How visible minority neighbourhoods are formed Number of longitudinally-matched census tracts Method of formation that are visible minority neighbourhoods in 2001 Total 142 Relative concentration 12 Gradual transition 15 Rapid replacement 111 Stable or in decline 4 Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2001. Statistics Canada — Catalogue No. 11-008 SPRING 2004 CANADIAN SOCIAL TRENDS 9 in neighbourhoods where members of Visible minorities have an increasing share of the population the same minority already live. in Canada’s three largest CMAs Concentration of a visible minority is most likely to occur in neighbour- hoods with new housing developments Visible minority group as a Isolation index % of the total population and owner-occupied housing. Mem- Toronto bers of a visible minority group who arrive in large numbers may have a South Asian 1981 2.7 6 strong demand for home ownership, 1991 6.0 12 which can only be satisfied where 2001 10.6 20 housing is in plentiful supply. Group Chinese 1981 3.1 10 differences in housing demand and 1991 6.4 17 the spatial concentration of the sup- 2001 9.2 26 ply of housing in a given period may Black 1981 4.1 8 influence the formation of visible 1991 6.2 11 minority neighbourhoods. 2001 6.9 13 New immigrants could also be restricted to poor neighbourhoods with Montréal affordable housing since they often Black 1981 1.8 5 come at the bottom of the socio- 1991 3.2 8 economic ladder in the receiving 2001 4.2 10 society. Many neighbourhoods experi- Arab/West Asian 1981 1.2 6 ence a life cycle as the neighbourhoods 1991 3.0 11 age and as relative housing values 2001 2.4 7 change. The composition of the popu- South Asian 1981 0.6 3 lation of the neighbourhoods also changes as families in a neighbourhood 1991 1.0 4 are often at similar life stages (child- 2001 1.7 12 birth, children in school, children Vancouver leaving home, retirement). When neigh- Chinese 1981 6.8 18 bourhood housing no longer meets the 1991 10.9 24 needs for the residents’ stage in the life 2001 17.4 33 course, they may move away to be South Asian 1981 3.0 7 replaced by new immigrant groups. 1991 5.4 14 Residential segregation may also 2001 8.4 25 endure because of “social distance.”5 There may be own-group preference Filipino 1981 0.9 2 in choosing neighbours, either on the 1991 1.6 3 part of minority group members to 2001 2.9 5 stay in proximity to each other, or as Source: Statistics Canada, censuses of population. an avoidance strategy on the part of dominant group members. This tends to preserve ethnic residential segrega- tion.6 Racism and discrimination may also play a role. 5. Massey, D.S. 1981. “Social class and ethnic segregation: A reconsideration of methods and conclusions.” American Sociological Review 46, 5: 641-650; Driedger, L. 1989. The The number of visible minority Ethnic Factor: Identity in Diversity. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
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