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Twentieth Century Colour Photographs

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Twentieth Century Colour Photographs TWENTIETH Sylvie Penichon CENTURY COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHS The complete guide to processes, identification & preservation Thames & Hudson Contents Foreword xii Acknowledgments xiv Introduction 1 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK 2 HOW TO USE THIS BOOK 3 1 Color Photography in the Nineteenth Century 4 EARLY ATTEMPTS AT DIRECT COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY 5 MAXWELL AND THE THEORY OF COLOR VISION 10 SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY 14 EVOLUTION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS 16 COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY AS A REALITY 17 2 Additive Color Screen Processes 20 HISTORY 20 Joly Plates 22 McDonough Plates 24 Lumiere Autochrome 26 Omnicolore 28 Thames Plates 30 Dioptichrome 31 Krayn Screens 34 Paget, Duplex, Finlay, and Johnson 36 Agfa Color 41 Lignose 45 Lumiere Films 45 Dufaycolor 47 vi Contents Polaroid PolaChrome 50 Additive Color Screen Prints 51 • McDonough Prints 51 • Paget Prints 51 • Piller Prints 53 Printing from Additive Color Screen Transparencies 53 MAKING ADDITIVE COLOR SCREEN TRANSPARENCIES 55 Separate System 56 Combined System 58 COMPONENT MATERIALS AND THEIR FORMS OF DETERIORATION 60 Materials and Structure 60 Common Types of Deterioration 61 • Image 61 • Screen 62 • Support 62 • Package 62 IDENTIFICATION OF ADDITIVE COLOR SCREEN TRANSPARENCIES 63 Examination with the Naked Eye 63 • Separate System 63 • Combined System 64 Examination under Magnification 66 • Glass Plates, Separate System 66 • Glass Plates, Combined System 71 • Films, Combined System 75 Examination Using Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 77 DISPLAY, HOUSING, AND STORAGE GUIDELINES 78 Display 78 Housing 78 Storage 79 3 Pigment Processes so HISTORY 82 Carbon 82 • N.P.G. 84 • Raylo 86 • Belcolor 88 • Dufaytissue 89 • Autotype Wet Carbon 90 • Fresson Quadrichromy 90 • ArchivalColorand Ultrastable 92 • EverColor 97 • Ataraxia 97 Carbro 99 • Ozobromeand Raydex 99 • Autotype Trichrome Carbro 102 • Vivex 104 • Duxochrome, Colorstil, and Duxocolor 106 • Carbro-Chromatone 108 • Carbro's Decline 108 Gum Dichromate 109 • Kwik-Print 109 Contents v'' MAKING PIGMENT PRINTS ill Three-Color Carbon Transfer 112 Three-Color Carbro 114 Three-Color Gum Dichromate 116 COMPONENT MATERIALS AND THEIR FORMS OF DETERIORATION 118 Materials and Structure 119 Common Types of Deterioration 119 IDENTIFICATION OF PIGMENT PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 120 Examination with the Naked Eye 120 Examination under Magnification 122 Examination Using Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 124 DISPLAY, HOUSING, AND STORAGE GUIDELINES 124 Display 124 Housing 125 Storage 125 4 Dye Imbibition Processes 126 HISTORY 127 Sanger-Shepherd 128 Pinatype 131 Hicrography 133 Jos-Pe 135 Colorsnap and Colorol 136 Uvatype 136 Autotype Dyebro 139 Eastman Wash-Off Relief 139 Curtis Orthotone 141 Flexichrome 143 Condax-Dytrol 146 Defender Pan-Chroma-Relief Film 146 Kodak Dye Transfer 147 Fuji Dyecolor 149 MAKING DYE IMBIBITION PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 149 Planographic Matrices (Pinatype) 150 Relief Matrices (Kodak Dye Transfer) 152 Flexichrome 154 COMPONENT MATERIALS AND THEIR FORMS OF DETERIORATION 154 Materials and Structure 155 Common Types of Deterioration 155 IDENTIFICATION OF DYE IMBIBITION PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 155 Examination with the Naked Eye 156 Examination under Magnification 156 Examination Using Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 157 DISPLAY, HOUSING, AND STORAGE GUIDELINES 158 Display 158 Housing 159 Storage 159 Contents 5 Dye Coupling (or Chromogenic) Processes 160 HISTORY 161 Kodachrome 162 Agfacolor-Neu 164 Minicolor 165 Ansco Color Printon 167 Kodacolor and Agfacolor Negative/Positive Systems 169 Color Photographic Materials after World War II 169 Integral Masks 170 Coating Technology and Materials'Structure 171 Photofinishing Industry 172 Resin-Coated (RC) Papers 173 DIR Couplers 176 Evolution of the Market 176 Tabular Silver Grains and L-Couplers 177 The Digital Revolution 178 New Paper Supports 180 The Future of Dye Coupling Materials 181 MAKING DYE COUPLING PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 181 Kodachrome Processing (K14 Chemistry) 182 Negative/Positive Printing (RA-4Type Chemistry) 184 Direct Positive Printing (R-3Type Chemistry) 185 COMPONENT MATERIALS AND THEIR FORMS OF DETERIORATION 186 Materials and Structure 186 Common Types of Deterioration 188 • Transparencies 188 • Prints 189 IDENTIFICATION OF DYE COUPLING PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 192 Examination of Transparencies with the Naked Eye 192 • Transparencies with Added Couplers (1936-2009) 