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The Origins of the Underline As Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: a Case Study in Skeuomorphism
The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Romano, John J. 2016. The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism. Master's thesis, Harvard Extension School. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33797379 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA The Origins of the Underline as Visual Representation of the Hyperlink on the Web: A Case Study in Skeuomorphism John J Romano A Thesis in the Field of Visual Arts for the Degree of Master of Liberal Arts in Extension Studies Harvard University November 2016 Abstract This thesis investigates the process by which the underline came to be used as the default signifier of hyperlinks on the World Wide Web. Created in 1990 by Tim Berners- Lee, the web quickly became the most used hypertext system in the world, and most browsers default to indicating hyperlinks with an underline. To answer the question of why the underline was chosen over competing demarcation techniques, the thesis applies the methods of history of technology and sociology of technology. Before the invention of the web, the underline–also known as the vinculum–was used in many contexts in writing systems; collecting entities together to form a whole and ascribing additional meaning to the content. -
Introduction to Printing Technologies
Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Introduction to Printing Technologies Study Material for Students : Introduction to Printing Technologies CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN MEDIA WORLD Mass communication and Journalism is institutionalized and source specific. Itfunctions through well-organized professionals and has an ever increasing interlace. Mass media has a global availability and it has converted the whole world in to a global village. A qualified journalism professional can take up a job of educating, entertaining, informing, persuading, interpreting, and guiding. Working in print media offers the opportunities to be a news reporter, news presenter, an editor, a feature writer, a photojournalist, etc. Electronic media offers great opportunities of being a news reporter, news editor, newsreader, programme host, interviewer, cameraman,Edited with theproducer, trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor director, etc. To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Other titles of Mass Communication and Journalism professionals are script writer, production assistant, technical director, floor manager, lighting director, scenic director, coordinator, creative director, advertiser, media planner, media consultant, public relation officer, counselor, front office executive, event manager and others. 2 : Introduction to Printing Technologies INTRODUCTION The book introduces the students to fundamentals of printing. Today printing technology is a part of our everyday life. It is all around us. T h e history and origin of printing technology are also discussed in the book. Students of mass communication will also learn about t h e different types of printing and typography in this book. The book will also make a comparison between Traditional Printing Vs Modern Typography. -
Amenity Center
AMENITY CENTER Conference Center Café / Tenant Lounge Fitness Center & Bike Room 1 National Press Building Conference Center 529 14th Street N.W. Washington, DC 20045 The National Press Building Conference Center offers a 20,000 SF assembly space for use by its tenants. The facility is located within the National Press Building on the 2nd floor at 529 14th Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20045. The conference center features: • Tenant Lounge • The Sidebar Café • Pantries • Concierge • Three Boardrooms • Two Training Rooms Tenant Lounge Embrace the sleek, modern, and convenient 2,300 SF lounge exclusive to the National Press Building tenants, featuring vibrant colors and finishes. This private tenant lounge serves as the perfect gathering point before, in- between, and after conferences. The lounge features (4) 1080p 70” LED High Definition TV screens that are accompanied by dining tables and chairs, charging docks and work stations. The design also accommodates cozy seating areas and private alcoves. The Sidebar Café The Sidebar Café has partnered with Starbucks® to provide specialty coffee, espresso bar beverages, smoothies, sandwiches, salads, baked items, yogurt and fruit. Take your items to go or dine inside 3,850 square feet of freshly renovated space. Pantry The full functioning pantry accommodates all your catering needs. Concierge Capitol Concierge Inc. provides full concierge services for all tenants, such as catering, ticket booking, dry cleaning, tailoring, and automotive detailing. The concierge is located within the conference center’s reception area. Concierge Phone: (202) 662-7070 Concierge E-Mail: [email protected] Boardrooms Clean lines. Sleek finishes. Contemporary furnishings. The Conference Center’s accessible design influences synergy during engagements and beyond. -
