Retinal Photoreceptor Fine Structure in Some Reptiles
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Do Hummingbirds See in Ultraviolet?
The Open Medical Informatics Journal, 2009, 3, 9-12 9 Open Access Do Hummingbirds See in Ultraviolet? M. Curé*,1 and A.G. Palacios2 1Departamento de Física y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile 2Centro de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Chile Abstract: We present a numerical model to fit the electroretinogram (ERG), a gross evoked eye visual potential, that originate in the retina through photons absorption by photoreceptors and then involve the contribution form others retinal neurons. We use the ERG measured in a hummingbird, to evaluate the most likely retinal mechanism - cones visual pig- ments and oil-droplets - that participate in their high dimensional tetra or pentachromatic color hyperspace. The model - a nonlinear fit - appears to be a very useful tool to predict the underlying contribution visual mechanism for a variety of retinal preparation. Keywords: Color vision, electroretinogram, non lineal model. 1. INTRODUCTION high concentrations. Double cones have L visual pigments and are screened by a variety of galloxanthin and -carotene A critical question in visual sciences is to determinate the types of photoreceptors that contribute - for a particular eye - mixtures [2, 8, 10-12]. The final cone mechanism sensitivity to the overall retinal spectral sensitivity. We have developed a is then determined by combining the cone visual pigment mathematical model that helps to answer this question. As a absorption and oil-droplet transmittance. In many birds, case study, we have used the electroretinogram results of a ultraviolet (UV) is a color that is believed to be involved in diurnal bird, the Firecrown hummingbirds. -
Wild Hummingbirds Discriminate Nonspectral Colors
Wild hummingbirds discriminate nonspectral colors Mary Caswell Stoddarda,b,1, Harold N. Eysterb,c,2, Benedict G. Hogana,b,2, Dylan H. Morrisa, Edward R. Soucyd, and David W. Inouyeb,e aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544; bRocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO 81224; cInstitute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; dCenter for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; and eDepartment of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 Edited by Scott V. Edwards, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved April 28, 2020 (received for review November 5, 2019) Many animals have the potential to discriminate nonspectral UV- or violet-sensitive (UVS/VS), short-wave–sensitive (SWS), colors. For humans, purple is the clearest example of a nonspectral medium-wave–sensitive (MWS), and long-wave–sensitive (LWS) color. It is perceived when two color cone types in the retina (blue color cones. Indirect evidence for avian tetrachromacy comes and red) with nonadjacent spectral sensitivity curves are pre- from the general agreement of behavioral data with a model that dominantly stimulated. Purple is considered nonspectral because predicts discrimination thresholds from opponent signals stem- no monochromatic light (such as from a rainbow) can evoke this ming from four single color cone types (8, 9). More directly, simultaneous stimulation. Except in primates and bees, few color-matching experiments (10) and tests designed to stimulate behavioral experiments have directly examined nonspectral color discrimination, and little is known about nonspectral color per- specific photoreceptors (11, 12) have suggested that avian color ception in animals with more than three types of color photore- vision results from at least three different opponent mechanisms ceptors. -
Reptilian Eyes and Orbital Structures
REPTILIAN EYES AND ORBITAL STRUCTURES Jeanette Wyneken, PhD Florida Atlantic University, Dept. of Biological Sciences, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA ABSTRACT The anatomy of the reptilian eye is similar across species, generally, but the eyes of various taxa differ in details. The eyeball is formed of layers and has three chambers. Pupil shape differs among reptilian taxa with behavior. The retina’s photosensitive cells (rods and cones or all- cones) transmit signals to the optic nerve, which is an extension of the brain. Retinal sensitivity is increased by foveae in lizards and tuataras, while turtles and snakes have areas. The lens is soft and is shaped for accommodation by the ciliary muscles (lizards, turtles and crocodilians) or movement (snakes). All reptiles have eyelids, however some lizards have partially fused lids, while other lizards and all snakes have fused clear lids, the spectacle. Ocular glands lubricate the cornea in all species. Movements of the eyes are critical to preventing photoreceptor fatigue and loss of image recognition. INTRODUCTION TO THE REPTILIAN EYE Reptilian eyes are anatomically similar to those of other vertebrates in that the eyeball (= globe) is formed of layers, filled with fluid, and has a lens that focuses light on a retina. The eye is structured as a series of chambers. The anterior chamber is the fluid-filled space inside the eye between the iris and the cornea's innermost surface; the posterior chamber is a small space directly posterior to the iris, anterior to the lens, and bordered by the ciliary body or ciliary muscles. The anterior and posterior chambers are filled with aqueous humour. -
