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Issues in Minority Languages and Language Development Studies in Nigeria a Festschrift in Honour of Andrew Haruna Issues in minority languages and language development studies in Nigeria A Festschrift in honour of Andrew Haruna 199 Ali Usman Umar Department of Nigerian Languages Federal University of Lafia ° ° ° Infixes and Infixation Processes in Hausa Morphology Abstract The aim of the paper is to investigate the phenomena of Hausa infixes and infixation. While the former refers to those affixal morphemes that are inserted within roots/stems/bases so as to bring about new word-forms, the latter has to do with the processes through which the infixes are to be realized. In order for the aforementioned to be detected, the study brings closely the data-driven outputs of Hausa infixes and empirically observes their nature and behavior as they are processed. In other words, the analysis of the data is based on the descriptive approach. Thus, the study attempts to account reviews on general outlook of Hausa infixation processes. It also highlights some points of arguments debated by some Hausaists on the manifestation or realization of infixes in Hausa. The resultant facts of this investigation reveal that there are a fairly considerable number of infixal morphemes which are functional and productive for inflectional, derivational and/or reduplicative purposes in the language. These infixes are sub-grouped into three headings, namely: vocalic, consonantal and syllabic infixation as it had been the norm with most affixing languages such as Semitic and Berber of the Afro-Asiatic phylum. Finally, the study discovers additional infixal morphemes which were not found in the previous works; these include: -c-, -y2aa-, -CG-, as well as those infixes that are used in Hausa language game. Keywords: affix, Hausa, infix(ation), (infixal)morpheme, root/stem/base, morphological process. Introduction Hausa is a member of the Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family – just like Hebrew and Tamazight which are members of Semitic and Berber languages (Greenberg 1963).Genetically speaking, infixes – as affixal elements in morphology –are considered one of the noticeable features of this language family, more especially Semitic languages (Katamba 1993:59). Although Hausa to some extent is analytic (i.e. it uses case grammatical relations of tense/aspect/mood and word-order relations typical to that of isolating languages), it is sub-grouped within fusional morphology under synthetic (inflectional) languages: hence it falls under mixed systems of polysynthetic languages. In morphology, affixal elements or morphemes are attached to the root/stem/base in order to inflect or derive new words (Katamba 2009:44). Typologically, Hausa is said to have synthetic features because it is morphologically rich in terms of affixation, inflection, derivation, reduplication, modification and compounding – which remain the key components of its morphological operations (cf. Sani 2011; Abubakar 2001; Umar 2020). Affixal morphology as poised by Crystal (2008:16) is “an approach to morphology which claims that the only permissible operation is the combining affixes and stems”. Hausa morphologists deliberate considerably on the realization of different types of affixes in the language – ranging from prefixes, suffixes and infixes. Affixes in Hausa morphology: An overview In affixal morphology, the permissible operations are primarily based on a prefix and suffix, plus two less common affixes, i.e. a(n)infix and circumfix (Crystal 2008:16; Haspelmath & Sims 2010:20; Aronoff & Fudeman 2011:3). Even the so-called infix and circumfix are very rare among the languages of the Adeniyi, H., Ibileye, G. & AbdulMalik, N. (eds.). 2020. Issues in minority languages and language development studies in Nigeria. A Festschrift in honour of Andrew Haruna. The LAN, Series No. 16, pp. 199-205. Lagos: Free Enterprise Publishers Issues in minority languages and language development studies in Nigeria A Festschrift in honour of Andrew Haruna world; for, there are only few languages that have either one of the two or both as morphological 200 processes. Below are the types of affixes in Hausa morphology: Two types of affixes i.e. prefix and suffix: as found in the works of Schön (1862), Bergery (1934), Abraham (1959) Jinju (1980) and Smirnova (1982); Three types of affixes i.e. prefix, suffix and infix: as seen from the worksof Rufa’i (1979), Bagari (1986), Newman (2000), Abubakar (2001), Fagge (2004), Sani (2002, 2009) and Al-Hassan (2011a); Four types of affixes i.e. prefix, suffix, infix and circumfix: as explored in the works of Newman (2000), Umar (2008), and Inuwa (2017); Five types of affixes i.e. prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix and transfix: as reviewed from the works of Newman (2000), Umar (2008, 2020) and Al-Hassan (2011b). Al-Hassan (2015, 2011a & 2011b) is found in two groupings above: in (2011a) he argues that Hausa does not have an infix as a morphological process. To support his thesis, Al-Hassan (2011b) further debates that either due to some erroneous analysis or faulty descriptions some Hausaists confuse transfixation for infixation. However, in (2015:209) he is contented that -ɗa1 is a plural marker suffixed to an interrogative pronoun wàa? ‘who?’: hence waɗà ‘persons/others’. There are few questions that need to be reconsidered by Al-Hassan:1) So, if “wàa?” as a singular form is in interrogative case; why “waɗà” remains only plural but not in the same interrogative case as its base form? 2) Is “waɗà” not just a typical word – always in plural, just like ƙwanƙwàamai – which is also a synonym of plural waɗànnàn being inflected from the singular wannàn? 