192 • Transparencies with Integrated Couplers (1936-Present) 193 Examination of Prints with the Naked Eye 194 • Prints on Pigmented Acetate (1941-1981) 194 Minicolor Print; Kotavachrome (1941-1946), renamed Kodachrome Print and Kodachrome Professional Print (1946-1955) 194 Ansco Printon (1942-1956); Printon Anscochrome Type (1956-1967); GAF Printon Type 6400 and Type 6410 (1967-1981) 194 • Prints on Fiber Base (1942-1974) 194 Kodacolor (1942-1947) 194 Kodacolor (1948-1955) 194 Kodak Color Print (1955-1958) 197 Ektacoior and Ektachrome Print (1958-1974) 197 • Prints on RC Base (1968-Present) 199 • Prints on Polyester Base (1979-Present) 199 • Prints on Multilaminate Base (1999-Present) 199 Examination under Magnification 200 Examination Using Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 201 Contents ix DISPLAY, HOUSING, AND STORAGE GUIDELINES 203 Display 203 • Transparencies 203 • Prints 204 Housing 204 • Transparencies 204 • Prints 205 Storage 205 6 Dye Destruction Processes 206 HISTORY 207 Bleach-Out/Dye-Bleaching 208 • Uto Paper 209 Silver Dye-Bleach 211 • Katachrome 211 • Further Discoveries 212 • Gasparcolor 212 • llford Colour Prints 214 • Cibachrome 216 • AgfachromeCU 410 219 • Cibachrome-A 219 • Photo Booths 219 • Copy System 220 • Cibachrome II 220 • llfochrome 220 MAKING SILVER DYE-BLEACH PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 222 COMPONENT MATERIALS AND THEIR FORMS OF DETERIORATION 224 Materials and Structure 224 Common Types of Deterioration 225 IDENTIFICATION OF SILVER DYE-BLEACH PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 226 Examination with the Naked Eye 226 Examination under Magnification 229 Examination Using Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 229 DISPLAY, HOUSING, AND STORAGE GUIDELINES 230 Display 230 Housing 230 Storage 231 7 Dye Diffusion Processes 232 HISTORY 233 Polacolor 234 SX-70 Film 236 Polacolor 2 239 Polaroid 20x24 240 Kodak Instant Print Film 243 Polacolor ER, Time-Zero, and Polaroid 600 Series 243 Fuji Integral Film 245 Ektaflex PCT 245 Contents Agfachrome-Speed and Copycolor 247 KodakTrimprint 249 Fuji FI-800 and FP 249 Polaroid Spectra 250 Decline of Polaroid 250 Post-Polaroid Instant Photography 251 MAKING DYE DIFFUSION PRINTS 252 Peel-Apart (Polacolor) 252 Integral Film (Polaroid SX-70) 254 Integral Film (Kodak PR-10, Fuji FI-10) 256 COMPONENT MATERIALS AND THEIR FORMS OF DETERIORATION 258 Materials and Structure 258 • Peel-Apart Prints 258 • Integral Films 259 Common Types of Deterioration 262 IDENTIFICATION OF DYE DIFFUSION PRINTS 264 Examination with the Naked Eye 264 • Peel-Apart Prints 264 Polaroid Roll Film (i963-1975) 264 Polaroid Pack Film (1963-2008) 265 Polaroid Sheet Film (1963-2008) 265 Polaroid 20x24 Roll Film (1977-2008) 266 Ektaflex PCT (1983-1988) 266 Agfa-Gevaert Copycolor (1983-1985) 266 Fujifilm (i983-Present) 266 Manipulated Peel-Apart Film 266 • Integral Films 267 Polaroid Integral Films (1972-2006) 267 Kodak Integral Films (1976-1986) 268 Agfa-Gevaert Agfachrome-Speed 312 (1983-1985) 268 Manipulated Integral Films 268 Examination under Magnification 270 Examination Using Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 270 DISPLAY, HOUSING, AND STORAGE GUIDELINES 271 Display 271 Housing 271 Storage 273 8 Dye Mordanting and Silver Toning Processes 274 HISTORY OF DYE MORDANTING/DYE TONING PROCESSES 274 Diachrome 275 Uvachrome 276 Curtis Neotone 276 HISTORY OF SILVER TONING PROCESSES 278 Polychromide 278 Triadochrome 280 Polychrome 280 Chromatone 280 Contents xi MAKING DYE MORDANTING AND SILVERTONING PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 284 Dye Mordanting (Uvachrome) 284 SilverToning (Chromatone) 284 COMPONENT MATERIALS AND THEIR FORMS OF DETERIORATION 286 Materials and Structure 286 Common Types of Deterioration 287 IDENTIFICATION OF DYE MORDANTING AND SILVERTONING PRINTS AND TRANSPARENCIES 287 Examination with the Naked Eye 287 Examination under Magnification 288 Examination Using Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation 288 DISPLAY, HOUSING, AND STORAGE GUIDELINES 288 9 Preservation and Collection Management 29o DISPLAYING COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS 291 Risk Assessment Analysis 292 Keeping Track of Total Exposure Time 292 Display and Storage Copies 292 HOUSING MATERIALS AND ENCLOSURES FOR COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS 293 STORAGE OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS 293 MONITORING CHANGES IN COLOR PHOTOGRAPHS 294 Densitometer 295 Colorimeter 295 Spectrophotometer 296 PREDICTING THE PERMANENCE OF COLOR PHOTOGRAPHIC MATERIALS 296 Testing for Permanence 296 Appendix A Chronology of Kodachrome and Kodak Ektachrome Films 298 Appendix B Chronology of Cibachrome/llfochrome 304 Appendix C Chronology of Polaroid, Kodak, and Fuji Instant Films 306 Glossary 312 Notes 315 Bibliography 324 Illustration Credits 333 Index 335 .
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