Graphics Design
Graphics Design - Typography Exercise 7 - ‘Arial’ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Closest Fonts: {Arial, Helvetica, MS Gothic} Closer Fonts: {Newhouse DT Condensed, CG Triumvirate Condensed} Chosen Focus Font: {Arial Narrow Bold Italic} ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Font: Monotype Grotesque Birth-Date: 1926 Creator: Frank Hinman Pierpont Publisher: Monotype Foundry Based Off: Grotesque (by H. Berthold AG Foundry & William Thorowogood, 1832) Family: Largely-Extended: Multiple Widths (Condensed,...,Extended) Recognition: Easily Recognisable as san-serifs were few and unusual in England. Use: Early 20th Century Avant Garde Printing from Western & Central Europe ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Font: Arial Alias: (Original) Sonoran Sans Serif, (After Microsoft Acquisition) Arial MT Birth-Date: 1982 Self-Description: “Contemporary sans serif design, Arial contains more humanist characteristics than many of its predecessors and as such is more in tune with the mood of the last decades of the twentieth century. The overall treatment of curves is softer and fuller than in most industrial style sans serif faces. Terminal strokes are cut on the diagonal which helps to give the face a less mechanical appearance. Arial is an extremely versatile family of typefaces which can -
Teaching Digital Typography1
ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING, VOL. 5(2), 79±89 (JUNE 1992) Teaching digital typography1 JACQUES ANDRE ROGER D. HERSCH Didot Project Didot Project Irisa/Inria±Rennes, Campus de Beaulieu Laboratoire des SystÁemes PÂeriphÂeriques F-35042 Rennes cedex, France Ecole Polytechnique FÂedÂerale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland SUMMARY Digital typography is a very specialized ®eld that offers two widely different yet complementary aspects:art and computer science.This paper presentsProject Didot, which is all aboutteaching digital typography. While taking into account recent experience, the authors explore some subjects that should be included in a digital typography course and describe the various trades it would be aimed at. This paper concentrates on the computer science aspect and gives a basic bibliography. KEY WORDS Digital typography Curriculum Tuition 1 PROJECT DIDOT In 1990, the EEC launched its Comett II project, with its main aims being to place greater emphasis on advanced technology training and to ensure that cooperation between univer- sities and the industrial world is carried out at a European level. Project Didot2 was set in motion in this context, with the help of seven other partners.3 The aim of this three-year project is mainly to draw up a European curriculum for teaching digital typography,4 to implement the required software tools and to try out this curriculum in a teaching environment [4]. Among the experimental workshops organized for this purpose [5] was a two-day seminar which took place in Reading (UK) in February 1991 [6] as well as a one-week seminar organized in Lausanne (Switzerland) in September 1991 [7,8]. -
The Impact of New Technologies of Print Media
This document is downloaded from DR‑NTU (https://dr.ntu.edu.sg) Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. The impact of new technologies of print media Chhabra, V. N. 1988 Chhabra, V. N. (1988). The impact of new technologies of print media. In Consultation on New Printing Technologies for Small Newspapers : Trivandrum, India, 14‑17 June 1988. Singapore: Asian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre. https://hdl.handle.net/10356/85984 Downloaded on 26 Sep 2021 23:04:21 SGT ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library The Impact Of New Technologies Of Print Media By V N Chhabra Paper No.6 ••// ASIAN MASS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH AND INFORMATION CENTRE 39 NEWTON ROAD.SINGAPORE 1130. REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library - V N Chhabra The Statesman Ltd New Delhi The Impact of New Technologies on Print Media "Freedom of the Press belongs to those who own one" — A J Liebling Not since Gutenberg's invention of the movable type in the 15th Century has there been an innovation with so great a potential to revolutionise communication as computerisation. The Information and communication technologies in which advances will dictate the pace of changes in print madia are : * Integrated circuits (ICs) or microprocessors, which are the operating controls for electronic devices of all types. * Software which is the 'brains' directing the operation of sophisticated systems for enhanced data based management, pagination, advanced colour separation. * Speech processing systems which would bypass (or substantially reduce) the need for keyboard based input of material. -
Type Design for Typewriters: Olivetti by María Ramos Silva
