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Klipfonteinrand 2 : a Sign of the Times

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Klipfonteinrand 2 : a Sign of the Times NOT AVAILABLE FOR (OAR t<. LIP FoN1t INfZANt 1.. ~ A S IG(N (9f f ~t=. 1tM~S by Town Cape of University HoNouR.i PtC>'.ftCf subMiGtea if\ p~( bii,.f tl,(lfd,vierlt of the. re-1~rre,rv1e-vilr for ./:Jle, B.A. ( Hor1s} J <ljrti i (\ Are,lt.aeof qJ1 a-b' the, Vini virs.;~1 e.P <Ar, fc,w n. ~£c.\,\ ~Ol.{4~ The De;H of the llni,,orslty of Cnpe Town ha::. ~hf"lcn , r. ,· .....u,. ~ 'I·"• , r1~1,. ' 1.t to reoroduce this cJ1:;;;crtation in whclo or in part. · The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University I f.M"fH.I PA1t 'IOtAR.!£.1,..~ r:i~M M!N1A L. St./r/f P-Y, NONf 6UT oUR!f.LVf~ l AN Flt~ C,t,f ({ M, NA! •• I ' -- - BUT 571 tiAO< DIGITISED 1 3 JI II 7.016 ABSTRACT I Archaeological research into the late Holocene in the western Cape has been directed towards the question of pastoralism and its effect I . on the local gatherel"-hunters. Consequently a model has arisen out of I this research and observations have been built around it to create a supportive picture of ·th~ prti.t; • Evidence fran Klipfonteinrand 2 (KFR2 ), I in the absence of radiocarbon dates, appear to contradict an irrportant I aspect of this model, ie. that adzes are predaninantly found in the last 2CXX> years. This questioning could lead to the reviewing of this I "pastoralist-package" and its validity. Furthennore, the KFR2 sequence is hoped to add to that of Klipfonteinrand 1, in order to carplete the I culture history of the area, in the light of the fact that the upper I stratigraphic horizons of Klipfonteinrand 1 was disturbed. I I I I I I I The canpletion of this project would NOT have been possible without the assistance of certain people. I would like to thank: Dawn for everything ( ! ) I John for his supervision, direction and advice Royden and Tony for the help with the excavation I and stone tool analysis, also Michael Taylor John Lanhan for formatting, spell-checking, and printing of this project I Juanita for her voluntary help Rustun for his roan I Sarah and Cheryl for sorting Ute for testing the gyp~sample Zanet for the tables I James Marshall Hendrix for his genius Peter for incentive .My father, who never saw rre canplete ma.tric .My family for moral support, especially ITty man I Alicia for her help and for living ( ! ) I and all those "little people" who work inside corrputers and create those wonderful pi-eces of Spanish rrusic at 5 o'clock in the morning. Thank you to all. I I CoNTE:.NiS L.:.Lc;f OF Fl(;(U/U~ ii 1-tS.f oF 1~ iii I L-1~f of PLM~ I CHAPTU.. 1 f_,.Jf(WDIAC..T/ON I l/fA-PTE-fl 2.. : f31re,K.6f (lo UJ.J fj 2, I CHAfn,,z_ ~ E.XCA-VA'nor-l Af\[~ kNA~VSJ~ o f UA v1U f...AL I Mltf~;?-/ AL 10 I - ~><cAVAT/orJ 10 - S1fZ-ATl~A.PftY 13 I - bkrlN<?., kf'JD C.O~f.£1.,~101'J t9 - Mt<rE-t-tfrL f?..tMA1r.JS ~oM ~2... I 22- I c~frU Lf-: ~IS e,,US:S IO('} ~3 I R.f::-F6 fl..£NU:-s t+2 I < I I LIS'f o F Pl ~li~S I f-l(t-U(f.NO. 1 KL1PfoNff:rrl~t IN "t-ikrloN fo S.o~r fl.M11Nf;/JT ckit Srfl,~ IN I f ~ "'1 f-, S1U N (Jr.PE, 1 2 1(LlfforJ1~NR.ftNb 1 ~b 2. 1N /U,l-Ai/oN To BooN1.flt~KLMF 1 3 fHf. $1l<Af~P11te, ~~f,<'IU:, ~F /<,L.IPfot#VNUt!Vll ~ 5 I 4- kuPfof'J,f:-rNlAfvb1 ; f ~fr1\J of c.,M/t, MJD f.,,x.Ck'JM'/orJ s <l{Ovf:i. .A1-1sM Stl1foN, l::irZ/rV'llrt~ 1ct,,orJf! t,.t;~r/ts.