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Periodical Cicadas Frank A SP341-F Insects Periodical Cicadas Frank A. Hale, Professor Originally developed by Harry Williams, former Professor Emeritus and Jaime Yanes Jr., former Assistant Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology The periodical cicada, Magicicada species, has the year cicada broods (XIX, XXII and XXIII), and 12 of longest developmental period of any insect in North the 17-year cicada broods (I-X, XIII, and XIV). Also, America. There is probably no insect that attracts as there are three distinct species of 17-year cicadas (M. much attention in eastern North America as does the septendecim, M. cassini and M. septendecula) and three periodical cicada. Their sudden springtime emergence, species of 13-year cicadas (M. tredecim, M. tredecassini, filling the air with their high-pitched, shrill-sounding and M. tredecula). songs, excites much curiosity. In Tennessee, Brood XIX of the 13-year cicada Two races of the periodical cicada exist. One had a spectacular emergence in 2011 (Map 1). In 2004, race has a life cycle of 13 years and is common in the Brood X of the 17-year cicada emerged primarily southeastern United States. The other race has a life in East Tennessee (Map 2). Brood X has the largest cycle of 17 years and is generally more northern in emergence of individuals for the 17-year cicada in the distribution. Due to Tennessee’s location, both the 13- United States. Brood XXIII of the 13-year cicada last year and 17-year cicadas occur in the state. emerged in West Tennessee in 2002 (Map 3). Brood Although periodical cicadas have a 13- or 17-year XIV of the 17-year cicada emerges in 2008 and again in cycle, there are various populations, called broods, 2025 (Map 4). that emerge at Clay Pickett Hancock different 13- or 17- Stewar t Robertson Sumner Macon Claiborne Sullivan Scott l Hawkins Trous. Overton Fentress n Johnson Obion Henr y Montgomery to year intervals. Fifteen Lake Weakley Jackson Campbel g Carter Housto n Union in Smith sh GraingerHamblen Greene a Dickson Davidson Wilson Putnam Morgan W broods have been Cheatham Anderson Jefferson Unicoi Dyer Knox Gibson Carroll Benton DeKalb Cumberland Williamson White Cocke described by scientists Crockett Humphreys Roane Sevier Hickman n r Rutherford Cannon Loudon Lauderdale Warren Va Blount and are designated Henderson Perry Maury Buren Madison Rhea ecatu S Lewis Bedford e Bledsoe Tipton D Coffee q Haywood u Meigs Monroe atch by Roman numerals. Marshall Grundy McMinn Chester ie Moore n Shel Fayette Wayne ilto There are three 13- Shelly McNairy Hardin Giles Lincoln Franklin Marion am Polk H Lawrence Bradley Hardeman Map 1. Brood XIX, 13-year cicada distribution. Last emerged May 2011. Projected to re-emerge in 2024. Clay Pickett Hancoc k Stewar t Robertso nSumner Macon Scott Claiborne Sullivan l Hawkins n Trous. Fentress to Johnson Obion Henr y Montgomery Overto n g Lake Weakley in Carter Housto n Jackson Union sh Smith Campbel a GraingerHamblen Greene W Dickson Davidson Wilson Putnam Morgan Dyer Cheatham Anderson Jefferson Unicoi Knox Gibson Carroll Benton DeKal b Cumberland Williamson White Cocke C Humphreys Roane Brood X, 17-year cicada rockett Hickman n Sevier Map 2. r Rutherford CannonWarren Va Loudon Blount Lauderdale Buren distribution. Last emerged May 2004. No Madiso n Henderson Perry Maury Rhea ecatu Lewis Bledsoe Tipton D Bedford Coffe e S Haywood e Monroe q Meigs significant detections in Middle and West Marshall Grundy u McMinn Chester atch n Moore Shel Fayette Wayne Giles ie ilto Tennessee counties in 2004. Shelly McNairy Hardin am Lincoln Franklin Marion H Polk Bradley Lawrence Hardeman Clay Pickett Hancoc k Stewar t Robertso nSumner Macon Scott Claiborne Sullivan l Hawkins n Trous. Fentress to Johnson Obion Henr y Montgomery Overto n g Lake Weakley in Carter Housto n Jackson Union sh Smith Campbel a GraingerHamblen Greene W Dickson Davidson Wilson Putnam Morgan Dyer Cheatham Anderson Jefferson Unicoi Knox Gibson Carroll Benton DeKal b Cumberland Williamson White Cocke C Humphreys Roane rockett Hickman n Sevier Map 3. Brood XXIII, 13-year cicada r Rutherford CannonWarren Va Loudon Blount Lauderdale Buren distribution. Last emerged May 2002. Madiso n Henderson Perry Maury Rhea ecatu Lewis Bledsoe Tipton D Bedford Coffe e S Haywood e Monroe q Meigs Projected to re-emerge in 2015. Marshall Grundy u McMinn Chester atch n Moore Fayette Wayne Giles ie ilto Shelly McNairy Hardin am Lincoln Franklin Marion H Polk Bradley Lawrence Hardeman ry Macon Clay Pickett Hancock Robertson Sumner Claiborne Sullivan Stewart Scott l Hawkins Trous. Fentress Johnson ke Montgome Overton r a Obion Henry Campbel Carter L Weakley Houston Jackson Union Smith mblen ashington Grainge Ha i Dickson Davidson Wilson Putnam Morgan Greene W o n ic Cheatham Anderson Jefferson n reys U Dyer nto h e Knox Gibson B DeKalb Carroll mp Cumberland u Williamson