Type design for typewriters: Olivetti by María Ramos Silva Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the MA in Typeface Design Department of Typography & Graphic Communication University of Reading, United Kingdom September 2015 The word utopia is the most convenient way to sell off what one has not the will, ability, or courage to do. A dream seems like a dream until one begin to work on it. Only then it becomes a goal, which is something infinitely bigger.1 -- Adriano Olivetti. 1 Original text: ‘Il termine utopia è la maniera più comoda per liquidare quello che non si ha voglia, capacità, o coraggio di fare. Un sogno sembra un sogno fino a quando non si comincia da qualche parte, solo allora diventa un proposito, cio è qualcosa di infinitamente più grande.’ Source: fondazioneadrianolivetti.it. -- Abstract The history of the typewriter has been covered by writers and researchers. However, the interest shown in the origin of the machine has not revealed a further interest in one of the true reasons of its existence, the printed letters. The following pages try to bring some light on this part of the history of type design, typewriter typefaces. The research focused on a particular company, Olivetti, one of the most important typewriter manufacturers. The first two sections describe the context for the main topic. These introductory pages explain briefly the history of the typewriter and highlight the particular facts that led Olivetti on its way to success. The next section, ‘Typewriters and text composition’, creates a link between the historical background and the machine. -
236 Tugboat, Volume 9 (1988), No. 3 Some Typesetting Conventions
236 TUGboat, Volume 9 (1988), No. 3 Some Typesetting Conventions suitability to contents Graeme McKinstry, Not all these factors are equal in their effect on readability University of Otago, nor are all the factors within your control but it is possible New Zealand. to use some of the above factors to make your documents more readable. One of the major advantages of T@ is that it makes it possible for authors to typeset their own work. However, Typeface and size of type this new found power has not been automatically asso- There are two broad classes of fonts: serif ("serifs" are ciated with a knowledge of typesetting and typographic the finishing strokes at the end of letters) and sans-serif design and so some very unreadable documents have en- (without serifs, e.g., fonts such as Helvetica). Of the sued. This is further exacerbated by authors believing two, serif fonts (such as Computer Modem, and Times- they do know something about typesetting ("Doesn't ev- Roman) are easier to read for large quantities of text, eryone?") and ignoring all attempts to lead them in the "because it has been shown that we read our own lan- right direction, e.g., LV@. guage not letter by letter but by recognizing the shapes Although TEX users are less prone to fall into this of words . " [31. The serifs tend to help in this "shape trap as compared to your average WYSIWYG user there are recognition". For example try to decipher the following still some fundamental typographic lessons to be learned. two lines (they don't form words): These principles are so fundamental that even a com- puting consultant, such as myself, is able to learn, and possibly even more importantly, understand why we have them. -
Brother Electronic Typewriter! This Product Is Designed to Deliver Years of Reliable Operation
,-- - brothel~ ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER USER'S GUIDE AMERICAN '---- - Thank you for choosing a Brother electronic typewriter! This product is designed to deliver years of reliable operation. Some of the outstanding features of this typewriter are illustrated in the letter below. The numbers in brackets refer to the page and bo x where you can find further information explaining a feature. For example, Margins (p.2 , Bo x 3) means that this feature is explained in box 3, on page 2. Ribbon replacement is explained on page 10. Margins (p.2, Box 3) -------t-----.------------------------,. Right Margin Flush (p.6, Box 18) - - -+----------------- 1 "'" "'i • '' Capital (p.4, Box 9) ------ --+--- • ' : Indent (p.6, Box 16) -------+-----.. ~ I I : ' 1 II '·'• I• 111.1 I t)• I ,.,: I I h I),, :1 . j ,• I•!. T iJ i '/ l 11! I! hdV~ tint>~ I Jl !- ,,_..~I 1),. 1 lli d ,-, I y , \·Jitii')J l.' •U ! JtS I I I h· ''d 111'1 IT!~ I J ko-· 11 1 JJ' s _ , '-.7 , inj c;•.; _ r ~,'"" r t J r • .m .._ Jlilfl 1 'hctnqt-_·s I wuu1 I 11 b '/ ,J I q I . I J n Underline (p.5, Box 14) ------t----1~ l..l..'--"1 l.ittt- Subscript (p.4, Box 10) -----..........._ H I' ~~ - Superscript (p.4, Box 10) -----+---~-""~"- Jl JITI ( • H,_l / ~. · Tabs~.5 , Box1~ -------+---------~-------__/ IiI 11•~/ ,.... ·t,_.t ·i! y th1nk t ~l?ndln·.j y·•u •Ur 1 i tr L 111 C.J~~t:' h .... Jij n< t , .:~11 v: m.. · I JlVt 1 ' ' u : Centering (p.6, Box 17) -----~f------- 1 ,,_ • _ · "e ·t,. -
Jul 9 1975 -2