The Diversity and Adaptive Evolution of Visual Photopigments in Reptiles Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 352
http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Katti, C., Stacey-Solis, M., Anahí Coronel-Rojas, N., Davies, W I. (2019) The Diversity and Adaptive Evolution of Visual Photopigments in Reptiles Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7: 352 https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2019.00352 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-164181 REVIEW published: 19 September 2019 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00352 The Diversity and Adaptive Evolution of Visual Photopigments in Reptiles Christiana Katti 1*, Micaela Stacey-Solis 1, Nicole Anahí Coronel-Rojas 1 and Wayne Iwan Lee Davies 2,3,4,5,6 1 Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador, 2 Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden, 3 Oceans Graduate School, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 4 Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 5 School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 6 Center for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia Reptiles are a highly diverse class that consists of snakes, geckos, iguanid lizards, and chameleons among others. Given their unique phylogenetic position in relation to both birds and mammals, reptiles are interesting animal models with which to decipher the evolution of vertebrate photopigments (opsin protein plus a light-sensitive retinal chromophore) and their contribution to vision. -
Visual Pigments and Oil Droplets from Six Classes of Photoreceptor in the Retinas of Birds J
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector Vision Res., Vol. 37, No. 16, pp. 2183-2194, 1997 Pergamon © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved PH: S0042-6989(97)00026-6 Printed in Great Britain 0042-6989/97 $17.00 + 0.00 Visual Pigments and Oil Droplets from Six Classes of Photoreceptor in the Retinas of Birds J. K. BOWMAKER,*:~ L. A. HEATH,~ S. E. WILKIE,-~ D. M. HUNT~" Received 8 August 1996; in revised form 2 December 1996 Microspectrophotometric examination of the retinal photoreceptors of the budgerigar (shell parakeet), Melopsittacus undulatus (Psittaciformes) and the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata (Passeriformes), demonstrate the presence of four, speetrally distinct classes of single cone that contain visual pigments absorbing maximally at about 565, 507, 430-445 and 360-380 nm. The three longer-wave cone classes contain coloured oil droplets acting as long pass filters with cut-offs at about 570, 500-520 and 445 nm, respectively, whereas the ultraviolet-sensitive cones contain a transparent droplet. The two species possess double cones in which both members contain the long- wave-sensitive visual pigment, but only the principal member contains an oil droplet, with cut-off at about 420 nm. A survey of the cones of the pigeon, Columba livia (Columbiformes), confirms the presence of the three longer-wave classes of single cone, but also reveals the presence of a fourth class containing a visual pigment with maximum absorbance at about 409 nm, combined with a transparent droplet. No evidence was found for a fifth, ultraviolet-sensitive receptor. -
Operator's Manual Chameleon Ultra™ and Chameleon Vision™ Diode
Operator’s Manual Chameleon Ultra™ and Chameleon Vision™ Diode-Pumped Lasers 5100 Patrick Henry Drive Santa Clara, CA 95054 Chameleon Ultra & Chameleon Vision Operator’s Manual This document is copyrighted with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this document may not be copied in whole or in part or reproduced in any other media without the express written permission of Coherent, Inc. Permitted copies must carry the same proprietary and copyright notices as were affixed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all the material purchased may be sold, given or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translation into another language. Coherent, the Coherent Logo, Chameleon Ultra, Chameleon Vision, Verdi, PowerTrack, FAP-I and FieldMax are registered trademarks of Coherent, Inc. Every effort has been made to ensure that the data given in this document is accurate. The information, figures, tables, specifications, part numbers and schematics contained herein are subject to change without notice. Coherent makes no warranty or representation, either expressed or implied, with respect to this document. In no event will Coherent be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defects in its documentation. Technical Support In the United States: Should you experience any difficulties with your laser or need any technical information, visit our web site www.Coherent.com. Additional support can be obtained by contacting our Technical Support Hotline at 1-800-367-7890 (1-408-764-4557 outside the U.S.) or E-mail ([email protected]). -
Microspectrophotometry of Visual Pigments and Oil Droplets in A
