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The Republic of Belarus

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The Republic of Belarus 9 7 8 9 8 5 7 1 3 6 9 0 2 The Republic of Belarus and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Рэспубліка Беларусь і Еўрапейская хартыя рэгіянальных моў або моў меншасцяў Республика Беларусь и Европейская хартия региональных языков или языков меньшинств Conclusions of the Council of Europe/European Union project “Promoting the standards of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bela- rus” 2016−2017 Высновы праекта Савета Еўропы / Еўрапейскага Саюза «Садзейнічанне стан- дартам Еўрапейскай хартыі рэгіянальных моў або моў меншасцяў у Беларусі» 2016−2017 Заключения проекта Совета Европы / Европейского союза «Содействие стан- дартам Европейской хартии региональных языков или языков меньшинств в Беларуси» 2016−2017 гг. Минск «Медисонт» 2019 3 Contents | Змест | Содержание FOREWORDS УСТУПНАЕ СЛОВА ВСТУПИТЕЛЬНОЕ СЛОВО I. The history of the traditional national minorities in the Republic of Belarus 15 Гісторыя традыцыйных нацыянальных меншасцяў у Рэспубліцы Беларусь История традиционных национальных меньшинств в Республике Беларусь Die Geschichte der traditionellen nationalen Minderheiten in der Republik Belarus Rudolf Mark Рудольф Марк Рудольф Марк Jews 17 Габрэі 21 Евреи 25 29 יוראַ Juden 32 Latvians 40 Латышы 43 Латыши 46 Latvieši 49 Letten 52 Lithuanians 56 Літоўцы 59 Литовцы 62 Lietuviai 66 Litauer 69 Germans 76 Немцы 80 Немцы 84 Deutsche 88 Poles 94 Палякі 98 Поляки 102 Polacy 106 Polen 110 Roma 118 Рома 120 Рома 122 Рома 125 Roma 127 Ukrainians 130 4 5 Украінцы 132 Deutsch 216 Украинцы 134 Polish 220 Українці 136 Польская мова 221 Ukrainer 139 Польский язык 222 Tatars 144 Język polski 223 Татары 147 Romani 226 Татары 150 Цыганская (ромская мова) 226 Татар 153 Цыганский (ромский язык) 227 Tataren 156 Цыганский язык (романы чхиб) 228 Estonians 160 Ukrainian 230 Эстонцы 162 Украінская мова 230 Эстонцы 164 Украинский язык 231 Eestlased 167 Українськая мова 233 Esten 169 Tatar 236 II. Belarusian policies and legislation pertaining to minority languages 173 Татарская мова 236 Палітыка і заканадаўства Беларусі ў дачыненні да моў меншасцяў Татарский язык 237 Политика и законодательство Беларуси в отношении языков меньшинств Татар теле 238 Natalia Kutuzova, Dmitry Chernyh, Julia Akhmadullina Estonian 241 Наталля Кутузава, Зміцер Чарных, Юлія Ахмадуллiна Эстонская мова 241 Наталия Кутузова, Дмитрий Черных, Юлия Ахмадуллина Эстонский язык 242 III. Use of the traditional minority languages in practice 195 Eesti keel 242 Выкарыстанне традыцыйных моў меншасцяў у практыцы IV. Provisions of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages covered by Использование традиционных языков меньшинств в практике the legislation and practice of the Republic of Belarus 244 Presentations by the associations of the respective national minorities Палажэнні Еўрапейскай Хартыі рэгіянальных моваў і моваў меншасьцяў, Прэзентацыі падрыхтаваны асацыяцыямі адпаведных нацыянальных меншасцяў Презентации подготовлены ассоциациями соответствующих национальных меньшинств якія ахопліваюцца заканадаўствам і практыкай Рэспублікі Беларусь Summarised by Julia Akhmadullina Положения Европейской Хартии региональных языков и языков меньшинств, Рэзюмэ Юліі Ахмадуллiной которые охватываются законодательством и практикой Республики Беларусь Резюме Юлии Ахмадуллиной Yiddish 196 Ідыш 196 Appendix | Дадатак |Приложение Идиш 197 197 שידי European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages 259 Latvian 200 Еўрапейская Хартыя рэгіянальных моваў ці моваў меншасцяў 277 Латышская мова 201 Европейская Хартия Региональных Языков и Языков Меньшинств 296 Латышский язык 202 Latviešu valoda 203 Lithuanian 205 Літоўская мова 206 Литовский язык 207 Lietuvių kalba 208 German 212 Нямецкая мова 213 Немецкий язык 215 6 7 Professor Vesna Crnić-Grotić ly be a significant step in Belarus’ relations with Europe. As a State Party to the ECRML, Belarus could also showcase at international level what it already does in Chair of the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional the field of minority protection. In addition, Belarus could exchange experience or Minority Languages about the promotion of its regional or minority languages, most of which (Lithu- anian, Polish, Ukrainian, German, Romani, Tatar and Yiddish), except Estonian and Council of Europe Latvian, are already covered by the ECRML in some of the States Parties. Belarus could also follow more directly the application of the ECRML to the Belarusian language in Poland and Ukraine, which both have ratified the treaty. The Council of Europe is the leading organisation worldwide in the fields of na- tional minority protection and the promotion of minority languages. Two of its key conventions, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Mi- norities (FCNM) and the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML), are also frames of reference for the European Union (EU), the Organiza- tion for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the United Nations (UN). The ECRML’s goal is to promote minority languages which are traditionally spo- ken in a country as part of the cultural heritage. It aims to achieve this goal by promoting the use of such languages in various fields of public life, in particular education, media and cultural activities. Pursuant to Article 20 (1) of the ECRML, “the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe may invite any State not a member of the Council of Europe to accede to this Charter.” The Council of Europe assists states preparing ratification of the ECRML by providing le- gal advice and capacity building. Therefore, the Council of Europe Action Plan for Bela- rus 2016−2017 adopted by the Committee of Ministers foresees to identify ECRML pro- visions that are applicable in Belarus [1]. On this basis, the Council of Europe/EU Eastern Partnership Programmatic Co-operation Framework (PCF) 2015−2017 has comprised the project “Promoting the standards of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Belarus”. Its main aim has been to raise awareness of the ECRML among national minorities and assist the authorities of Belarus in examining legal scenarios for the country’s possible accession to this convention. Under the co-ordination of the Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, a working group of representatives of authorities, experts and mi- nority representatives has been set up to examine the compliance of the Belarusian legislation and practice with the ECRML. In very efficient co-operation, the working group has succeeded in identifying the ECRML provisions best adapted to the situation in Belarus. This approach is commendable and constitutes good practice in Europe. Inviting Belarus to ratify the ECRML would benefit this country in different ways. Bearing in mind that the ECRML represents an important part of “the European standards in the field of national minority protection”, its ratification would clear- 8 9 Прафесар Весна Црнiч-Гротiч за ўсё адаптаваныя да сітуацыі ў Беларусі. Такі падыход заслугоўвае высокай ацэнкі і з’яўляецца добрай практыкай у Еўропе. Старшыня Камітэта экспертаў Еўрапейскай Хартыі Рэгіянальных Запрашэнне Беларусі ратыфікаваць Еўрапейскую Хартыю Рэгіянальных Моў і Моў Меншасцяў Моў і Моў Меншасцяў прынясе карысць краіне. Прымаючы да увагі тое, што ЕХРМММ з’яўляецца важнай часткай «Еўрапейскіх стандартаў у галіне абаро- Савет Еўропы ны нацыянальных меншасцяў», яе ратыфікацыя магла б стаць значным кро- кам у адносінах Беларусі і Еўропы. У якасці дзяржавы-ўдзельніцы ЕХРМММ Савет Еўропы з’яўляецца вядучай сусветнай арганізацыяй у галіне аба- Беларусь можа таксама прадэманстраваць на міжнародным узроўні тое, што роны нацыянальных меншасцяў і распаўсюджвання іх моў. Дзве з яго ас- яна ўжо робіць у галіне абароны нацыянальных меншасцяў. Таксама Бела- ноўных канвенцый, Рамачная Канвенцыя аб Абароне Нацыянальных мен- русь зможа ажыццявіць абмен вопытам па распаўсюджванню яе рэгіяналь- шасцяў (РКАНМ) і Еўрапейская Хартыя Рэгіянальных Моў і Моў Меншасцяў ных моў або моў меншасцяў, большасць з якіх (літоўская, польская, украін- (ЕХРМММ), таксама з’яўляюцца сістэмамі адліку для Еўрапейскага Саюза (ЕС), ская, нямецкая, ромская, татарская і ідыш), акрамя эстонскай і латышскай, Арганізацыі па Бяспецы і Супрацоўніцтву ў Еўропе (АБСЕ) і Арганізацыі Аб’яд- ужо ахоплены ЕХРМММ ў некаторых дзяржавах-удзельніцах. Беларусь так- наных нацый (ААН). сама зможа непасрэдна наглядаць за прымяненнем ЕХРМММ да беларускай мовы ў Польшчы і Украіне, якія ратыфікавалі Хартыю. Мэта ЕХРМММ — распаўсюджванне моў меншасцяў, на якіх традыцыйна раз- маўлюяць у краіне, як часткі культурнай спадчыны. Гэта можа быць дасягнута шляхам выкарыстання такіх моў у розных сферах жыцця грамадства, у пры- ватнасці, у адукацыі, СМІ і культурнай дзейнасці. У адпаведнасці з Артыку- лам 20 (1) ЕХРМММ, «Камітэт Міністраў Савета Еўропы можа запрасіць любую дзяржаву, якая не з’яўляецца сябрам Рады Еўропы, далучыцца да дадзенай Хартыі». Савет Еўропы дапамагае дзяржавам у падрыхтоўцы ратыфікацыі ЕХРМММ шляхам прадастаўлення юрыдычных кансультацый і стварэння патэнцыялу. Такім чынам, План Дзеянняў Савета Еўропы для Беларусі на 2016−2017 гг., які прыняты Камітэтам Міністраў, прадугледжвае выяўленне палажэнняў ЕХРМ- ММ, якія можна прымяніць у Беларусі [1]. Зыходзячы з гэтага, Савет Еўропы / Праграма Супрацоўніцтва ў Рамках Усход- няга Партнёрства на 2015−2017 гг. падрыхтавалі праект «Распаўсюджвання стандартаў Еўрапейскай Хартыі рэгіянальных моў і моў меншасцяў у Бела- русі». Яго асноўная мэта — павысіць дасведчанасць нацыянальных
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