3) Why is it that “waɗà” remains in used only dialectally as linguistic evidence but wàa being in use as an interrogative pronoun throughout the Hausa dialects? 4) Are these – i.e. wàa, waɗà and waɗànnàn – not synchronically individual lexicons with different conceptions? Let us drop this here, although there are many more questions to ask in order to stir up the debate. Considering this debating academic franchise, the stance taken by this study is that -ɗa is either an obsolete or a Western dialectal plural suffix when it is attached to only wa, while -ɗa- is synchronically an “infixal morpheme” particularly when it appears within certain base forms of Hausa demonstratives and relative pronouns in order to inflect them. Consequently, this claim differs with Al-Hassan (2015:12) who viewed -ɗa- as a “plural marker”. Accordingly, apart from the prefixes and suffixes; Hausa has infixes, circumfixes and ‘infix-cum-suffix2’ as its affixal morphological operations. However, for the fifth type of affix in Hausa, this study would like to borrow the term ‘transfix’ as used by Al-Hassan (2011b). Umar (2008:64), in his investigation of morphological distribution of affixes, examines the nature of affixation processes in Hausa where he presented how certain affixal elements to be used for such operations. He therefore identifies Hausa with five types of affixation processes which are summarized below: Affixes Basic Twofold prefix infix suffix circumfix transfix Umar (2008, 2020) also discusses the infixation processes in Hausa where he comes up with the afore- mentioned classification of affixes and show how they should be realized for such an operation with a sizeable number of reference data in the language under investigation. Methodology Descriptive linguistic approach is an empirical method used to explicitly study both the diachronic and synchronic nature of language (Lehman 1972). The aim of the investigation is to bring closely data- 1For all Hausa data, long vowels are indicated by doubling the affected vowel(s) as in /aa/ long; and short vowels as in /a/ remain single. Also only low and falling tones are marked on the first mora using (diacritical) grave accents / ˋ/ and circumflex accents / ˆ/ respectively, while all the high tones – i.e. the acute accents / ˊ/remain unmarked. 2Umar (2008, 2020) identified circumfixation and infix-cum-suffix and Al-Hassan (2011b) hypothesized transfixation while Inuwa (2017) circumfixation in Hausa. Adeniyi, H., Ibileye, G. & AbdulMalik, N. (eds.). 2020. Issues in minority languages and language development studies in Nigeria. A Festschrift in honour of Andrew Haruna. The LAN, Series No. 16, pp. 199-205. Lagos: Free Enterprise Publishers Issues in minority languages and language development studies in Nigeria A Festschrift in honour of Andrew Haruna driven linguistic outputs of Hausa infixes and infixation processes in order to subject them into 201 descriptive analysis. Through this linguistic inquiry, any available linguistic form or datum should be analyzed diachronically or synchronically and at the same time, to examine the behaviour of its linguistic variables and noticeable features in terms of infixation. The analysis is based on some insights from descriptive deliberations of linguists like Matthew (1974), Rufa’i (1979), Smirnova (1982)Newman (2000), Abubakar (2001), Umar (2008), Haspelmath & Sims (2010), Al-Hassan (2011a & b), Aronoff & Fudeman (2011) among others; plus the researcher’s scholarship in current researches on Hausa studies in order to achieve its main objectives pertaining to infixation. Data analysis of infixes and infixation processes in Hausa Infixes are types of affixes that intrude through or break up within a root/stem/base with a view to inflecting or changing the original word-forms. Some languages of the world from Africa, Asia and Indian America have infixes (Crystal 2008:243). For instance, an infix -t- in Arabic e.g. (i)shtagala ‘be engaged/occupied’ < shagala ‘he engaged’); an infix -um- in Tagalog e.g. sumulat ‘Write!’ < sulat ‘to write’; an infix -n- in Leti e.g. knili ‘act of looking’< kili ‘to look’ etc. For the purpose of this study, infixation processes in Hausa has been put into the following sub-groupings: Vocalic infix This is the one which has to do with the insertion of a long vowel infix -aa- in the middle of base forms. As investigated by Umar (2008) and Sani (2009) -aa- is the only vocalic infix as far as the Hausa infixation process is concerned.
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