The Journal of Experimental Biology 207, 1229-1240 1229 Published by The Company of Biologists 2004 doi:10.1242/jeb.00857 Microspectrophotometry of visual pigments and oil droplets in a marine bird, the wedge-tailed shearwater Puffinus pacificus: topographic variations in photoreceptor spectral characteristics Nathan S. Hart* Vision, Touch and Hearing Research Centre, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia *e-mail: [email protected] Accepted 5 January 2004 Summary Microspectrophotometric examination of the retina of a only the principal member contained an oil droplet, which procellariiform marine bird, the wedge-tailed shearwater had a λcut at 413·nm. The retina had a horizontal band or Puffinus pacificus, revealed the presence of five different ‘visual streak’ of increased photoreceptor density running types of vitamin A1-based visual pigment in seven across the retina approximately 1.5·mm dorsal to the top different types of photoreceptor. A single class of rod of the pecten. Cones in the centre of the horizontal streak contained a medium-wavelength sensitive visual pigment were smaller and had oil droplets that were either with a wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) at transparent/colourless or much less pigmented than at the 502·nm. Four different types of single cone contained periphery. It is proposed that the reduction in cone oil visual pigments maximally sensitive in either the violet droplet pigmentation in retinal areas associated with (VS, λmax 406·nm), short (SWS, λmax 450·nm), medium high visual acuity is an adaptation to compensate for (MWS, λmax 503·nm) or long (LWS, λmax 566·nm) spectral the reduced photon capture ability of the narrower ranges. -
Evolution, Development and Function of Vertebrate Cone Oil Droplets
REVIEW published: 08 December 2017 doi: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00097 Evolution, Development and Function of Vertebrate Cone Oil Droplets Matthew B. Toomey* and Joseph C. Corbo* Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States To distinguish colors, the nervous system must compare the activity of distinct subtypes of photoreceptors that are maximally sensitive to different portions of the light spectrum. In vertebrates, a variety of adaptations have arisen to refine the spectral sensitivity of cone photoreceptors and improve color vision. In this review article, we focus on one such adaptation, the oil droplet, a unique optical organelle found within the inner segment of cone photoreceptors of a diverse array of vertebrate species, from fish to mammals. These droplets, which consist of neutral lipids and carotenoid pigments, are interposed in the path of light through the photoreceptor and modify the intensity and spectrum of light reaching the photosensitive outer segment. In the course of evolution, the optical function of oil droplets has been fine-tuned through changes in carotenoid content. Species active in dim light reduce or eliminate carotenoids to enhance sensitivity, whereas species active in bright light precisely modulate carotenoid double bond conjugation and concentration among cone subtypes to optimize color discrimination and color constancy. Cone oil droplets have sparked the curiosity of vision scientists for more than a century. Accordingly, we begin by briefly reviewing the history of research on oil droplets. We then discuss what is known about the developmental origins Edited by: of oil droplets. Next, we describe recent advances in understanding the function of oil Vilaiwan M. -
Tetrachromacy, Oil Droplets and Bird Plumage Colours
J Comp Physiol A (1998) 183: 621±633 Ó Springer-Verlag 1998 ORIGINAL PAPER M. Vorobyev á D. Osorio á A. T. D. Bennett N. J. Marshall á I. C. Cuthill Tetrachromacy, oil droplets and bird plumage colours Accepted: 3 July 1998 Abstract There is a growing body of data on avian eyes, Abbreviations LWS long-wave sensitive á MWS medium- including measurements of visual pigment and oil wave-sensitive á SWS short-wave-sensitive á UVS droplet spectral absorption, and of receptor densities ultraviolet-sensitive and their distributions across the retina. These data are sucient to predict psychophysical colour discrimina- tion thresholds for light-adapted eyes, and hence provide Introduction a basis for relating eye design to visual needs. We ex- amine the advantages of coloured oil droplets, UV vi- Bird eyes have a number of features which suggest they sion and tetrachromacy for discriminating a diverse set are well adapted for colour vision. There are four types of avian plumage spectra under natural illumination. of cone photopigment with peak sensitivities ranging Discriminability is enhanced both by tetrachromacy and from 365 nm to 565 nm (Fig. 1), and each cone contains coloured oil droplets. Oil droplets may also improve a coloured oil droplet which sharpens spectral tuning colour constancy. Comparison of the performance of a (Bowmaker 1980). Given the colourfulness of their pigeon's eye, where the shortest wavelength receptor plumage to humans, and the evolutionary importance of peak is at 410 nm, with that of the passerine Leiothrix, their visual displays, it is interesting to ask how oil where the ultraviolet-sensitive peak is at 365 nm, gen- droplets, UV sensitivity and tetrachromacy aect birds' erally shows a small advantage to the latter, but this colour vision, and how their perception of plumage advantage depends critically on the noise level in the coloration might dier from our own (Burkhardt 1989; sensitivity mechanism and on the set of spectra being Bennett et al. -