GENERATION OF ROMAN PRINTED FONTS by Philippe J.M. Coueignoux M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1973) SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 1975 Signature of Author........'... .ffV ... 4~...... ......v Department of Electrical Engineering, June Certi fied by.............................................0 a 0 a 00 0 0 Thesis Supervisor Accepted b0 ' Chairman, Departmental Committe&6n Graduate Students JUL 9 1975 -2- GENERATION OF ROMAN PRINTED FONTS by Philippe J.-M. Coueignoux Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on May the 23rd, 1975, in partial fulfill- ment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ABSTRACT Three contributions are made to the generation of Roman printed fonts: a descriptive model, a generating program, CSD, and a line setting program, FRANCE. The model is based on a linguistic study of the con- sistency of Roman printed characters. Characters are de- composed into primitives. To represent a letter by a char- acter, one uses a specific combination of primitives; a grammar is given, which governs these combinations within the Roman style. The repeated use of the same drawing to represent a primitive in more than one combination differ- entiates the characters of a font from other fonts; further- more, parameters are used to specify the drawings and there exist relationships among the parameters for the different drawings of a font. Related parameters are gathered into families; global transformations for each of the families well describe elementary operations on fonts like boldening, size variations, etc. -
Eurostile Masking Film and Many Other Graphic the Strong Solid Look of Eurostile Is EXTRA BOLD Croissant Ron* Aids Illustrated
( £.%!?() H AaBbCcDdFeFfGgHhIiJjKkLIMmNnOoPp Qq Rr SsTt UuVvWwXxYyZz1234567890&7ECESS PUBLISHED BY INTERNATIONALTYPEFACE CORPORATION,VOLUME SEVEN, NUMBER ONE,MARCH 1980 UPPER AND LOWER CASE.THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TYPOGRAPHICS VOLUME SEVEN. NUMBER ONE, MARCH, 1980 HERB LUBALIN. EDITORIAL & DESIGN DIRECTOR AARON BURNS, EDITORIAL DIRECTOR EDWARD RONOTHALER. EDITORIAL DIRECTOR MARION MULLER, ASSOCIATE EDITOR MICHAEL ARON. JASON CALFO, HAU-CHEE CHUNG. CLAUDIA CLAY, TONY DISPIGNA, SHARON GRESH. LESLIE MORRIS. KAREN ZIAMAN. JUREK WAJDOWIC2. ART 6 PRODUCTION EDITORS JOHN PRENTKI, BUSINESS MANAGER, LORNA SHANKS, ADVERTISING MANAGER EDWARD GOTTSCHALL. EDITORIAL COORDINATOR. HELENA WALLSCHLAG. TRAFFIC AND PRODUCTION MANAGER INTERNATIONAL TYPEFACE CORPORATION 1979 PUBLISHED FOUR TIMES A YEAR IN MARCH. JUNE. SEPTEMBER AND DECEMBER BY INTERNATIONAL TYPEFACE CORPORATION 216 EAST 4STH STREET. NEW YORK. N.,10017 A JOINTLY OWNED SUBSIDIARY OF PHOTO.LETTERING, INC. AND LUBALIN. BURNS ar CO., INC. CONTROLLED CIRCULATION POSTAGE PAID AT NEW YORK. N.Y. AND AT FARMINGDALE. N.Y. USTS PURL 073430 PUBLISHED IN U.S.A. ITC OFFICERS, EDWARD RONOTHALER, CHAIRMAN AARON BURNS. PRESIDENT HERB LUBALIN. EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT JOHN PRENTKI,VICE PRESIDENT. GENERAL MANAGER BOB FARBER. SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT ED BENGUIAT.VICE PRESIDENT STEPHEN KOPEC.VICE PRESIDENT U.S. SINGLE COPIES 51.50 ELSEWHERE. SINGLE COPIES 52.50 TO QUALIFY FOR FREE SUBSCRIPTION COMPLETE AND RETURN THE SUBSCRIPTION FORM IN THIS ISSUE TO ITC OR WRITE TO THE ITC EXECUTIVE OFFICE. 2 HANIMARSKJOLD PLAZA. NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 In This Issue: Editorial Are You Confused? ITC is producing a 100,000 word diagrammatic and pictorial report on the new typographic technologies. Do the new technologies get you up, or down? Do you know which ones matter It's called Vision'80s, and Ed Gottschall tells you to you—and how? Do you feel challenged or threatened by them? about it. -
Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and Typefaces David A
Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Volume 59 | Issue 2 Article 15 1968 Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and Typefaces David A. Crown Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/jclc Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminology Commons, and the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation David A. Crown, Class Characteristics of Foreign Typewriters and Typefaces, 59 J. Crim. L. Criminology & Police Sci. 298 (1968) This Criminology is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology by an authorized editor of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. THE JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL LAW, CRIMINOLOGY AND POLICE SCIENCE Vol. 59, No. 2 Copyright © 1968 by Northwestern University School of Law Printed in U.S.A. CLASS CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN TYPEWRITERS AND TYPEFACES DAVID A. CROWN David A. Crown, M. Crim., is a Questioned Document Analyst, U. S. Postal Inspection Service and is currently assigned to the Washington Identification Laboratory. During the time that this article was in preparation Mr. Crown was Assistant Director of the San Francisco Identification Laboratory. He received his Master's degree in Criminology from the University of California, Berkeley where he has continued his graduatestudies toward his D. Crim. Hehas published severalpapers in this and other technical journals and is a fellow in the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and serves as the Secretary of the Questioned Document Section of that Academy.-Enrron. The ever increasing number of foreign made situation did not always obtain.