White Cocke C H rford Roane rocket Hickman Sevier Map 4. Brood XIV, 17-year t Ruthe Cannon Lauderdale Warren Van Loudon Blount Buren Henderson Perry Maury l Madison Rhea periodical cicada distribution, Lewis Sequatchi Bledsoe Tipton Decatur Bedford Coffee Haywood Monroe MeigsMcMinn emerges in 2008 and again in 2025. H Chester Marshal Grundy a e rd Moore e Shelby Fayette m Wayne Giles a McNairy Hardin Lincoln Franklin Marion Polk n Lawrence Hamilton Bradley Common Misconceptions a limited degree. The most immediate and noticeable There is much curiosity and superstition regarding damage results when females make injurious slits in cicadas. American Indians believed that the large twigs and limbs of trees as they deposit eggs. cicada emergence had evil significance. Early It was thought that the distinct black “W” on American colonists were familiar with the Biblical the outer end of the front wings foretold of war. This story of locust plagues in Egypt (they had never seen mark is characteristic of these species and is caused periodical cicadas until the insects suddenly appeared by deeper pigmentation on the veins. Cicadas cannot by the millions). The colonists immediately thought sting; therefore, any story that mentions cicadas a “locust plague” was punishing them. Today, people poisoning fruit by stinging is a myth. still confuse cicadas and locusts; cicadas Description and Life Cycle are commonly called The adult periodical cicada (Fig. 1) is 1 to 1½ locusts. The term inches long. The body is black, while the legs, eyes “locust” correctly refers to certain species of grasshoppers. The large number of cicada adults that emerge often arouses fear that crops will be destroyed. However, adult cicadas do not Fig. 1. Adult Cicada feed on foliage. Adults Bob Rabaglia, Maryland Department of Agriculture, Fig. 2. Damaged Twig may feed on twig sap to www.forestryimages.org Jim Occi, BugPics, www.forestryimages.org and wing veins are the roots) has no noticeable effect on trees, even where reddish-orange. roots have been reported to be infested with thousands Adults usually of nymphs. They continue to feed and develop until the emerge in early May spring of the 13th or 17th year (depending on the race). in large numbers In May of those years, the nymphs burrow upward when the soil and leave the soil. This large emergence of nymphs temperature 4 inches usually occurs after sunset. Nymphs then seek upright deep is 67 degrees structures, such as trees, posts and even weeds, on F. Four or five days which to molt. The new adults emerge several hours after emergence, Eggs & Nymph later. At first, adults are soft and white but become Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, www. the males start forestryimages.org harder and darker in a short period of time. Adults “singing.” This then take to flight, and the life cycle continues. high-pitched, shrill call is produced by two drum-like membranes on the side of the abdomen. This song Adult Cicada Control serves as a mating call to attract females. Mating then In areas having a previous history of high occurs and females begin laying eggs. The female populations of periodical cicadas, certain preventative cicada has a knife-like ovipositor that she uses to slit measures should be followed. In young fruit tree twigs of woody plants. Apple, pear, dogwood, oak and plantings, delay pruning fruit trees until after cicada hickory are favorite hosts; however, many others have emergence so damaged branches can be removed and a been reported. In each slit, the female lays 24 to 28 proper scaffolding of branches established. If pruning eggs. She then moves forward to cut another slit and is done before the eggs hatch (five weeks or less after deposits more eggs. This continues until five to 20 slits eggs are laid), burn the damaged twigs. When feasible, have been made in the twig; then she seeks another small, valuable shrubs, trees and ornamentals may be twig. Twigs or branches with a diameter the size of a covered with cheesecloth or tobacco canvas (spun row pencil are most often damaged. Each female can lay a cover) for protection while cicadas are present. total of 400 to 600 eggs. Insecticide spray applications have not been an Egg punctures made by the females can damage effective option in preventing egg-laying damage to young transplanted trees in nurseries and orchards plants from female periodical cicadas. When they (Fig. 2). These punctures cause the twig tips to wilt land on an insecticide-sprayed host plant, they can and often die. The wounds serve as a point of entry or cause some egg-laying damage before they are killed shelter for woolly apple aphids and other insects. Adult by the insecticide residue. The high number of female cicadas live for only four to five weeks. periodical cicadas laying eggs over a period of several Eggs hatch in six to seven weeks.
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