The Photopigment Content of the Teleost Pineal Organ
The Photopigment Content of the Teleost Pineal Organ Stuart Neil Peirson UCL Department of Visual Science, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, University of London A thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2000 ProQuest Number: U643536 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U643536 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT Numerous studies have addressed the issue of the photopigment complement of the retinae of different vertebrate species. However, in most non-mammalian vertebrates, extraretinal photoreceptive sites also exist, of which the pineal complex is the most evident. The pineal organ of lower vertebrates contains photoreceptive cells, similar to the cones of the retina, and is thought to play an important role in the temporal organization of the animal, through both a neural output to the brain and the synthesis of the photoperiod-mediating hormone melatonin. The visual system of teleost fishes has been studied extensively, particularly in regard to its adaptations to different photic environments. Although several studies have addressed extraretinal photoreception in teleosts, little is known as to the exact nature of the photopigments found in the teleost pineal organ, in terms of the number of photopigments present, their spectral sensitivity and their relationship to the visual pigments of the retina. -
Operator's Manual Chameleon Ultra™ and Chameleon Vision™ Diode-Pumped Lasers
Operator’s Manual Chameleon Ultra™ and Chameleon Vision™ Diode-Pumped Lasers 5100 Patrick Henry Drive Santa Clara, CA 95054 Chameleon Ultra & Chameleon Vision Operator’s Manual This document is copyrighted with all rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this document may not be copied in whole or in part or reproduced in any other media without the express written permission of Coherent, Inc. Permitted copies must carry the same proprietary and copyright notices as were affixed to the original. This exception does not allow copies to be made for others, whether or not sold, but all the material purchased may be sold, given or loaned to another person. Under the law, copying includes translation into another language. Coherent, the Coherent Logo, Chameleon Ultra, Chameleon Vision, Verdi, PowerTrack, FAP-I and FieldMax are registered trademarks of Coherent, Inc. Every effort has been made to ensure that the data given in this document is accurate. The information, figures, tables, specifications, part numbers and schematics contained herein are subject to change without notice. Coherent makes no warranty or representation, either expressed or implied, with respect to this document. In no event will Coherent be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages resulting from any defects in its documentation. Technical Support In the United States: Should you experience any difficulties with your laser or need any technical information, visit our web site www.Coherent.com. Additional support can be obtained by contacting our Technical Support Hotline at 1-800-367-7890 (1-408-764-4557 outside the U.S.) or E-mail ([email protected]). -
A Complex Carotenoid Palette Tunes Avian Colour Vision Rsif.Royalsocietypublishing.Org Matthew B
Downloaded from http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on June 30, 2016 A complex carotenoid palette tunes avian colour vision rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org Matthew B. Toomey1, Aaron M. Collins2, Rikard Frederiksen3, M. Carter Cornwall3, Jerilyn A. Timlin2 and Joseph C. Corbo1 Research 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA 2Bioenergy and Defense Technologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA 3 Cite this article: Toomey MB, Collins AM, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2526, USA Frederiksen R, Cornwall MC, Timlin JA, Corbo MBT, 0000-0001-9184-197X; MCC, 0000-0002-0847-939X; JAT, 0000-0003-2953-1721; JCC, 0000-0002-9323-7140 JC. 2015 A complex carotenoid palette tunes avian colour vision. J. R. Soc. Interface 12: The brilliantly coloured cone oil droplets of the avian retina function as 20150563. long-pass cut-off filters that tune the spectral sensitivity of the photoreceptors http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2015.0563 and are hypothesized to enhance colour discrimination and improve colour constancy. Although it has long been known that these droplets are pigmen- ted with carotenoids, their precise composition has remained uncertain owing to the technical challenges of measuring these very small, dense Received: 25 June 2015 and highly refractile optical organelles. In this study, we integrated results Accepted: 14 September 2015 from high-performance liquid chromatography, hyperspectral microscopy and microspectrophotometry to obtain a comprehensive understanding of oil droplet carotenoid pigmentation in the chicken (Gallus gallus). We find that each of the four carotenoid-containing droplet types consists of a complex mixture of carotenoids, with a single predominant carotenoid Subject Areas: determining the wavelength of the spectral filtering cut-off.