(,, ~~rtJ-,m-r orJ I b (tu/UlrU~U (f:41oN -- MfWJlri~ AW~(( S.ou11f£M( , ~~f:fJ1Af1otJ -+ fv/ /rt f< of'AM NAf,, ~ N~ f'(to lv1 I<- f R- 2. 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'i b ()~~ 6e4tt S Ft-014 k.ff.-L Lf" I 1 NorJ -- L-1,1-nc U<L-TIAt<.Af ~ef(d(tkl. F1<E f'1 f.:«<- 2... .2_q, g "l<'fM-- iroN~ rNvf:A'ifoR,V f((oivJ W2. 2-q I 4 P~Sf 2-oOo~,/J 'feTfrt, l-!T1-/-lc rrNFtNTolVf Of SQ..tAMcf;. h 60 I ro Po.s( 2_00() gp fo17rt L,f"(ft/~ (NVtf\/roRJ{ Of s~~t f;, ~ 11 pµ_ ~~ fj(J Tom l--!r(f(G /NVf:AVfo(l,y & r [Q_v1/tfl£ b ~o I l'l fU ~~II T0"11t:t, Lrt1f1 e, /rJv f:JJ ro f-1 ~ f SQJJ AR£ I=- 3o I I I I I iii I LtS1 (!)f fl~ f-ot-l-OWl/1{~ f~ /l(l:,. PLA1f: ('Jo. 21 1 KL/ (J For.J~ rJ~AfJ!J . /0 I 2- t<-LtPf'oNfli;((\)~!::, 1: A 'J/~lN () f 'T1ft f r-i1'1::101 0 f!... Af !Gf-R-2-- II 3 SoM~ of f/tf:. ~bPR.1Nf IM~ 12 I lf 1~t lq~ --fx.crtvMtoN Of /(Hl 2.. I I I I I I I I I I 1 CHAPTER 1 ·1NTRODUCTION: Klipfonteinrand is a rocky outcrop situated in the Cedarberg in the Clanwilliam district, about 240km north of Cape Town (Fig. 1). The outcrop is located close to a geological and vegetation interface (Taylor, 1978), which is visible nearby. The Bokkeveld/Table Mountain Supergroup interface matches well with the Karoo/ Fynbos ecotone in the area. The sandstone ridge of Klipfonteinrand, harbors two prominent cave sites, Klipfonteinrand 1 (KFRl) and Klipfonteinrand 2 (KFR2), which lie within 50m of one another, (Plate 1), on the coordinates 32° 04' south 19° 08' east (3219AA PAKHUIS map). This general region of the Olifants River catchment- basin has been subjected to extensive archaeological research, especially in the field of rock art; the farm of Boontjieskloof, by now well-known archaeologically (Yates; Golsen and Hall 1983, Johnson; Rabinowitz and Sieff 1959, Maggs 1967) , lies within a few kilometers of Klipfonteinrand (Fig. 2). Both KFR 1 and KFR 2 have been excavated by the University of Cape Town's Department of Archaeology and have been shown to contain substantial deposits, of which KFR 1 is the deeper. In fact , the latter has a cultural sequence that can be traced back to the "Middle Stone Age" (Thackeray, 1977). The "Later Stone Age" lithic material from this site has been analyzed by Anne I. Thackeray as an Honors project (Thackeray, 1977). The smaller cave, KFR 2, with which this project is concerned, was excavated as part of the Spatial Archaeology Research Unit's bedding and ash programme, geared towards understanding late Holocene settlement and subsistence strategies in the western Cape. 0 l<ft,S C ~.... N ISO 30 -=-~IIIS N ~ LAND Ae,ov1: ~ ~OS ME.fllES c..o,is,Al- PL,-rN ANb D P.J 'IE- e. 'Ud.. "-r. 'fs t Fre:...1. IGUProNTEtNRANf:> fN R~L,..110N ,o SoME. f(DNINENT CAVE. s ITES IN TftE. Wt:sre.R.rv CAP£ 2 The excavation of KFR 2 was conducted in two seasons. The first, in which I participated, was carried out in June/ July 1987 under the direction of John Parkington and Cedric Poggenpoel with student volunteers from the University of Cape Town. A second excavation was undertaken in February 1989 by myself, with the assistance of Royden Yates, Tony Manhire and Michael Taylor, in order to complete the excavation of two one metre squares and to collect suitable charcoal samples for radiocarbon dating.
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